Development of a high-speed digital pulse signal acquisition and processing system based on MTCA for liquid scintillator neutron detector on EAST

In this experimental study, involving deuterium–deuterium fusion neutron emission spectroscopy measurement on the experimental advanced superconducting tokamak(EAST), a liquid scintillator detector(BC501 A) was employed. This decision was based on the detector's superior sensitivity, optimal time-response, and its exceptional n–γ discrimination capability. This detector emits fast pulse signals that are as narrow as 100 ns, with high count rates that can peak at several Mcps. However, conventional nuclear circuits faced challenges in performing pulse height analysis, n–γ pulse shape discrimination, and in recording the entire pulse waveform under such high count rate conditions. To address these challenges, a high-speed digital pulse signal acquisition and processing system was designed. The system was developed around a micro-telecommunications computing architecture. Within this structure, a signal acquisition and processing(SAQP) module communicated through PCI Express links, achieving a bandwidth of up to 1.6 GB/s. To accurately capture the detailed shape of the pulses, four channels of analog-to-digital converters were used, each with a 500-MSPS sampling rate and a 14-bit resolution, ensuring an accuracy that surpassed 11 bits. An n–γ discrimination algorithm, based on the two-gate integral method, was also developed. Implemented within field programmable gate arrays, this algorithm provided a real-time n–γ discrimination spectrum for pulse height analysis. The system underwent rigorous testing in a laboratory setting and during an EAST experiment. The results confirmed that the innovative SAQP system can satisfy the demanding requirements of high-parameter experiments, manage count rates of up to 2 Mcps, execute real-time n–γ discrimination algorithms, and record entire pulse waveforms without any data loss.

Analysis of droplet transfer of pulsed MIG welding based on electrical signal and high-speed photography

In order to study how welding parameters affect welding quality and droplet transfer, a synchronous acquisition and analysis system is established to acquire and analyze electrical signal and instantaneous images of droplet transfer simultaneously, which is based on a self-developed soft-switching inverter. On the one hand, welding current and voltage signals are acquired and analyzed by a self-developed dynamic wavelet analyzer. On the other hand, images are filtered and optimized after they are captured by high-speed camera. The results show that instantaneous waveforms and statistical data of electrical signal contribute to make an overall assessment of welding quality, and that optimized high-speed images allow a visual and clear observation of droplet transfer process. The analysis of both waveforms and images leads to a further research on droplet transfer mechanism and provides a basis for precise control of droplet transfer.

Application of pulse index continuous cardiac output system in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: A prospective randomized study

BACKGROUND Cardiogenic shock (CS) secondary to acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicates management of the condition, and often leads to poor prognosis. Prompt and accurate monitoring of cardiovascular and accompanying hemodynamic changes is crucial in achieving adequate management of the condition. Advances in technology has availed procedures such as pulse index continuous cardiac output (PiCCO), which can offer precise monitoring of cardiovascular functions and hemodynamic parameters. In this study, PiCCO is evaluated for its potential utility in improving management and clinical outcomes among elderly patients with AMI complicated by CS. AIM To assess whether use of the PiCCO system can improve clinical outcomes in elderly patients with AMI complicated by CS.METHODS Patients from emergency intensive care units (EICU) or coronary care units (CCU) were randomized to receive PiCCO monitoring or not. The APACHE II score, SOFA score, hs-TnI, NT-proBNP, PaO2/FiO2 ratio and lactate levels on day 1, 3 and 7 after treatment were compared. The infusion and urine volume at 0-24 h, 24-48 h and 48-72 h were recorded, as were the cardiac index (CI), extravascular lung water index (EVLWI), intrathoracic blood volume index (ITBVI) and global end diastolic volume index (GEDVI) at similar time intervals. RESULTS Sixty patients with AMI complicated by CS were included in the study. The PiCCO group had a significantly lower APACHE II score, SOFA score, hs-TnI and NT-proBNP levels on day 1, 3 and 7 after treatment. The infusion and urine volume during 0-24 h in the PiCCO group were significantly greater, and this group also showed significantly higher ADL scores. Furthermore, the PiCCO group spent lesser days on vasoactive agents, mechanical ventilation, and had a reduced length of stay in EICU/CCU. Additionally, the CI was significantly higher at 48 h and 72 h in the PiCCO group compared with that at 24 h, and the EVLWI, ITBVI and GEDVI were significantly decreased at 48 h and 72 h. CONCLUSION Applying the PiCCO system could improve the clinical outcomes of elderly patients with AMI complicated by CS.

