Study on the subgrade deformation under high-speed train loading and water–soil interaction

It is important to study the subgrade characteristics of high-speed railways in consideration of the water–soil coupling dynamic problem,especially when high-speed trains operate in rainy regions.This study develops a nonlinear water–soil interaction dynamic model of slab track coupling with subgrade under high-speed train loading based on vehicle–track coupling dynamics.By using this model,the basic dynamic characteristics,including water–soil interaction and without water induced by the high-speed train loading,are studied.The main factors-the permeability coefficien and the porosity-influencin the subgrade deformation are investigated.The developed model can characterize the soil dynamic behaviour more realistically,especially when considering the influenc of water-rich soil.

Experimental Investigation of the Characteristics of an Artificial Cavity During the Water-Exit of a Slender Body

Experimental studies are carried out with slender bodies vertically exiting out of the water using a high-speed camera. The mechanisms for the formation, development, and collapse of the cavity around the slender body are explored. The dynamic characteristics of the shoulder cavity and the trail cavity during the water-exit of low-speed bodies are analyzed for various water depths and initial velocities. The results show that the initial velocity has a great influence on the formation, development, and collapse of the cavity. The length and the thickness of the shoulder cavity vary non-linearly with the depth.

Numerical Study on the Vertical Water Exit of A Cylinder with Cavity

When a high-speed body with cavity passes through water-air free surface and exits water,its mechanical environment and dynamic characteristics change significantly due to the great difference in density and viscosity between water and air.With focusing on this problem,the Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)method is applied to perform numerical calculation on the process of this vapor-liquid-gas flow during the water exit of a high-speed cylinder,with the Volume of Fraction(VOF)multiphase flow interface-capturing techniques and the overset grid technology.After the verification and validation of the CFD model through mesh convergence study and a water-entry experiment,cavity evolution and flow characteristics including pressure and velocity distribution during the water exit are analyzed.The effects of different initial velocities on the pressure distribution and drag characteristics of the cylinder are investigated.Calculated results show that the cavity collapse during water exit causes strong pressure fluctuation on the cylinder;when the cylinder exits water enveloped in a supercavity,the pressure distribution on its wall surface and surrounding water region is relatively uniform,and the drag changes gently,and thus the cylinder has good motion stability.

Numerical Investigation on the Deformation of the Free Interface During Water Entry and Exit of a Circular Cylinder by Using the Immersed Boundary-Multiphase Lattice Boltzmann Flux Solver

In this work,the deformation of free interface during water entry and exit of a circular cylinder is investigated numerically by using the two-dimensional(2D)immersed boundary-multiphase lattice Boltzmann flux solver(IB-MLBFS).The fluid domain is discretized by finite volume discretization,and the flux on the grid interface is evaluated by lattice Boltzmann equations.Both the implicit velocity correction and the surface flux correction are implemented by using the immersed boundary-method to consider the fluid-structure interaction and the contact interface between the multiphase fluids and the structure.First,the water entry of a circular cylinder is simulated and the results are compared with the experiment,which considered the length-diameter ratio of the circular cylinder.The reliability of 2D simulation is verified and the deformation of the free interface is well investigated.Afterward,the water exit of a circular cylinder with constant velocity is simulated,which is less researched.In addition,the results show the advantage of present IB-MLBFS to some extent.Finally,the water exit and re-entry of a circular cylinder are presented,and the results present the complex deformation of the free interface and the dynamic response of the moving structure.Based on the numerical results,the free interface of the multiphase fluids is well captured,and the contact interface on the boundary of the moving structure is accurately presented by the IB-MLBFS.

UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS AND CAVITATING FLOW OF WATER ENTRY

The fluid mechanics of water entry is studied through investigating the underwater acoustics and the supercavitation.Underwater acoustic signals in water entry are extensively measured at about 30 different positions by using a PVDF needle hydrophone.From the measurements we obtain (1)the primary shock wave caused by the impact of the blunt body on free surface;(2)the vapor pressure inside the cavity;(3)the secondary shock wave caused by pulling away of the cavity from free surface;and so on.The supercavitation induced by the blunt body is observed by using a digital high-speed video camera as well as the single shot photography.The periodic and 3 dimensional motion of the supercavitation is revealed.The experiment is carried out at room temperature.

