Traffic prediction enabled dynamic access points switching for energy saving in dense networks

To meet the ever-increasing traffic demand and enhance the coverage of cellular networks,network densification is one of the crucial paradigms of 5G and beyond mobile networks,which can improve system capacity by deploying a large number of Access Points(APs)in the service area.However,since the energy consumption of APs generally accounts for a substantial part of the communication system,how to deal with the consequent energy issue is a challenging task for a mobile network with densely deployed APs.In this paper,we propose an intelligent AP switching on/off scheme to reduce the system energy consumption with the prerequisite of guaranteeing the quality of service,where the signaling overhead is also taken into consideration to ensure the stability of the network.First,based on historical traffic data,a long short-term memory method is introduced to predict the future traffic distribution,by which we can roughly determine when the AP switching operation should be triggered;second,we present an efficient three-step AP selection strategy to determine which of the APs would be switched on or off;third,an AP switching scheme with a threshold is proposed to adjust the switching frequency so as to improve the stability of the system.Experiment results indicate that our proposed traffic forecasting method performs well in practical scenarios,where the normalized root mean square error is within 10%.Furthermore,the achieved energy-saving is more than 28% on average with a reasonable outage probability and switching frequency for an area served by 40 APs in a commercial mobile network.

Multi-point Contact of the High-speed Vehicle-turnout System Dynamics

The wheel-rail contact problems, such as the number, location and the track of contact patches, are very important for optimizing the spatial structure of the rails and lowering the vehicle-turnout system dynamics. However, the above problems are not well solved currently because of having the difficulties in how to determine the multi-contact, to preciously present the changeable profiles of the rails and to establish an accurate spatial turnout system dynamics model. Based on a high-speed vehicle-turnout coupled model in which the track is modeled as flexible with rails and sleepers represented by beams, the line tracing extreme point method is introduced to investigate the wheel-rail multiple contact conditions and the key sections of the blade rail, longer nose rail, shorter rail in the switch and nose rail area are discretized to represent the varying profiles of rails in the turnout. The dynamic interaction between the vehicle and turnout is simulated for cases of the vehicle divergently passing the turnout and the multi-point contact is obtained. The tracks of the contact patches on the top of the rails are presented and the wheel-rail impact forces are offered in comparison with the contact patches transference on the rails. The numerical simulation results indicate that the length of two-point contact occurrence of a worn wheel profile and rails is longer than that of the new wheel profile and rails; The two-point contact definitely occurs in the switch and crossing area. Generally, three-point contact doesn’t occur for the new rail profile, which is testified by the wheel-rails interpolation distance and the first order derivative function of the tracing line extreme points. The presented research is not only helpful to optimize the structure of the turnout, but also useful to lower the dynamics of the high speed vehicle-turnout system.

Analysis of Fault Arc in High-Speed Switch Applied in Hybrid Circuit Breaker

The behavior of fault arc in a high-speed switch （HSS） has been studied theoretically and experimentally. A simplified HSS setup is designed to support this work. A two-dimensional arc model is developed to analyze the characteristics of fault arc based on magnetic-hydrodynamic （MHD） theory. The advantage of such a model is that the thermal transfer coefficient can be determined by depending on the numerical method alone. The influence of net emission coefficients （NEC） radiation model and P1 model on fault arc is analyzed in detail. Results show that NEC model predicts more radiation energy and less pressure rise without the re-absorption effect considered. As a consequence, P1 model is more suitable to calculate the pressure rise caused by fault arc. Finally, the pressure rise during longer arcing time for different arc currents is predicted.

