Current status and reflection on the development of high-speed maglev transportation

Purpose–High-speed maglev technology can address the issues of adhesion,friction,vibration and highspeed current collection in traditional wheel-rail systems,making it an important direction for the future development of high-speed rail technology.Design/methodology/approach–This paper elaborates on the demand and significance of developing high-speed maglev technology worldwide and examines the current status and technological maturity of several major high-speed maglev systems globally.Findings–This paper summarizes the challenges in the development of high-speed maglev railways in China.Based on this analysis,it puts forward considerations for future research on high-speed maglev railways.Originality/value–This paper describes the development status and technical maturity of several major high-speed maglev systems in the world for the first time,summarizes the existing problems in the development of China’s high-speed maglev railway and on this basis,puts forward the thinking of the next research of China’s high-speed maglev railway.

Aerodynamic Features of High-Speed Maglev Trains with Different Marshaling Lengths Running on a Viaduct under Crosswinds

The safety and stability of high-speed maglev trains traveling on viaducts in crosswinds critically depend on their aerodynamic characteristics.Therefore,this paper uses an improved delayed detached eddy simulation(IDDES)method to investigate the aerodynamic features of high-speed maglev trains with different marshaling lengths under crosswinds.The effects of marshaling lengths(varying from 3-car to 8-car groups)on the train’s aerodynamic performance,surface pressure,and the flow field surrounding the train were investigated using the three-dimensional unsteady compressible Navier-Stokes(N-S)equations.The results showed that the marshaling lengths had minimal influence on the aerodynamic performance of the head and middle cars.Conversely,the marshaling lengths are negatively correlated with the time-average side force coefficient(CS)and time-average lift force coefficient(Cl)of the tail car.Compared to the tail car of the 3-car groups,the CS and Cl fell by 27.77%and 18.29%,respectively,for the tail car of the 8-car groups.It is essential to pay more attention to the operational safety of the head car,as it exhibits the highest time average CS.Additionally,the mean pressure difference between the two sides of the tail car body increased with the marshaling lengths,and the side force direction on the tail car was opposite to that of the head and middle cars.Furthermore,the turbulent kinetic energy of the wake structure on the windward side quickly decreased as marshaling lengths increased.

A study on aerodynamic noise characteristics of a high-speed maglev train with a speed of 600 km/h

Purpose–This study aims to explore the formation mechanism of aerodynamic noise of a high-speed maglev train and understand the characteristics of dipole and quadrupole sound sources of the maglev train at different speed levels.Design/methodology/approach–Based on large eddy simulation(LES)method and Kirchhoff–Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings(K-FWH)equations,the characteristics of dipole and quadrupole sound sources of maglev trains at different speed levels were simulated and analyzed by constructing reasonable penetrable integral surface.Findings–The spatial disturbance resulting from the separation of the boundary layer in the streamlined area of the tail car is the source of aerodynamic sound of the maglev train.The dipole sources of the train are mainly distributed around the radio terminals of the head and tail cars of the maglev train,the bottom of the arms of the streamlined parts of the head and tail cars and the nose tip area of the streamlined part of the tail car,and the quadrupole sources are mainly distributed in the wake area.When the train runs at three speed levels of 400,500 and 600 km$h1,respectively,the radiated energy of quadrupole source is 62.4%,63.3%and 71.7%,respectively,which exceeds that of dipole sources.Originality/value–This study can help understand the aerodynamic noise characteristics generated by the high-speed maglev train and provide a reference for the optimization design of its aerodynamic shape.

