Wireless channel estimation for high-speed rail communications:Challenges,solutions and future directions

With the development of High-Speed Rail(HSR),countries and individual passengers alike have enjoyed far ranging benefits as a result-economic,social,environment and in added convenience.One of the important parts of HSR construction is the signaling system,where wireless communications play a key role in the transmission of train control data.Channel estimation has a significant impact on the quality of the wireless communication,however,whose performance is degraded due to the fast mobility of HSR.This paper focuses on the channel estimation technology in HSR.We first summarize the key challenges for HSR channel estimation,especially the Inter-Carrier Interference(ICI)faced by Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM)systems.Then we provide a comprehensive review of existing pilot-aided channel estimation schemes from three points:channel model,estimation algorithm,joint channel estimation and ICI mitigation schemes.Lastly,we present the challenges of channel estimation for the Orthogonal Time Frequency Space(OTFS)system and Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface(RIS),which are promising techniques for HSR systems in the future sixth Generation(6G)wireless communication.

MmWave extra-large-scale MIMO based active user detection and channel estimation for high-speed railway communications

The current High-Speed Railway(HSR)communications increasingly fail to satisfy the massive access services of numerous user equipment brought by the increasing number of people traveling by HSRs.To this end,this paper investigates millimeter-Wave(mmWave)extra-large scale(XL)-MIMO-based massive Internet-of-Things(loT)access in near-field HSR communications,and proposes a block simultaneous orthogonal matching pursuit(B-SOMP)-based Active User Detection(AUD)and Channel Estimation(CE)scheme by exploiting the spatial block sparsity of the XLMIMO-based massive access channels.Specifically,we first model the uplink mmWave XL-MIMO channels,which exhibit the near-field propagation characteristics of electromagnetic signals and the spatial non-stationarity of mmWave XL-MIMO arrays.By exploiting the spatial block sparsity and common frequency-domain sparsity pattern of massive access channels,the joint AUD and CE problem can be then formulated as a Multiple Measurement Vectors Compressive Sensing(MIMV-CS)problem.Based on the designed sensing matrix,a B-SOMP algorithm is proposed to achieve joint AUD and CE.Finally,simulation results show that the proposed solution can obtain a better AUD and CE performance than the conventional CS-based scheme for massive IoT access in near-field HSR communications.

Generative Adversarial Networks Based Digital Twin Channel Modeling for Intelligent Communication Networks

Integration of digital twin(DT)and wireless channel provides new solution of channel modeling and simulation,and can assist to design,optimize and evaluate intelligent wireless communication system and networks.With DT channel modeling,the generated channel data can be closer to realistic channel measurements without requiring a prior channel model,and amount of channel data can be significantly increased.Artificial intelligence(AI)based modeling approach shows outstanding performance to solve such problems.In this work,a channel modeling method based on generative adversarial networks is proposed for DT channel,which can generate identical statistical distribution with measured channel.Model validation is conducted by comparing DT channel characteristics with measurements,and results show that DT channel leads to fairly good agreement with measured channel.Finally,a link-layer simulation is implemented based on DT channel.It is found that the proposed DT channel model can be well used to conduct link-layer simulation and its performance is comparable to using measurement data.The observations and results can facilitate the development of DT channel modeling and provide new thoughts for DT channel applications,as well as improving the performance and reliability of intelligent communication networking.

High-speed railway channel measurements and characterizations: a review

Wireless communication for high-speed railways （HSRs） that provides reliable and high data rate communi- cation between the train and trackside networks is a challenging task. It is estimated that the wireless communication traffic could be as high as 65 Mbps per high-speed train. The development of such HSR communications systems and standards requires, in turn, accurate models for the HSR propagation channel. This article provides an overview of ex- isting HSR channel measurement campaigns in recent years. Particularly, some important measurement and modeling results in various HSR scenarios, such as viaduct and U-shaped groove （USG）, are briefly described and analyzed. In addition, we review a novel channel sounding method, which can highly improve the measurement efficiency in HSR environment.