Design and Implementation of Dynamic High-Speed Switches in Super Base Station Architectures

Novel centralized base station architectures integrating computation and communication functionalities have become important for the development of future mobile communication networks.Therefore,the development of dynamic high-speed interconnections between baseband units(BBUs)and remote radio heads(RRHs)is vital in centralized base station design.Herein,dynamic high-speed switches(HSSs)connecting BBUs and RRHs were designed for a centralized base station architecture.We analyzed the characteristics of actual traffic and introduced a switch traffic model suitable for the super base station architecture.Then,we proposed a data-priority-aware(DPA)scheduling algorithm based on the traffic model.Lastly,we developed the dynamic HSS model based on the OPNET platform and the prototype based on FPGA.Our results show that the DPA achieves close to 100%throughput with lower latency and provides better run-time complexity than iOCF and HE-iSLIP,thereby demonstrating that the proposed switch system can be adopted in centralized base station architectures.

Application of TREM-1 in peripheral blood as a switching point for sequential ventilation of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated with respiratory failure

Objective:To investigate the application of peripheral blood triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1(TREM-1)for sequential treatment switching points in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)complicated with respiratory failure.Methods:A total of 120 cases of COPD patients with respiratory failure from June 2017 to December 2018 were randomly divided into two groups:60 cases in the control group and 60 cases in the observation group.The control group received spontaneous breathing trials for 2 h to select the time for non-invasive positive pressure ventilation,while the observation group received peripheral blood TREM-1(≤90.0 pg/mL)to select the time for non-invasive positive pressure ventilation.The stress hormones,clinical pulmonary infection score and vital signs of two groups after 24 h of mechanical ventilation were detected.The treatment time and the adverse reactions of the two groups were recorded.Results:There was no significant difference in rennin,adrenaline,noradrenaline and angiotensin II between two groups(P>0.05).Compared with the control group,the clinical pulmonary infection score was decreased in the observation group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in heart rate,respiratory rate,pH,partial pressure of carbon dioxide and partial pressure of oxygen between two groups(P>0.05).There was no significant difference in intensive care monitoring time between two groups(P>0.05).Compared with the control group,the observation group had no significant difference in invasive ventilation time and total mechanical ventilation.The time of hospitalization and hospitalization had significantly decreased(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in mortality,ventilator-associated pneumonia and re-intubation between two groups(P>0.05).Conclusion:TREM-1 can be used as a switching point during invasive-noninvasive sequential ventilation for COPD patients with respiratory failure,which can shorten the time of invasive ventilation,total mechanical ventilation and hospitalization.

Necking Point in PET High-speed Fiber Spinning

Cross-over method is established to predict necking point for PET high- speed fiber spinning. Even slowly crystallizing polymers such as PET can crystallize on the spinline at sufficiently high spinning speed. The development of rtmning velocity, temperature, crystallinity and theological force is investigated for the take-up velocity over a range of 6 000 - 10 000 m/min. The position of necking point, temperature rise and abrupt increase of crystallinity move closer to the spinneret with the increase of take-up velocity,

Study on wear characteristics and authorized limits of switch rails of high-speed turnout

Purpose-It is quite universal for high-speed turnouts to be exposed to the wear of the stock rail of the switch rail during the service process.The wear will cause the change of railhead profile and the relative positions of the switch rail and the stock rail,which will directly affect the wheel-rail contact state and wheel load transition when a train passes the turnout and will further impose serious impacts on the safety and stability of train operation.The purpose of this paper is to provide suggestions for wear management of high-speed turnout.Design/methodology/approach-The actual wear characteristics of switch rails of high-speed turnouts in different guiding directions were studied based on the monitoring results on site;the authorized wear limits for the switch rails of high-speed turnout were studied through derailment risk analysis and switch rail strength analysis.Findings-The results show that:the major factor for the service life of a curved switch rail is the lateral wear.The wear characteristics of the curved switch rail of a facing turnout are significantly different from those of a trailing turnout.To be specific,the lateral wear of the curved switch rail mainly occurs in the narrower section at its front end for a trailing turnout,but in the wider section at its rear end when for a facing turnout.The maximum lateral wear of a dismounted switch rail from a trailing turnout is found on the 15-mm wide section and is 3.9 mm,which does not reach the specified limit of 6 mm.For comparison,the lateral wear of a dismounted switch rail from a facing turnout is found from the 35-mm wide section to the full-width section and is greater than 7.5 mm,which exceeds the specified limit.Based on this,in addition to meeting the requirements of maintenance rules,the allowed wear of switch rails of high-speed turnout shall be so that the dangerous area with a tangent angle of wheel profile smaller than 43.68 will not contact the switch rail when the wheel is lifted by 2 mm.Accordingly,the lateral wear limit at the 5-mm wide section of the curved switch rail shall be reduced from 6 mm(as specified)to 3.5 mm.Originality/value-The work in this paper is of reference significance to the research on the development law of rail wear in high-speed turnout area and the formulation of relevant standards.