Anesthetics management of a renal angiomyolipoma using pulse pressure variation and non-invasive cardiac output monitoring: A case report

BACKGROUND Hypovolemic shock can lead to life-threatening organ dysfunction,and adequate fluid administration is a fundamental therapy.Traditionally,parameters such as vital signs,central venous pressure,and urine output have been used to estimate intravascular volume.Recently,pulse pressure variation(PPV)and non-invasive cardiac monitoring devices have been introduced.In this case report,we introduce a patient with massive active bleeding from giant renal angiomyolipoma(AML).During emergent nephrectomy,we used non-invasive cardiac monitoring with CSN-1901(Nihon Kohden,Tokyo,Japan)and PPV to evaluate the patient's intravascular volume status to achieve optimal fluid management.CASE SUMMARY A 30-year-old male patient with giant AML with active bleeding was referred to the emergency room complaining of severe abdominal pain and spontaneous abdominal distension.AML was diagnosed by computed tomography,and emergent nephrectomy was scheduled.Massive bleeding was expected so we decided to use non-invasive cardiac monitoring and PPV to assist fluid therapy because they are relatively easy and fast compared to invasive cardiac monitoring.During the surgery,6000 mL of estimated blood loss occurred.Along with the patient's vital signs and laboratory results,we monitored cardiac output,cardiac output,stroke volume,stroke volume index with a non-invasive cardiac monitoring device,and PPV using an intra-arterial catheter to evaluate intravascular volume status of the patient to compensate for massive bleeding.CONCLUSION In addition to traditional parameters,non-invasive cardiac monitoring and PPV are useful methods to evaluate patient's intravascular volume status and provideguidance for intraoperative management of hypovolemic shock patients.

Application and Nursing of Pulse Index Continuous Cardiac Output (PiCCO) Volume Monitoring in Early Fluid Resuscitation in Patients with Septic Shock

Background: Septic shock is a rapidly changing and fatal syndrome that can cause comprehensive deterioration of cardiopulmonary and renal function and multiple organ failure. At the same time, septic shock has the complex clinical manifestations and hemodynamics. PiCCO can accurately monitor blood flow, physical and volume indicators, and active and effective fluid resuscitation are important measures to reduce the fatality rate of septic shock and improve the prognosis of patients. Objectives: To explore the application and nursing of PiCCO in early fluid resuscitation in patients with septic shock. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study. The observation group and the control group each had 30 cases. The observation group used PiCCO to guide fluid resuscitation;the control group used conventional methods to guide fluid resuscitation. The changes in CVP, HR, MAP, and urine volume per hour were observed in the two groups. The changes of various indicators before and after fluid resuscitation, the length of stay in ICU and the mortality rate were compared between the two groups. All the outcomes were collected from the electronic medical case system after patients’ discharge from the hospital. Results: APACHE II, CVP, HR, MAP were compared between the observation group and the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The blood volume of patients in the observation group was significantly improved after fluid supplementation (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the length of stay in ICU in the observation group was significantly shorter, and the mortality rate was also significantly reduced (P < 0.05). Conclusion: PiCCO can be better used in early fluid resuscitation of patients with septic shock.

MIMO radar dwell scheduling based on novel pulse interleaving technique

According to the signal processing characteristic of MIMO radars,an adaptive dwell scheduling algorithm is proposed.It is based on a novel pulse interleaving technique,which makes full use of transmitting,waiting and receiving durations of radar dwells.The utilization of transmitting duration is unique for MIMO radars and is realized through transmitting duration overlapping.Simulation results show that,compared with the conventional scheduling algorithm,the scheduling performance of MIMO radars can be improved effectively by the proposed algorithm,and the scheduling rule can be chosen arbitrarily when using the proposed algorithm.