High Speed Observation of Periodic Cavity Behavior in a Convergent-Divergent Nozzle for Cavitating Water Jet

Cloud cavitation shows an unsteady periodic tendency under a certain flow condition. In a cavitating water jet flow with cavitation clouds, the cavities or the clouds produce high impact at their collapse. In order to make clear a mechanism of the periodic cavity behavior, we experimentally examine the behavior in a transparent cylindrical convergent-divergent nozzle using a high-speed video camera. An effect of upstream pressure fluctuation due to a plunger pump is investigated from a viewpoint of unsteady behavior in a cavitating water jet. As a result, it is found that the cavitating flow has two kinds of oscillation patterns in the cavity length (cavitation cloud region). One is due to the upstream pressure fluctuation caused by the plunger pump. The other is much shorter periodic motion related to the characteristic oscillation of cavitation clouds accompanied with the shrinking (reentrant), growing and shedding motion of the clouds.

Experimental Study of a Sphere Bouncing on the Water

In this paper,the fow physics and impact dynamics of a sphere bouncing on a water surface are studied experimentally.During the experiments,high-speed camera photography techniques are used to capture the cavity and free surface evolution when the sphere impacts and skips on the water surface.The infuences of the impact velocity(v_(1))and impact angle(θ_(1))of the sphere on the bouncing fow physics are also investigated,including the cavitation evolution,motion characteristics,and bounding law.Regulations for the relationship between v_(1)andθ_(1)to judge whether the sphere can bounce on the water surface are presented and analyzed by summarizing a large amount of experimental data.In addition,the efect ofθ_(1)on the energy loss of the sphere is also analyzed and discussed.The experiment results show that there is a ftted curve of v_(1)=17.5θ_(1)−45.5 determining the relationship between the critical initial velocity and angle whether the sphere bounces on the water surface.

Prospects for High-quality Development of Water Resources

The water resources of rivers and reservoirs with a five-meter drop are used to discuss the technical theory and the cost and practical value of equipment cases.The high-quality development technology of water resources explored in this paper provides a feasible plan for achieving the goal of innovation to zero.

渗透各向异性土层中考虑挡墙厚度的基坑稳态渗流解析解

本文对考虑厚度挡墙支护下渗透各向异性土层中基坑的二维稳态渗流进行了解析研究。根据对称性取基坑半截面,将周围土层划分为5个规则区域,采用坐标变换将渗透各向异性土层转换成等效各向同性土层,对各区域利用叠加法和分离变量法推导得到二维稳态渗流场、挡墙上水压力以及坑底出逸比降的显式解析解。对比保角变换和积分变换方法,本文解渗流场计算结果连续且无奇异点,且基坑水头和挡墙两侧水压力分布情况与数值软件分析一致性较好,说明本文解析解的正确性和优越性。本文解与不同计算方法得到的挡墙水压力结果对比分析发现,挡墙厚度d、竖直与水平向渗透系数比α对挡墙上水压力的影响不可忽略。分析α、d对挡墙底部水压力及出逸比降的影响,随着α和d的增大,基坑外侧挡墙底部水压力增大,基坑内侧挡墙底部水压力减小;随着α和d的逐渐减小,坑底出逸比降不断增大;当α和d较小时,考虑一维渗流情况得到的出逸比降安全性较低,且随着α和d的减小与本文解析解差距越来越大。

跨介质出水航行器水下信息获取技术发展与展望

跨介质航行器出水过程中存在多相流、空泡非定常演化、强瞬态效应及载荷环境突变等特征,对航行器的稳定航行、出水姿态和结构强度有着显著影响。为充分认识和验证航行器在海洋环境下的出水性能,需发展与其工况相适应的水下信息获取技术。文中总结了跨介质出水航行器试验中的目标定位、景象观测、环境测量及跨介质信息传输等水下信息获取技术研究现状,分析了高动态以及大深度等新质跨介质航行器发展对水下信息获取技术提出的新需求,展望了其体系化、多模化和数字化发展趋势,为探索解决水下高价值信息获取难题,以及更深入掌握水下复杂环境和解译水下关键过程提供思路和技术上的参考。