Development of High-Speed On-Of Valves and Their Applications

With the widespread application of the computer and microelectronic technology in the industry,digitization becomes the inevitable developing trend of the hydraulic technology.Digitization of the hydraulic components is critical in the digital hydraulic technology.High-speed on-of valves(HSVs)which convert a train of input pulses into the fast and accurate switching between the on and of states belong to widely used basic digital hydraulic elements.In some ways,the characteristics of the HSVs determine the performance of the digital hydraulic systems.This paper discusses the development of HSVs and their applications.First,the HSVs with innovative structures which is classifed into direct drive valves and pilot operated valves are discussed,with the emphasis on their performance.Then,an overview of HSVs with intelligent materials is presented with considering of the switching frequency and fow capacity.Finally,the applications of the HSVs are reviewed,including digital hydraulic components with the integration of the HSVs and digital hydraulic systems controlled by the HSVs.

Coalescence of pore columns by domain switching

The present paper studies the coalescence of pore columns in ferroelectric ceramics driven by back and forth domain switching under cyclic electric field. A finite element method that incorporates mass transfer capacity is formulated to simulate the evolution of point defects subjected to the kinetics of pore surface diffusion and domain wall migration. The merge of point defects provides a mechanism for the vacancy agglomeration that leads to the formation of large pores or microcracks.

Model predictive control of three-level active front-end converter with low switching frequency

In medium voltage-high power(MV-HP)applications,the high switching frequency of power converter will result in unnecessary energy losses,which directly affect efficiency.To resolve this issue,a novel finite control set-model predictive control(FCS-MPC)with low switching frequency for three-level neutral point clamped-active front-end converters(NPC-AFEs)is proposed.With this approach,the prediction model of three-level NPC-AFEs is established inα-βreference frame,and the control objective of low average switching frequency is introduced into a cost function.The proposed method not only achieves the desired control performance under low switching frequency,but also performs the efficient operation for the three-level NPC-AFEs.The simulation results are provided to verify the effectiveness of proposed control scheme.

A Tri-Salt Composite Electrolyte with Temperature Switch Function for Intelligently Temperature-Controlled Lithium Batteries

The intense research of lithium-ion batteries has been motivated by their successful applications in mobile devices and electronic vehicles.The emerging of intelligent control in kinds of devices brings new requirements for battery systems.The high-energy lithium batteries are expected to respond or react under different environmental conditions.In this work,a tri-salt composite electrolyte is designed with a temperature switch function for intelligently temperature-controlled lithium batteries.Specifically,the halide Li_(3)YBr_(6)together with LiTFSI and LiNO_(3)works as active fillers in a low-melting-point polymer matrix(polyethyleneglycol dimethyl ether(PEGDME)and polyethylene oxide(PEO)),which is further filled into the pre-lithiated alumina fiber skeleton.Above 60°C,the composite electrolyte exists in the liquid state and fully contacts with the working electrodes on the liquid–solid interface,effectively minimizing the interfacial resistance and leading to high discharge capacity in the cell.The electrolyte is changed into a solid state below 30°C so that the ionic conductivity is significantly reduced and the interface resistance is increased dramatically on the solid–solid interface.Therefore,by simply adjusting the temperature,the cell can be turned“ON”or“OFF”intentionally.This novel function of the composite electrolyte has enlightening significance in developing intelligently temperature-controlled lithium batteries.