Electric characteristic and cavitation bubble dynamics using underwater pulsed discharge

Underwater pulsed discharge is widely applied in medicine, machining, and material modification.The induced cavitation bubble and subsequent cavitation collapse are considered the major motivations behind these applications. This paper presents an underwater pulsed discharge system.The experimental setup is established to induce and investigate the cavitation bubble assisted with a high-speed camera. Three aspects, including the characteristic of the discharge with different applied voltages and conductivities, the evolution of the cavitation bubble profile, and the energy efficiency of cavitation bubble inducing, are investigated, respectively. Especially, the mechanism of pre-discharge time delay in the low field intensity case is explained using the Joule heat effect.The results show the validity of the underwater pulsed discharger and experimental setup. The present underwater pulsed discharger is proved to be a simple, portable, and easy-to-implement device for the investigation of cavitation bubble dynamics.

Dynamic simulation and safety evaluation of high-speed trains meeting in open air

Dynamic responses of a carriage under excitation with the German high-speed low-interference track spectrum together with the air pressure pulse generated as high-speed trains passing each other are investigated with a multi-body dynamics method.The variations of degrees of freedom（DOFs：horizontal movement,roll angle,and yaw angle）,the lateral wheel-rail force,the derailment coefficient and the rate of wheel load reduction with time when two carriages meet in open air are obtained and compared with the results of a single train travelling at specifie speeds.Results show that the rate of wheel load reduction increases with the increase of train speed and meets some safety standard at a certain speed,but exceeding the value of the rate of wheel load reduction does not necessarily mean derailment.The evaluation standard of the rate of wheel load reduction is somewhat conservative and may be loosened.The pressure pulse has significan effects on the train DOFs,and the evaluations of these safety indexes are strongly suggested in practice.The pressure pulse has a limited effect on the derailment coefficien and the lateral wheel-rail force,and,thus,their further evaluations may be not necessary.

Modeling and Analysis of Pulse Skip Modulation

The state space average model and the large signal models of Pulse Skip Modulation （PSM） mode are given in this paper. Farther more, based on these models and simulations of PSM converter circuits, the analysis of the characteristics of PSM converter is described in this paper, of which include efficiency, frequency spectrum analysis, output voltage ripple, response speed and interference rejection capability. Compared with PWM control mode, PSM converter has high efficiency, especially with fight loads, quick response, good interference rejection and good EMC characteristic. Improved PSM slightly, it could be a kind of good independent regulating mode during the whole operating process for a DC-DC converter. Finally, some experimental results are also presented in this paper.

Experimental investigation on the plasma morphology of ablative pulsed plasma thruster with tongue-shaped and flared electrodes

Ablative pulsed plasma thrusters(APPTs)are considered as an attractive propulsion option for station-keeping and drag makeup purposes for mass-and power-limited satellites.In order to understand the physical mechanism of APPTs,high-speed camera and optical emission spectroscopy are utilized to investigate the plasma characteristics including the spatial distribution and composition between the electrodes.The plume images and spectra at different times and positions are experimentally recorded,and the spatial distribution,composition,and trajectory of plasmas can be concluded through analyzing them.With the increase of the distance from the ablation surface,two clusters of plasmas near the anode and cathode meet downstream,and the species and density of plasmas tend to be uniform.

Characteristic analysis of air pressure wave generated by high-speed trains traveling through a tunnel

It is a complicated dynamic phenomenon when a transient pressure pulse is triggered by two high-speed trains passing each other in a tunnel. The air pressure pulse is a transient excitation to side wall of the car body. It can stimulate almost all vibration modes of the car body and the correlated assemblies, cause serious aerodynamic noise, and have important impacts on car body distortion, train noise, and operation safety. This article analyzes the time- frequency characteristics and main parameters of field-measured the air pressure wave, and its relationship with the train velocity as well as the vibration of the car body. Cepstrum analysis concludes that in the process of the meeting, the air pressure wave in tunnel crossing is a multiplying pressure wave instead of a superposed wave. The pressure pulse during the meeting is non-symmetrical one featured with a sharp front, large amplitude, fluctuating central sec- tion, and less sharp tail. The pulse width is inversely proportional to the train speed. As the speed increases, the impulse amplitude is amplified, and the speed of pulse front is advanced.