航行体出水过程空化结构演变与溃灭载荷特性研究

高速航行体肩部附着空泡穿越自由液面过程中发生溃灭现象,将产生巨大的冲击载荷,严重影响航行体出水姿态和结构安全性。该研究采用改进型分离涡模型,建立了水下发射非定常空化特性数值模拟方法。结果表明:航行体附着空泡出水过程自上而下发生溃灭现象,在溃灭末期收缩为较小的孤立空泡,溃灭产生的高速射流冲击结构表面;在出水过程中,水面附近的“反向旋转涡对”导致附着空泡发生了快速溃灭现象,以发卡涡为代表的壁面涡旋结构发展明显受到附着空泡的抑制;空泡溃灭末期的孤立泡产生了巨大的冲击压力峰值,对航行体结构安全性将造成巨大破坏。初期航行体迎流侧空泡溃灭行为也会导致较大的压力峰值出现。

冰孔约束条件下航行体垂直出水空泡演变数值研究

高纬度地区在冬季不可避免地出现结冰期,考虑到低温冰区水下发射过程中面临冰层裂隙的特殊力学环境,扩展低温冰区中的潜射海洋装备具有重要的工程价值。浮冰的存在必然增强潜射航行体高速出水过程中的非线性。文中采用动态流体相互作用模块对航行体建立6自由度运动模型,通过对不同冰孔尺寸、冰孔形状约束条件下潜射航行体的水下运动及穿越水面阶段对比分析,探究冰孔对出水空泡演变的影响。研究发现:在冰孔约束出水过程中,冰孔对空泡具有明显的束缚作用,且束缚作用随着冰孔尺寸的减小而增强;相同冰孔形状下,冰孔尺寸越小,其对航行体俯仰运动特性影响越大;相同冰孔尺寸下,圆形冰孔对航行体俯仰运动特性影响大于正方形和三角形冰孔。

波浪环境下水下航行体高速倾斜出水流体动力与运动特性研究

针对水下航行体跨水空交界面过程,基于CFD方法,结合VOF与DFBI模型,建立了复杂构型航行体穿越波浪环境的高精度数值模拟模型,实现了波浪环境下复杂构型航行体出水过程模拟,完成了造波和跨介质过程的模拟精度验证,得到了航行体出水过程中的流体动力和运动特性,获得了波浪相位、运动方式等对航行体的受力和运动特性的影响规律,为跨介质无人航行体设计提供技术支撑。

碎冰对出水航行体载荷特性影响试验研究

极地环境下出水航行体在穿越冰层出水过程中会受到复杂的冲击载荷以及水动力载荷,严重威胁航行体的结构安全.文章针对航行体破冰出水过程中的流体流动与冲击载荷特性,基于约束模型出水试验系统,搭建了航行体出水破冰图像与载荷测量系统;发展了可破碎冻结模型冰制备技术,形成了航行体出水破冰综合试验系统,同时开展了航行体出水可重复性验证试验.随后利用可破碎冻结模型冰,开展了航行体穿越不同尺寸、不同覆盖率下的碎冰出水试验,获取了航行体出水穿冰过程中整体轴向受力以及头部压力时历曲线,观测了航行体出水过程中的流体流动、冰层受冲击后的动态行为.试验结果表明:碎冰覆盖条件下,航行体出水时与冰层相互作用,带来剧烈的冲击载荷.且冲击载荷与碎冰尺寸密切相关,大尺度碎冰受航行体冲击后会发生破碎.另一方面,与无碎冰覆盖条件下相比,碎冰覆盖条件下航行体出水时会造成更显著的喷溅现象.此外,不同碎冰覆盖率影响航行体与碎冰的撞击位置,基于此,文章还总结了航行体与碎冰作用的3种形式.研究结果揭示了航行体出水过程中的流固耦合过程与载荷形成机理,对航行体及相关结构物的出水破冰试验技术研究与结构设计具有一定的参考价值.