Propagation characteristics of wideband high-speed railway channel in viaduct scenario at 2.35 GHz

In order to obtain accurate characteristics of wireless channels in the viaduct area of China, a channel meas- urement was taken in a railway viaduct scenario of the Zhengzhou-Xi＇an passenger dedicated line with a bandwidth of 50 MHz at 2.35 GHz. The single-slope log-distance model is used to analyze the path-loss （PL）, and the distribution of shadow fading （SF） is obtained by statistical methods, which shows that the normal distribution fits the samples well. Ricean K-factor is analyzed by the method of moments, and the variation of K-factor is given along the measured route. Small scale such as delay spread and Doppler behavior are parameterized. Based on empirical channel measurement, this paper provides parameters for the evaluation and simulation work on viaduct scenarios of high-speed railway.

Investigation of Cross-Correlation Characteristics for Multi-Link Channels in High-Speed Railway Scenarios

This paper investigates the cross-correlation characteristics of large-scale parameters(LSPs) and small-scale fading(SSF) for high-speed railway(HSR) multilink propagation scenarios, based on realistic measurements conducted on Beijing to Tianjin HSR line in China. A long-term evolution-based channel sounding system is utilized in the measurements to obtain the channel data. By applying a proposed time-delay based dynamic partition method, multi-link channel impulse responses are extracted from the raw channel data. Then, the statistical results of LSPs, including shadow fading, K-factor, and root-mean-square delay spread are derived and the cross-correlation coefficients of these LPSs are calculated. Moreover, the SSF spatial correlation and cross-correlation of SSF are analyzed. These results can be used to exploit multi-link channel model and to optimize the next-generation HSR communication system.

Key technologies for wireless network digital twin towards smart railways

An emerging railway technology called smart railway promises to deliver higher transportation efficiency,enhanced comfort in services,and greater eco-friendliness.The smart railway is expected to integrate fifth-generation mobile communication(5G),Artificial Intelligence(AI),and other technologies,which poses new problems in the construction,operation and maintenance of railway wireless networks.Wireless Digital Twins(DTs),which have recently emerged as a new paradigm for the design of wireless networks,can address these problems and enable the whole lifecycle management of railway wireless networks.However,there are still many scientific issues and challenges for railway-oriented wireless DT.Relevant key technologies to solve these problems are introduced and described,including characterization of materials'physical-EM properties,autonomous reconstruction of Three-dimensional(3D)environment model,AI-empowered environmental cognition,Ray-Tracing(RT),model-based and AIbased RT acceleration,and generation of multi-spectra sensing data.Moreover,this paper presents our research results for each key technology and describes the wireless network planning and optimization system based on highperformance RT developed by our laboratory.This paper outlines the framework for realizing the wireless DT of smart railways,providing the direction for future research.

Doppler frequency offset estimation and diversity reception scheme of high-speed railway with multiple antennas on separated carriage

The challenges of severe Doppler effects in high-speed railway are considered. By building a cooperative antenna system; an algorithm of joint channel estimation and Doppler frequency offset （DFO） estimation is proposed based on Ricean channel model. First, a maximum likelihood estimation （MLE） algorithm for DFO is designed, show- ing that the Doppler estimation can be obtained by estimating moving velocity of the train and the path loss with the exploitation of pilots that are placed inside the frame. Then a joint detection algorithm for the receiver is proposed to exploit multi-antenna diversity gains. Last, the theoretical Crammer Rao bound （CRB） for joint channel estimation and DFO estimation is derived. The steady performance of the system is confirmed by numerical simulations. In particular, when the Ricean fading channel parameter equals 5 and the velocities of train are 100 m/s and 150 m/s, the estimation variances of DFO are very close to the theoretical results obtained by using CRB. Meanwhile, the corresponding sig- nal to noise ratio loss is less than 1.5 dB when the bit error rate is 10-5 for 16QAM signals.