A HIGH RESOLUTION WIDE SWATH SAR METHOD BASED ON INTRA-PULSE NULL STEERING AND MIMO

High Resolution Wide Swath (HRWS) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) often suffers from low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) due to small transmitting antenna, especially in phased array antenna systems. Digital Beam Forming (DBF) based on Single Input and Multiple Output (SIMO) achieves receiving array gain at the cost of increasing data rate. This letter proposes a new HRWS SAR method, which employs intra-pulse null steering to get receiving gain in elevation and decrease the data rate, and Multiple Input and Multiple Output (MIMO) using Space-Time Block Coding (STBC) in azimuth to get transmitting gain and receiving array gain simultaneously. The feasibility is verified by deduction and simulations.

3.8 MV快前沿电磁脉冲模拟器脉冲驱动源研制

为满足强电磁脉冲试验的需求,研制了一台输出电压可达3.8 MV的全气体绝缘快前沿脉冲驱动源。该脉冲源采用二级脉冲压缩技术路线,由Marx发生器、中储电容、中储开关、陡化电容及陡化开关等组件构成。内部各组件均采用模块化、紧凑型设计思路,并整体放置在一个层层嵌套的腔体中,各层之间充有不同压力的SF_(6)气体。整机具有输出电压高、结构紧凑、重量轻及便于移动等优点。测试结果表明,在驱动75Ω倒立圆锥天线负载时,初级源最大输出电压大于3.8 MV,负载处输出电场波形的脉冲前沿小于2 ns。通过开关导通时刻的调节,在天线处生成的辐射场波形满足IEC 61000-4-25标准中关于电磁脉冲试验波形的规定,因此可将其作为电磁脉冲模拟器的脉冲驱动源,开展系统级电磁脉冲试验,用于电磁脉冲效应及加固防护技术研究等工作。

不同潮气量和PEEP对脉搏轮廓法与经肺热稀释法测量巴马猪心排血量的影响

【目的】探究机械通气时不同潮气量和呼气末正压(PEEP)对脉搏轮廓法与经肺热稀释法测量巴马猪心排血量的影响。【方法】选取实验用巴马猪12只,随机分为对照组(肺动脉导管热稀释法)、研究组A(经肺热稀释法)和研究组B(脉搏轮廓法),各4只。建立模型,采用不同方法测量心排出量,分析其一致性,比较不同潮气量和PEEP对心排出量的影响。【结果】脉搏轮廓法与热稀释法测定猪心排血量的相关系数为r=0.754,两者具有正相关性。经肺热稀释法与热稀释法测定猪心排血量的相关系数为r=0.771,两者具有正相关性。脉搏轮廓法、与热稀释法测定猪心排血量相对误差为13.5%,两者具有一致性。经肺热稀释法与热稀释法测定猪心排血量相对误差为12.9%,两者具有一致性。随着潮气量增加,心排出量值明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。随着PEEP增加,猪心排出量明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。【结论】脉搏轮廓法、经肺热稀释法与热稀释法测定猪心排血量的一致性良好;当机械通气潮气量或PEEP增加时猪心排血量逐渐下降。

PiCCO与CVP监测下液体复苏治疗脓毒症休克合并重度急性呼吸窘迫综合征的临床效果比较

目的:比较给予脓毒症休克(SS)合并重度急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者脉搏指示连续心排血量(PiCCO)与中心静脉压(CVP)监测下液体复苏治疗的临床效果。方法:选取2018年1月—2022年12月厦门大学附属第一医院收治的SS合并重度ARDS患者共计100例,以随机数字表法分成研究组(n=50)与对照组(n=50)。对照组给予CVP监测下液体复苏治疗,研究组给予PiCCO监测下液体复苏治疗。比较两组复苏目标达标率、生命体征、代谢指标、转归情况。结果:研究组治疗6 h后的复苏目标达标率较对照组更高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组治疗24 h后尿量(UO)、平均动脉压(MAP)均提高,心率(HR)均降低,研究组UO、MAP均较对照组更高,HR更低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组治疗24 h后中心静脉血氧饱和度(ScvO_(2))均升高,乳酸(Lac)水平均降低,研究组ScvO_(2)较对照组更高,Lac更低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);研究组血管活性药物使用时间、抗生素使用时间、机械通气时间、重症监护室(ICU)停留时间均较对照组更短,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:相较于CVP监测,给予SS合并重度ARDS患者PiCCO监测下液体复苏治疗,能够提高复苏目标达标率,维持生命体征,改善代谢指标,促进患者恢复。