Upgrade of Transportation Infrastructure and Siting of Polluting Enterprises:The Case of High-Speed Railway Launch in China

With the quasi-natural experiment of the launching of high-speed railways in Chinese cities,this paper empirically investigated the effects of the upgrade of the transportation infrastructure on the site selection of polluting enterprises.We found that although the launching of a high-speed railway generally has a negative impact on the siting of polluting enterprises:(i)While there was a significant decrease in polluting enterprises of a private and other nature,the reduction in overseas-funded and state-owned enterprises was insignificant;(ii)while the launching of a high-speed railway greatly restrained the entry of polluting enterprises in the eastern region,large cities and more developed cities,this was followed by the movement of more polluting enterprises to the central and western regions,small and medium-sized cities and less developed cities;(iii)there was a significant decrease in polluting enterprises in environmentally conscious cities after the launching of a high-speed railway.This paper also found that infrastructure upgrade may influence the siting of polluting enterprises through the following:Environmental cleanness,factor concentration and spatial integration.Government authorities and market entities should be fully aware of and attach great importance to how the transportation infrastructure influences the site selection of businesses,as this is of great significance for China’s regional development planning,local business climate and investment planning,environmental protection,and other related policymaking initiatives.

Analyze China High-Speed Railway Ticket for Spring Transportation from the Perspective of Microeconomics

In recent ten years, the rapid development of China high-speed railway is called "China miracle", and it not only provides great convenience for people's daily life trip, but also greatly promotes the economic development. However, the annual spring transportation in the special period is still a great challenge to high-speed railway transportation, and this paper analyzes the high-speed railway ticket for spring transportation from the perspective of microeconomics, and then thinks for the solution. This paper specifically analyzes the problem that demand exceeds supply for high-speed railway ticket by using the theories of the demand elasticity of supply and demand and the influence of price on supply and demand, monopoly markets. In addition, opportunity cost, incomplete information and other economic principles are used to think about the theoretical reasons for the difficulty of buying tickets during the spring transportation. I have given my understanding for the two problems owned by China spring transportation, and the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions. For example, speed up the development of substitutes and carry out the mechanism of price fluctuation;In the ticket refunding mechanism, this paper boldly conceives the method to relieve the pressure through a reasonable and scientific ticket refunding mechanism. Finally, this paper starts from the source and find the key point to solve the problem of spring transportation in China by breaking the urban-rural dual structure. Hereafter the final conclusion was drawn: Although there are some problems to cope with the spring transport for the current China high-speed railway, it is believed that in the near future, the difficulty of buying a ticket in spring transportation will no longer hinder the homecoming of wanderers.

System architecture and basic platform for intelligent high-speed railway

Purpose-This paper aims to provide top-level design and basic platform for intelligent application in China high-speed railway.Design/methodology/approach-Based on the analysis for the future development trends of world railway,combined with the actual development needs in China high-speed railway,The definition and scientific connotation of intelligent high-speed railway(IHSR)are given at first,and then the system architecture of IHSR are outlined,including 1 basic platform,3 business sectors,10 business fields,and 18 innovative applications.At last,a basic platform with cloud edge integration for IHSR is designed.Findings-The rationality,feasibility and implementability of the system architecture of IHSR have been verified on and applied to the Beijing-Zhangjiakou high-speed railway,providing important support for the construction and operation of the world’s first IHSR.Originality/value-This paper systematically gives the definition and connotation of the IHSR and put forward the system architecture of IHSR for first time.It will play the most important role in the design,construction and operation of IHSR.

Motion stability of high-speed maglev systems in consideration of aerodynamic effects: a study of a single magnetic suspension system

In this study, the intrinsic mechanism of aerodynamic effects on the motion stability of a high-speed maglev system was investigated. The concept of a critical speed for maglev vehicles considering the aerodynamic effect is proposed. The study was carried out based on a single magnetic suspension system, which is convenient for proposing relevant concepts and obtaining explicit expressions. This study shows that the motion stability of the suspension system is closely related to the vehicle speed when aerodynamic effects are considered. With increases of the vehicle speed, the stability behavior of the system changes. At a certain vehicle speed,the stability of the system reaches a critical state, followed by instability. The speed corresponding to the critical state is the critical speed. Analysis reveals that when the system reaches the critical state, it takes two forms, with two critical speeds, and thus two expressions for the critical speed are obtained. The conditions of the existence of the critical speed were determined, and the effects of the control parameters and the lift coefficient on the critical speed were analyzed by numerical analysis. The results show that the first critical speed appears when the aerodynamic force is upward,and the second critical speed appears when the aerodynamic force is downward. Moreover, both critical speeds decrease with the increase of the lift coefficient.