Cooperative communication technology based on relay antenna in high-speed train scenario

The user signal quality as well as the performance of transmission link experiences severe loss due to wireless channel fading and propagation loss in high-speed railway scenario.To improve the quality at the receiving end,spatial diversity was realized by means of cooperative communication technology based on the uncorrelated characteristics of the channels.The model of mobile communication system in high-speed railway was set up,and a cooperative scheme based on statistics was proposed.Mathematical analysis and simulation results show that the quality of the received signal and the performance of the transmission link are significantly improved using cooperative communication technology compared to that in non-cooperative communication mode.

Time evolution law of a two-mode squeezed light field passing through twin diffusion channels

We explore the time evolution law of a two-mode squeezed light field(pure state)passing through twin diffusion channels,and we find that the final state is a squeezed chaotic light field(mixed state)with entanglement,which shows that even though the two channels are independent of each other,since the two modes of the initial state are entangled with each other,the final state remains entangled.Nevertheless,although the squeezing(entanglement)between the two modes is weakened after the diffusion,it is not completely removed.We also highlight the law of photon number evolution.In the calculation process used in this paper,we make full use of the summation method within the ordered product of operators and the generating function formula for two-variable Hermite polynomials.

数据模型协同驱动的MIMO系统性能预测方法

在具有未知同频干扰和信道状态信息具有不确定性的复杂场景下,现有的多输入多输出系统的性能分析和优化方案通常会退化甚至失效。为了适应这些挑战并更好地完成网络自动调优任务,提出了一个通用的数据模型协同驱动框架,该框架是真实通信系统的数字孪生,系统性能指标由系统参数决定。为了解释所提出的框架是如何工作的,将正则化迫零预编码作为实例。该实例中,首先在模型驱动方面,使用确定性等同理论来获得系统的性能近似结果。但是,该近似结果仅在理想条件下成立,例如系统已知信道状态信息不确定度、无穷天线数和没有任何未知同频干扰。因此在数据驱动方面,使用神经网络以网络参数和近似结果为输入,来进一步推断更准确的系统性能。因为利用了模型数据双驱动方法,轻量级的神经网络具有很好的性能。数据模型双驱动的性能估计器也是该系统的数字孪生。基于该数字孪生,设计了一个信道不确定度估计的流程和算法,以快速感知信道不确定度来支持该系统的自适应优化。该流程中,系统首先以一个初始信道不确定度做信号传输,并获得系统性能指标的检测结果。随后,根据性能估计器,使用梯度投影法,以该检测结果来反推信道不确定度,纠正环境非理想因素。仿真结果验证了所提算法的有效性,该数据模型协同驱动框架对于复杂场景下多输入多输出系统的性能预测具有研究意义。

基于双调和样条插值和量纲分析的过闸流量计算

过闸流量的精确计算是保障调水工程安全运行的基础,过闸流量计算模型是数字孪生调水工程建设的重要水力模型之一。调度运行中虽积累大量的实时水情数据,但受控制模式和用水需求等因素的影响,实际监测数据多集中于少量的局部范围内,难以获得覆盖范围广且具有代表性的数据,导致过闸流量模型的泛化能力不足。针对上述问题,提出了一种双调和样条插值和量纲分析的过闸流量计算方法,在样本点较少的实际情况下,通过充分利用样本点的位置信息进行数据插补后,利用量纲分析法进行过闸流量计算。以南水北调中线工程岗头节制闸和西黑山节制闸为研究对象,对比分析双调和样条插值和量纲分析方法与单一量纲分析法在过闸流量计算中实测样本与拟合曲线的决定系数、计算精度等。结果表明,相比于单一量纲分析法,在代表性数据缺乏的条件下,基于双调和样条插值和量纲分析的弧形闸门过闸流量计算方法具有较高的计算精度,过闸关系曲线拟合决定系数约提高8%,过闸流量计算结果的绝对误差和相对误差都有所降低。