High-speed water impacts of flat plates in different ditching configuration through a Riemann--ALE SPH model

The violent water entry of flat plates is investigated using a Riemann-arbitrary Eulerian-Lagrangian（ALE） smoothed particle hydrodynamics（SPH） model. The test conditions are of interest for problems related to aircraft and helicopter emergency landing in water. Three main parameters are considered： the horizontal velocity, the approach angle（i.e., vertical to horizontal velocity ratio） and the pitch angle, a. Regarding the latter, small angles are considered in this study. As described in the theoretical work by Zhao and Faltinsen（1993）, for small a a very thin, high-speed jet of water is formed, and the time-spatial gradients of the pressure field are extremely high. These test conditions are very challenging for numerical solvers. In the present study an enhanced SPH model is firstly tested on a purely vertical impact with deadrise angle α=4°. An in-depth validation against analytical solutions and experimental results is carried out, highlighting the several critical aspects of the numerical modelling of this kind of flow, especially when pressure peaks are to be captured. A discussion on the main difficulties when comparing to model scale experiments is also provided. Then, the more realistic case of a plate with both horizontal and vertical velocity components is discussed and compared to ditching experiments recently carried out at CNR-INSEAN. In the latter case both 2-D and 3-D simulations are considered and the importance of 3-D effects on the pressure peak is discussed for α=4° and α=10°.

水空航行器跨介质策略研究

水空跨介质航行器(UAUV)在军民领域均有广阔的应用前景,近年来成为机器人领域的热点研究对象。文章详细介绍了现有的仿生式、旋翼式、固定翼式和混合式UAUV样机研制现状,并对其出入水策略进行了综述。总结出UAUV研究中面临的重要问题,包括仿生构型的优化设计、跨介质过程稳定控制以及动力选择等,为后续跨介质航行器的研究发展提供借鉴。

低碳城市试点对工业水资源绿色效率的影响机制研究

为探究低碳城市试点对工业水资源绿色效率的影响及作用机制,基于2005—2020年248个地级及以上城市的面板数据,通过超效率SBM模型测算了城市工业水资源绿色效率,并建立渐进双重差分模型和中介效应模型进行实证分析。结果表明:低碳城市试点能够显著提高工业水资源绿色效率,且这种提升效应存在异质性,对高水资源禀赋城市、高碳排放城市以及非老工业基地城市影响更显著;低碳城市试点通过污染企业退出和绿色技术创新两种作用机制提高工业水资源绿色效率;低碳试点城市所采取的规制型政策工具对污染企业退出影响显著,而激励型政策工具对绿色技术创新影响显著。

不同航行条件下超空泡航行器出水过程数值计算

航行器出水过程极其复杂,伴随着多相流、空化、相变及湍流不稳定性,其所受作用力呈现强的非定常、非线性。国内外对航行器带空泡出水问题的研究,多为航行器垂直或者倾斜出水,关注点往往为航行器运动轨迹及姿态,对超空泡航行器出水过程研究较少。文中基于STAR-CCM+软件,采用重叠网格技术进行网格划分,使用流体体积(VOF)多相流模型捕捉气液交界面,Schnerr-Sauer模型描述航行器周围的空化过程,建立了航行器出水过程的数值计算模型。对航行器在不同航行条件(初始速度、初始水深、通气量)下的出水过程进行仿真计算,得到了不同工况下的流场和空泡演化规律,分析了超空泡航行器的流体动力特性与运动特性。仿真结果表明,不同初始运动速度的航行器,其水下运动呈现出2种不同的模式。不同水深下,初始空化数不同,在较深的水域航行器周围空泡更容易破裂,加大通气量可有效改善空泡形态。

不规则波作用下回转体出水过程数值研究

为研究波浪环境对跨介质回转体出水过程受力及运动的影响,基于P-M谱模拟了半球头回转体在不规则波条件下的出水过程,获得了回转体受力特性与运动特性。结果表明:回转体所受法向力主要来源于柱段中部不对称压力分布,所受俯仰力矩主要来源于头部和柱段尾部的不对称压力分布;回转体质心水平位移和俯仰姿态的方向与回转体遭遇的波峰波谷演化阶段相关,而量值与回转体遭遇的波峰波谷高度差相关。

海空跨域航行器研究现状及关键力学问题

海空跨域航行器作为一种新兴运载器,具备空中飞行、水下航行及多次主动出入水能力,能够在潜艇作战、通信中继、海洋遥感等军事及民事领域发挥独特作用,受到了各个领域研究学者的广泛关注。本文梳理了海空跨域航行器样机类型及技术路线,认为目前跨域航行器的研究重8混合翼型,重点问题应该在出入水和水下航行过程中。本文提出了一些针对性解决方案,涵盖了跨域航行器的近海面稳定性研究、快速出入水轨迹及载荷研究、水下航行力学研究等,为未来的发展和实际应用提供了有力指导。