Levitation mechanism modelling for maglev transportation system

A novel maglev transportation system was proposed for large travel range ultra precision motion.The system consists of a levitation subsystem and a propulsion subsystem.During the propulsion subsystem driving the moving platform along the guideway,the levitation subsystem uses six pairs of electromagnets to steadily suspend the moving platform over the guideway.The model of the levitation system,which is a typical nonlinear multi-input multi-output coupling system and has many inner nonlinear coupling characteristics,was deduced.For testifying the model,the levitation mechanism was firstly controlled by proportional-integral-differential(PID) control,and then a lot of input-output data were collected for model parameter identification.The least-square parameter identification method was used.The identification results prove that the model is feasible and suitable for the real system.

Electromagnetic Analysis and Optimization of High-speed Maglev Linear Synchronous Motor Based on Field-circuit Coupling

High speed maglev train has become a new non-contact transportation mode mainly studied in recent years because of its non-sticking and high speed characteristics.Firstly,the finite element model of the long stator linear synchronous motor(LSM)is established based on the structure of the test prototype.After calculation,it is compared with the experimental data and verified.On this basis,a field-circuit coupling model based on inverter circuit is established,and the influence of carrier wave ratio change on the output characteristics of LSM is calculated and analyzed.Finally,the filter circuit is introduced into the field-circuit coupling model,and the influence of the filter circuit on the output characteristics of the LSM is compared and analyzed.

Key vacuum technology issues to be solved in evacuated tube transportation

Evacuated tube transportation （ETT） will be one of the ultra-large-scale vacuum application areas. This paper lists some key vacuum technology issues in ETT： （1） how to construct ultra-large-scale vacuum chamber with lower cost and high reliability, （2） how to evacuate gas out of the ETT tube in short time, （3） how to release heat or reduce temperature in the vacuum tube, （4） how to avoid vacuum discharge, （5） how to make vehicles with airproof shells and life support system, and （6） how to detect leaks and find leak positions efficiently. At the same time, some solutions are proposed.

Regional container transportation system for Northeast Asia economic cooperation in the 21^(st) century

In this paper, the roles of infrastructure development and transportation coordination for Northeast Asian economic cooperation are discussed. It would be necessary to establish an efficient transportation network as soon as possible. 'Hub-and-Spoke'transportation system and China-Korean peninsula railway container transportation system might be more significant for regional economic cooperation.

Design consideration of a super-high speed high temperature superconductor maglev evacuated tube transport (I)

The super-high speed high temperature superconductor （HTS） maglev evacuated tube transport （ETT） is a promising transport mode for the future. As a key component of the HTS maglev vehicle, the permanent magnet guide- ways （PMGs） with different geometrical configurations and iron yoke widths are analyzed by finite element method （FEM）. The levitation force of a single onboard HTS maglev device over the designed PMG at different field cooling heights （FCH） is measured by magnetic levitation measurement system. Based on the designed PMG and experimental results, a preliminary scheme of subterranean super-high speed HTS maglev ETT is described in this paper. The HTS maglev ETT is mainly composed of an evacuated tube, HTS maglev vehicle, PMG, propulsion system, station, emergency rescue system, etc. In addition, a subterranean tube that consists of foundation tube and vacuum airproof layer is introduced. In order to convert the stress caused by the air pressure difference between inside and outside of the vehicle, a multi-circular vehicle body is designed. The vehicle is driven by a linear motor propulsion system under the control of a ground controlling system. The scheme of long-distance super-high speed passenger transportation is accomplished by the connection of different vehicles.