两段加热式双联火道内燃烧特性的数值模拟

【目的】分段加热耦合废气循环在大型焦炉中应用较广,但对空气过量系数和配风比的优化研究不足。【方法】利用CFD方法研究了不同过量空气系数和配风比下焦炉煤气在两段加热式双联火道中的燃烧特性。【结果】结果表明,配风比为65∶35时,各可燃组分的消耗速率最低,最高温度沿高向的衰减最少,温度均匀性最好。且在过量空气系数α≤1.35的范围内,高向温度呈现相似的分布。其中,α=1.25时火焰温度最低。NO_(x)浓度随配风比的增加而提高,随α增加而降低。综合分析,α=1.25与配风比65∶35组合形成的空气供给方式最好。焦炉煤气中的不同可燃组分的消耗速率不同,氢气最快,CO最慢。如将氢气分离用于发展氢能产业,剩余可燃组分形成的火焰会更长,有利于改善高度方向温度分布均匀性。

基于数字孪生信道的大规模MIMO信道低开销预测研究

准确的CSI对于大规模多输入多输出系统的性能优化至关重要,而其庞大的天线数量会给CSI获取带来巨大的开销与时延。提出了一种基于Crossformer网络的信道预测方法,利用该方法可以在数字孪生信道中获得准确有效的CSI,从而实现对物理信道的精准指导。具体地,将使用间隔多个时隙的历史CSI数据与孪生环境中终端的位置坐标作为神经网络的输入,首先通过维度分段模块将输入的多元时间序列嵌入到二维矢量数组中,以保留时间、空间以及跨维度信息,然后通过二阶注意层来捕获多维度间的依赖关系,最后通过分层编码器-解码器结构利用挖掘到的信道空时依赖关系和环境与信道跨维度依赖关系联合预测未来多个时隙的CSI。最后将所提出的信道预测框架与传统的LSTM与Transformer模型的预测性能进行比较,验证该方法的优越性。

ECAP对预置孪晶AZ31镁合金组织和力学性能的影响

为了探究剪切变形对预置孪晶AZ31镁合金组织和力学性能的影响,对应变量为5%的预置孪晶试样在250℃进行了不同道次的等通道转角挤压(ECAP),随后对不同状态试样进行了显微组织观察和室温单轴拉伸测试。结果表明:预置孪晶试样经过ECAP变形后,试样组织与商用挤压态合金相比明显细化,延展性获得较大提高;且随着挤压道次的增加,合金晶粒更加细小均匀,延展性改善更加显著。其中,挤压四道次合金的室温断后伸长率较挤压态棒材提高了约163%,表明预置孪晶后引入剪切变形能有效提高镁合金棒材的室温塑性。

Abnormal Twinning Behavior and Constitutive Modeling of a Fine-Grained Extruded Mg-8.0Al-0.1Mn-2.0Ca Alloy under High-Speed Impact along Various Directions

To understand the mechanical and twinning behaviors of a fine-grained extruded Mg-8.0Al-0.1Mn-2.0Ca alloy under high-speed impact,impact tests were carried out using a split Hopkinson pressure bar,and microstructures at strains of 0.05,0.10 and 0.20 were obtained using a series of stop rings manufactured by high-strength steel.The stress response and twinning behavior are closely related to loading direction and applied strain rate.The true stress-true strain curves are s-shaped in extrusion direction(ED)and c-shaped in transverse direction(TD),showing apparent anisotropy,while the yield strength is insensitive to loading direction.Almost identical strain-rate sensitivity is demonstrated by the stress in ED and TD.Interestingly,de-twinning is apparent as the applied strain increases to 0.20,and it is enhanced with increasing the applied strain rate.In contrast,the twin density in ED samples is clearly higher than that in TD samples.By modifying the terms of strain hardening and strain rate hardening in the classical JC model,an optimized model is built,which can accurately predict the stress response behavior of the studied alloy under high-speed impact along ED and TD.The correlation coefficient(R)and average absolute relative error(AARE)are 98.63%and 0.0199 for ED,and 96.88%and 0.0202 for TD,respectively.