SESAM锁模全保偏皮秒脉冲光纤激光器输出特性

搭建了基于半导体可饱和吸收镜(SESAM)锁模的全保偏皮秒脉冲光纤激光器,对比分析了以多量子阱和体材料作为可饱和吸收层的SESAM对锁模激光器输出特性的影响。实验结果表明,多量子阱和体材料SESAM均可实现稳定的自启动锁模。随着量子阱周期数的增加,SESAM调制深度增大,激光器输出脉冲宽度变窄,具有更高的输出功率和更大的锁模区间。但量子阱周期数过高的SESAM具有较大非饱和损耗,使得相同泵浦功率下输出功率降低。在相同调制深度下,体材料SESAM的非饱和损耗偏大,降低了输出功率和光光转化效率,但对脉冲的窄化作用更显著。SESAM对输出脉冲的波长和光谱宽度无显著影响,主要受光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)控制。本文对SESAM的设计与选型具有一定指导意义。

超声与脉搏指数连续心输出量在监测脓毒症急性肾损伤的疗效对比

目的 比较床旁超声与脉搏指数连续心输出量(PICCO)动态监测,在脓毒症急性肾损伤(AKI)采用连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)方面的疗效。方法 选取2021年11月至2023年4月广州中医药大学东莞医院ICU收治的脓毒症并发AKI患者60例为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,每组30例。观察组运用床旁超声技术进行下腔静脉管径的测定,对照组应用PICCO技术进行血流动力学监测,分别指导脓毒症AKI患者CRRT过程脱水速度及出入液体正负平衡,比较两组CRRT前、CRRT 24 h后的血肌酐(Scr)、尿素(Urea)、血乳酸(lac)、24 h出入量数据。采用序贯性器官功能衰竭评价(SOFA)评分和急性生理学及慢性健康状况(APACHEⅡ)评分,评价两组预后情况。结果 CRRT 24 h后,观察组Scr、Urea、lac指标均低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组24 h出入量高于对照组(P<0.05);两组SOFA评分和APACHEⅡ评分均低于CRRT前(P<0.05),且观察组的分值均低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 对于脓毒症并发AKI患者,床旁超声在CRRT过程的液体管理中具有无创、实时动态监测、成像准确度高、图像质量好、可重复性强等优点,而PICCO的准确度优于床旁超声。二者各有优势,在临床操作时应根据实际情况选择合适的操作。

一种多波长激光器的多模式驱动研究

介绍了一种多波长半导体激光器驱动系统的设计,该系统采用了压控电流源与PicoLAS模块混合驱动的方法,具有效率高、体积小、电路简单可靠、易于系统集成等优点,为半导体激光器的驱动设计提供了一种选择和参考。

基于脉冲变压器的快前沿固态触发器

结合理论求解、仿真分析与实验验证,确定了影响脉冲变压器型触发器输出前沿的主要因素,并研制了一台能可靠触发真空沿面闪络开关导通的快前沿固态触发器。研究结果表明:影响触发器输出脉冲前沿的关键因素为脉冲变压器漏感、匝数比和半导体开关开通速度;不同绕制方式的脉冲变压器漏感差异很大,最小漏感绕法的变压器漏感值低1个数量级;选用开通速度优于15 ns的碳化硅金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(SiC MOSFET)、绕制低漏感(小于0.5μH)的脉冲变压器,实现了前沿为20.4 ns(10%~90%)、幅值为16.5 kV的快前沿输出;控制SiC MOSFET的驱动脉宽在35~55 ns变化可以控制触发电流峰值在35~55 A范围内变化。