低真空管道磁浮系统环境测试与数据处理

针对低真空管道磁浮交通运输系统搭建了数据采集系统,采用了GPS信号授时与IEEE1588以太网时钟同步的方式实现了分布式数据采集系统的时钟同步网络;对系统的多传感器进行了低真空和电磁场环境的影响测试,发现低真空环境下激光位移传感器产生了测量值减小的现象;同时以激光位移传感器为例,对比低真空环境下不同数据降噪方法对添加了不同信噪比的高斯噪声进行滤波处理,得出了不同信噪比下不同降噪方法的处理效果,以此为依据在工程实际情况选出最合适的降噪方法来得到更好的降噪效果;最后采用了基于不同降噪方法差值的数据异常值处理方法,与普通的区间估计异常值处理方法对比,从跳点去除效果和总去除个数证明了基于小波降噪的差值处理法对异常值处理的有效性,满足了实际工程的需要。

交通强国背景下高速磁浮经济性发展的若干思考

高速磁浮项目存在建设资金投入大的突出问题,通过对高速磁浮项目费用和效益的影响因素进行定性分析,并在研究日本中央新干线、我国规划高速磁浮项目资金投入的基础上,从降低或延缓资金投入、提升效益等角度出发,提出交通强国背景下高速磁浮经济性发展的若干思考:适配客流需求,科学选定技术标准,包括设计速度、到发线长度、正线数量等;合理选择地下、地面、高架等敷设方式,着力降低地下线比例,以降低建筑工程费;分阶段确定运营主体,降低运营成本,如初期可由地方轨道交通机构负责运营,后期可成立国家级机构负责运营管理;优化服务供给以提升客票收入;联动规划、设计、建设、运营及管理,形成产业链以提升综合效益;统筹社会经济及运输需求等,确定建设时机,优先城市群范围内的试验线,再考虑长大干线建设。

Development of new electromagnetic suspension-based high-speed Maglev vehicles in China:Historical and recent progress in the field of dynamical simulation

High-speed Maglev is a cutting-edge technology brought back into the focus of research by plans of the Chinese government for the development of a new 600 km/h Maglev train.A Chinese‐German cooperation with industrial and academic partners has been established to pursue this ambitious goal and bring together experts from multiple disciplines.This contribution presents the joint work and achievements of CRRC Qingdao Sifang,thyssenkrupp Transrapid,CDFEB,and the ITM of the University of Stuttgart,regarding research and development in the field of high‐speed Maglev systems.Furthermore,an overview is given of the historical development of the Transrapid in Germany,the associated development of dynamical simulation models,and recent developments regarding high-speed Maglev trains in China.

真空技术在高温超导电动磁浮交通系统中的应用

高温超导电动磁浮交通系统中,真空技术的应用可为高温超导磁体提供良好的真空环境,使得线圈实现超导态所需的性能可获得与维持,进而满足列车牵引、悬浮和导向的运行需求。本文介绍了高温超导电动磁浮交通系统的基本原理和车载高温超导磁体的结构组成,通过真空系统设计和真空获得设备选型,结合真空测量与检漏技术,完成了真空度为1×10^(-5)Pa、最大漏率为1.33×10^(-10)Pa·m^(3)/s的高真空保持系统超导磁体产品开发,且已于我国自主研制的首套高温超导电动悬浮全要素试验系统中稳定服役。

Adaptive fault-tolerant control of high-speed maglev train suspension system with partial actuator failure: design and experiments

High-speed maglev trains will play an important role in the high-speed transportation system in the near future.However,under the conditions of strong magnetic fields and continuous operation,the actuators of the high-speed maglev train suspension system are prone to lose partial effectiveness,which makes the suspension control problem challenging.In addition,most existing fault-tolerant control(FTC)methods for suspension systems require linearization around the equilibrium points during the controller design or stability analysis.Therefore,from a practical perspective,this study presents a novel nonlinear FTC strategy with adaptive compensation for high-speed maglev train suspension systems.First,a nonlinear dynamic model of the suspension system based on join-structure is established and the actuator failures are described.Then,a nonlinear fault-tolerant suspension control law with an adaptive update law is designed to achieve stable suspension against partial actuator failure.The Lyapunov theory and extended Barbalat lemma are utilized to rigorously prove the closed-loop asymptotic stability even if there is partial actuator failure,without any approximation to the original nonlinear dynamics.Finally,hardware experimental results are included to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