宁夏秦汉渠数字孪生灌区建设探索与实践

为积极推进宁夏秦汉渠数字孪生灌区先行先试建设工作,不断提升灌区供水服务能力和管理水平。宁夏秦汉渠管理处按照“安全、实用、好用、管用”的建设目标,以水资源“总量控制、定额管理”为抓手,坚持需求导向,为用而建,建用并重,在已有灌区水利信息化建设成果的基础上,选择汉渠为典型渠道,补全灌域水情、工情、农情、气象等全要素数据采集设施,完善渠道系统建筑物数据底板及历史运行数据,建成秦汉渠数字孪生应用平台。同时,配套开发全渠道控制和水动力学等模型,实现“数、实”高度拟合和水资源“四预”功能,探索从黄河到田间的全链条灌溉供水服务体系,初步实现水资源精准调度和水旱灾害防御“四预”功能。

Reducing the tension-compression yield asymmetry of extruded Mg-Zn-Ca alloy via equal channel angular pressing

The influence of equal channel angular pressing on the tension-compression yield asymmetry of extruded Mg-5.3 Zn-0.6 Ca(weight percent)alloy has been investigated.The microstructure was obviously refined by the large strain during the equal channel angular pressing,accompanied with very fine Ca_(2)Mg_(6)Zn_(3) phases with average diameter of 70 nm.The weak tension-compression yield asymmetry after equal channel angular pressing is mainly attributed to the reduced volume fraction of extension twinning during the compression,because the slope(k)of twinning in Hall-Petch relationship is higher than that of dislocation slip,and the twinning deformation is difficult to take place with decreasing grain size.The basal slip is more active in the alloy after equal channel angular pressing,due to the non-basal texture components,which hinders the twinning activation and reduces the yield asymmetry.Furthermore,the presence of fine precipitate restricts the twinning activation,which also contributes to the reduction of yield asymmetry.

Hydrogen effect on the mechanical behaviour and microstructural features of a Fe-Mn-C twinning induced plasticity steel

The influences of hydrogen on the mechanical properties and the fracture behaviour of Fe-22Mn-0.6C twinning induced plasticity steel have been investigated by slow strain rate tests and fractographic analysis.The steel showed high susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement,which led to 62.9%and 74.2%reduction in engineering strain with 3.1 and 14.4 ppm diffusive hydrogen,respectively.The fracture surfaces revealed a transition from ductile to brittle dominated fracture modes with the rising hydrogen contents.The underlying deformation and fracture mechanisms were further exploited by examining the hydrogen effects on the dislocation substructure,stacking fault probability,and twinning behaviour in pre-strained slow strain rate test specimens and notched tensile specimens using coupled electron channelling contrast imaging and electron backscatter diffraction techniques.The results reveal that the addition of hydrogen promotes planar dislocation structures,earlier nucleation of stacking faults,and deformation twinning within those grains which have tensile axis orientations close to<111>//rolling direction and<112>//rolling direction.The developed twin lamellae result in strain localization and micro-voids at grain boundaries and eventually lead to grain boundary decohesion.

A Novel Millimeter-Wave Channel Measurement Platform for 6G Intelligent Railway Scenarios

This paper presented a novel millimeterwave channel measurement platform for the 6G intelligent railway.This platform used phased array antenna with 64 elements and can support instant bandwidth up to 1 GHz.Combined with improved multi-tone sounding signals,the platform can enhance dynamic measurement capability in high-speed railway scenarios.We performed calibration works about frequency flatness,frequency offset and proved platform reliability with channel emulator based closed-loop verification.We also carried out field trials in high-speed railway carriage scenarios.Based on measurement results,we extracted channel characteristic parameters of path loss,power delay profile and delay spread to further verify the field measurement performance of the platform.