Performance analysis of an integrated scheme in optical burst switching high-speed networks

A new integrated scheme based on resource-reservation and adaptive network flow routing to alleviate contention in optical burst switching networks is proposed. The objective of the proposed scheme is to reduce the overall burst loss in the network and at the same time to avoid the packet out-of-sequence arrival problem. Simulations are carried out to assess the feasibility of the proposed scheme. Its performance is compared with that of contention resolution schemes based on conventional routing. Through extensive simulations, it is shown that the proposed scheme not only provides significantly better burst loss performance than the basic equal proportion and hop-length based traffic routing algorithms, but also is void of any packet re-orderings.

ANALYSIS AND MEASUREMENT OF LARGE DYNAMIC RANGE RF SWITCH INTER-MODULATION

Radio Frequency (RF) switch circuit is the basic part of microwave devices and systems. The non-linearity distortion figure is necessary in the field of large dynamic range of signal. This letter analyzes the basic switch circuit and its inter-modulation, and studies in detail the measurement methods and systems of RF switch intercept point. It has provided cascaded simulation testing methods, which can accurately measure the PF switch, of which the second or third order intercept point value is above 75dB and 60dB, respectively. As the testing results are consistent with the theoretical analyses, it proves that the validity of the method satisfies the requirements of large scaled linearity measurement in engineering.

适用于中点箝位型三电平逆变器的多目标调制策略

为同时实现中点箝位型三电平逆变器的中点电压平衡和共模电压降低,分别分析了基于载波脉宽调制(CBPWM)和基于虚拟空间矢量脉宽调制(VSVPWM)的中点电压平衡和共模电压降低方法。基于CBPWM提出一种可以降低共模电压的载波脉宽调制(RCMV_CBPWM)策略,可将大多数工作区域的共模电压限制在直流侧电压的1/6以内。为了实现上述2个目标,同时不过分增加开关损耗,在RCMV_CBPWM基础上提出了一种多目标调制(MOPWM)策略,在全调制度和全负载功率因数范围内,共模电压可限制在直流侧电压的1/6以内并实现中点电压平衡,且其开关损耗低于VSVPWM。比较了MOPWM、RCMV_CBPWM和VSVPWM在中点电压控制、共模电压降低和开关损耗降低方面的性能。实验结果验证了MOPWM的可行性和优越性。

蝴蝶优化算法对大青杨生长速率预测模型的改进

为提高大青杨生长速率的预测精度,提出了一种基于改进的蝴蝶优化算法(improved butterfly optimization algorithm, IBOA)与径向基函数(radial basis function, RBF)神经网络结合的预测木材材性方法。通过使用佳点集法对标准蝴蝶算法中的种群进行初始化,将自适应切换频率和Levy飞行相结合进一步优化人工蝴蝶算法。构建出了新的IBOA-RBF神经网络木材材性预测模型,将得到的结果与其他几种算法优化的RBF神经网络预测结果进行对比。结果表明:基于IBOA-RBF神经网络模型预测效果最好,收敛速度从37步降低到了23步,预测结果误差达到了5.72%,预测精度最高。可见,对蝴蝶算法的改进是可行的,且对相关人员定向培养大青杨起到较大的帮助。

一种适用三电平并联系统的虚拟矢量调制策略

直流侧中点电位平衡和零序环流抑制是保证三电平逆变器并联系统正常运行的重要问题,然而基于冗余小矢量对调节的环流抑制方案进一步增加空间矢量脉宽调制(space vector pulse width modulation,SVPWM)中点电流无法对称消除的场景,加剧双机系统中点电位不平衡程度。该文基于虚拟矢量合成思路,提出一种满足零序环流抑制和中点电位平衡需求的双机虚拟矢量调制方法。该方法重新定义虚拟中矢量,通过缩短中矢量作用时间和增加参与合成的对称冗余小矢量以减少中点电流不平衡场景;分析不同扇区不同控制目标下虚拟矢量合成规则,利用相占空比法优化虚拟矢量的作用顺序,减少矢量合成过程中的开关次数。与传统SVPWM策略下中点电压变化量的对比分析表明,所提方法能够削弱环流抑制和中点电位平衡的耦合关系。最后,利用Starsim平台实验验证该策略的有效性。