中低速磁浮诱发交通枢纽换乘中心振动响应研究

针对中低速磁浮诱发机场综合交通枢纽换乘中心(GTC)振动问题,建立磁浮列车-轨道梁耦合振动模型和轨道梁-GTC-土体有限元模型,采用两步法对车致GTC振动响应特征、传播规律和振级进行分析.磁浮列车采用多体动力学建模,轨道梁采用有限元法建模,两者之间通过线性化磁轨关系形成耦合振动模型,并通过与现场实测结果对比验证了模型的正确性.基于所建立的耦合振动模型,获取H型钢轨枕与承轨台之间的扣件力时程并将其施加在轨道梁-GTC-土体模型上,通过瞬态分析得到了GTC典型观测点的动力响应.结果表明:磁浮列车诱发振动沿高度方向传播时,结构柱和楼板的振动响应均随高度的增加先减小后增大,沿水平方向传播时,振动响应随距离的增大而快速衰减;GTC振动响应存在明显的倍频现象,即扣件力主频倍频处振动响应的功率谱密度曲线存在明显峰值;当车速为60 km/h时,车辆激励主频与轨道梁一阶竖向自振频率接近,此时观测点的1/3倍频程最大振级大于其他车速;当磁浮列车以60~120 km/h车速通过GTC时,各楼层最大Z振级均未超过规范限值,表明该机场GTC具有良好的整体刚度.

超高速管道磁浮系统通道规划研究

以超高速管道磁浮系统在我国通道规划布局研究为目的,通过对标民航、高铁两大高速运输系统的发展趋势和特征,深入剖析超高速管道磁浮系统的必要性和发展定位;同时,以我国综合立体交通规划纲要为依据,提出超高速低真空管道磁悬浮的“四阶段”发展战略:建设工程试验线、中短距离商业示范线、长距离快运通道和超高速交通管道系统网;采用“面、点、线”分析法通过人口分布、经济发展、城镇化格局、规划方向等因素研究路网通道构建。研究建议近期建设京津冀—长三角、京津冀—粤港澳、长三角—粤港澳、长三角—成渝,远期建设京津冀—成渝、粤港澳—成渝、京津冀—哈长、大陆桥、长三角—滇中通道,形成由9条通道组成的“钻石+放射”型规划方案,构建超级城市群两小时快速通达圈、相邻城市群一小时经济生活圈、区域性中心城市间半小时同城圈的超高速交通系统通道网络。

Spatial relationship of high-speed transportation construction and land-use efficiency and its mechanism:Case study of Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration

Land-use efficiency is low for the urban agglomeration of China.High-speed transportation construction has been an important factor driving land use change.It is criti?cally importa nt to explore the spatial relati on ship between the high-speed transportation su?periority degree and land-use efficie ncy.We built a model to evaluate the ben efits of con?venient high-speed transportation using the relative density of highways and the distanee from high-speed rail stations and airports as a metric.We used 42 coun ties of the Shan dong Peninsula urban agglomeration as an example.Land?use efficiency was calculated by a DEA model with capital,labor,economic ben efits and envir on mental ben efits as input and output factors.We examined the spatial relati on ships betwee n high-speed tran sport superiority degree and land-use efficiency and obtained the following results.First,there are significant spatial differe nces in the relati on ships betwee n the high-speed transportati on superiority degree and land-use efficiency.Taking the two major cities of Jinan and Qingdao as the hubs,the core surrounding counties show significant spatial relationship between land-use efficiency and the high-speed transportation superiority degree.Spatial correlation declines as the distance from the hubs in creases.Land-use efficiency is less tha n high-speed tran sportation convenience in areas along the transportation trunks that are distant from the hub cities.Correlation is low in areas that are away from both hub cities and transportation trunk routes.Second,high-speed transportation has a positive relationship with land?use efficiency due to the mechanism of element agglomeration exogenous growth.Third,high-speed transportation facilitates the flow of goods,services and tech no logies between core cities and peripheral cities as space spillover(the hub effect).This alters the spatial pattern of regional land-use efficiency.Fin ally,the short-board effect caused by decreased high-speed tran sport corn struction can be balaneed by highway construction and the proper node layouts of high-speed rail stations and airports,resulting in a well-balaneed spatial pattern of land?use efficiency.