船用无线电标校信标机程控频点切换的设计

船用无线电标校信标机是指能够为船载统一测控设备提供稳定跟踪信号的射频信号发生器。一般安装于探空气球内部或悬挂于无人机底部,经过飞行至一定高度和距离后,船载统一测控设备对该信标信号进行跟踪试验。当前船用无线电标校信标机在空中仅能工作在一个频点,若需要对多个工作频点进行标校则需要重复释放多个无线电信标机。为解决此问题,设计一种标校信标机外围变频控制电路,将该电路连接至标校信标机即可完成释放一个信标机开展多频点标校的难题。该变频电路以低功耗单片机STC89C52RC作为基本控制单元,结合DC⁃DC降压模块和电平转换模块,实现将多个预置工作频点信息按预定帧格式定时发送至信标机的功能。经过十余次海上航天测量试验的检验,结果表明程控变频控制电路运行稳定、控制精度高,节省了标校时间和经费预算。

基于光伏充电的低压混合式断路器设计及仿真

直流断路器是实现直流系统电流故障清除和隔离的关键设备。基于人工过零点的直流断路器熄弧时刻具有不确定性,且换流电容需要更换辅助电源,降低断路器可靠性,增加维护成本。为此,在传统直流断路器基础上,提出了一种基于光伏充电的混合式直流断路器拓扑结构设计方案。该方案在断路器过零点未熄弧时闭锁IGBT开关,加速电弧熄灭,并设计光伏储能供电系统为换流电容预充电能,以保障断路器持续运行。同时对所提断路器的拓扑结构、开断时序、拓扑参数进行了设计,基于MATLAB/Simulink实验平台建立了150 V混合式直流断路器模型,讨论IGBT开关器件闭锁时刻及电阻电容二极管(resistance-capacitance diode,RCD)缓冲电路对断路器开断的影响。在此基础上,通过仿真实验分析了正常和短路工况下断路器开断过程,验证了所提方案的可行性。

基于熵值图的多功能雷达工作模式识别

针对多功能雷达工作模式多样且信号波形复杂多变,导致常规工作模式识别方法性能不佳的问题,提出基于小波变换的多功能雷达工作状态切换点检测方法,将雷达脉冲序列进行分割,得到单一工作模式脉冲序列样本。其次,基于近似熵、样本熵、模糊熵和排列熵设计了新的熵值图特征,并结合卷积深度神经网络模型,实现了多功能雷达工作模式的智能识别。仿真结果表明,该算法在虚假脉冲率或漏脉冲率为25%时,切换点检测正确率达85%;工作模式识别正确率在虚假脉冲率、漏脉冲率为20%和参数误差为8%时,识别正确率均在83%以上,识别性能皆优于两种对比文献方法,验证了该算法的有效性和优越性。

基于双矢量的三电平PFC中点电位平衡无权重型模型预测控制

以三相Vienna整流器为研究对象,针对有限集模型预测控制FCS-MPC(finite control set model predictive control)实现中点电位平衡控制时权重因子选取困难,采样周期内作用单一矢量引起网侧电流纹波较大的问题,提出一种基于双矢量的无权重型模型预测控制UF-MPC(unweighted factor model predictive control)策略。首先,构建基于功率预测的单目标价值函数。然后,通过扇区划分同时采用无权重因子的方式来提高单次寻优效率,根据直流侧中点电位的波动优选冗余小矢量,实现无权重因子的中点电位平衡控制。在获取最优矢量的基础上,结合零矢量实现了双矢量固定开关频率控制。最后,基于RT-LAB半实物平台从稳态、暂态、中点电位波动方面进行验证,有效证明了所提控制策略的正确性和有效性。