High-strain dynamic model of large-diameter pipe piles with soil plug for vertical vibration analysis

A rigorous analytical model is developed for simulating the vibration behaviors of large-diameter openended pipe piles(OEPPs)and surrounding soil undergoing high-strain impact loading.To describe the soil behavior,the soil along pile shaft is divided into slip and nonslip zones and the base soil is modeled as a fictitious-soil pile(FSP)to account for the wave propagation in the soil.True soil properties are adopted and slippage at the pile-soil interface is considered,allowing realistic representation of largediameter OEPP mechanics.The developed model is validated by comparing with conventional models and finite element method(FEM).It is further used to successfully simulate and interpret the behaviors of a steel OEPP during the offshore field test.It is found that the variation in the vertical vibrations of shaft soil along radial direction is significant for large-diameter OEPPs,and the velocity amplitudes of the internal and external soil attenuate following different patterns.The shaft soil motion may not attenuate with depth due to the soil slippage,while the wave attenuation at base soil indicates an influence depth,with a faster attenuation rate than that in the pile.The findings from the current study should aid in simulating the vibration behaviors of large-diameter OEPP-soil system under high-strain dynamic loading.

High-frequency interference waves in low strain dynamic testing of X-section concrete piles

Stress waves propagate along vertical,radial and circumferential directions when a non-uniformly distributed load is applied at one end of a three-dimensional shaft.As a result,the receiving signals are usually mixed with undesired interference components,often featuring as high-frequency fluctuations.Previous studies have revealed that sectional geometry(shape and size)greatly affects the high-frequency interference.In this study,low strain dynamic testing on full-scale X-section concrete is conducted in order to investigate the influences of high-frequency interference on velocity responses at the pile head.Emphasis is placed on the frequency and peak value of interference waves at various receiving points.Additionally,the effects of the geometrical,and mechanical properties of the pile shaft on high-frequency interference are elaborated on through the three-dimensional finite element method.The results show that the measured wave is obscured by interference waves superposed by two types of high-frequency components.The modulus and cross-sectional area are contributing factors to the frequency and peak value of the interference waves.On the other hand,the position with the least interference is determined,to some extent,by the accurate shape of the X-section.

Dynamic soil arching in piled embankment under train load of high-speed railways

Piled embankments have many advantages that have been applied in high-speed railway construction engineering.However,the load transfer mechanism of piled embankments,such as soil arching and tension membranes,is still unclear,especially under dynamic loads.To investigate the soil arching and tension membrane under dynamic train loads on high-speed railways,a large-scale piled embankment model test with X-shaped piles as vertical reinforcement was performed,in which twenty-eight earth pressure cells were installed in the piled embankment and an M-shaped wave was adopted to simulate the high-speed railway train load.The results show that dynamic soil arching only occurs when two bogies of a carriage pass by and disappears at other times.The dynamic soil arching and membrane effect are the most significant under the concrete base.The arching height,stress concentration ratio and pile-soil load sharing ratio have a minimal value at 25 Hz.The dynamic soil arching degrades severely at 25 Hz,whose height at 25 Hz is only 0.35 times that at 5 Hz.The arching height fluctuates over a narrow range with increasing loading amplitude.The stress concentration ratio and the pile-soil load sharing ratio increase monotonically as the loading amplitude increases.

Model tests on XCC-piled embankment under dynamic train load of high-speed railways

Piled embankments,which offer many advantages,are increasingly popular in construction of high-speed railways in China.Although the performance of piled embankment under static loading is well-known,the behavior under the dynamic train load of a high-speed railway is not yet understood.In light of this,a heavily instrumented piled embankment model was set up,and a model test was carried out,in which a servo-hydraulic actuator outputting M-shaped waves was adopted to simulate the process of a running train.Earth pressure,settlement,strain in the geogrid and pile and excess pore water pressure were measured.The results show that the soil arching height under the dynamic train load of a high-speed railway is shorter than under static loading.The growth trend for accumulated settlement slowed down after long-term vibration although there was still a tendency for it to increase.Accumulated geogrid strain has an increasing tendency after long-term vibration.The closer the embankment edge,the greater the geogrid strain over the subsoil.Strains in the pile were smaller under dynamic train loads,and their distribution was different from that under static loading.At the same elevation,excess pore water pressure under the track slab was greater than that under the embankment shoulder.

Effects of topography on dynamic responses of single piles under vertical cyclic loading

This paper describes model tests of single piles subjected to vertical cyclic compressive loading for three kinds of topography: sloping ground, level ground, and inclined bedrock. Comprehensive dynamic responses involving cyclic effects and vibration behaviours are studied under various load combinations of dynamic amplitude, mean load,frequency and number of cycles. Test results show that permanent settlement can generally be predicted with a quadratic function or power function of cycles.Sloping ground topography produces more pronounced settlement than level ground under the same load condition. For vibration behaviour,displacement amplitude is weakly affected by the number of cycles, while load amplitude significantly influences dynamic responses. Test results also reveal that increasing load amplitude intensifies nonlinearity and topography effects. The strain distribution in a pile and soil stress at the pile tip are displayed to investigate the vibration mechanism accounting for sloping ground effects. Furthermore, the dynamic characteristics among three kinds of topography in the elastic stage are studied using a three-dimensional finite method. Numerical results are validated by comparing with experimental results for base inclination topography. An inclined soil profile boundary causes non-axisymmetric resultant deformation, though a small difference in vertical displacement is observed.

Shaking Table Test Study on Dynamic Characteristics of Bridge Foundation Reinforcement on Slopes

With the fast development of bridge construction in mountainous and seismic areas,it is necessary to conduct related research. Based on the design of a shaking table model test,here are the following test results: the filtering effect exists in soil and is affected by the dynamic constraint conditions,the amplitude is strengthened around the natural frequency and weakened in other frequency bands in the Fourier spectrum. Since the acceleration scaling effect occurred on a sloped surface,the acceleration response decreases from the outside to the inside in soil. The dynamic response is relatively strong near the slip surface in bedrock due to the reflection of seismic waves. The failure mode of landslide is decided by the slope angle and slipping mass distribution, and the test shows the front row stabilizing piles should keep a proper distance from bridge foundation so that seismic resistance can be guaranteed for the bridge foundation.

The Dynamic Characteristic Experimental Method on the Composite Foundation with Rigid-Flexible Compound Piles

Based on the idea of optimization design of pile type, the composite foundations, which include cememt-flyash-gaavel (for short CFG) long piles and cement-soil (for short CS) short piles, and CS piles with CFG core as well, are formed. The method of the site dynamic characteristic tests of the composite foundations is discussed. The test results show that fireworks bomb may replace demolitions as the vibration resource. Vibration time is about 0.1 sec. Horizontal vibration major frequency is at 22.476 - 56.436 Hz, and vertical vibration major frequency is at 15.538 - 55.884 Hz. The pile arrangements of the composite foundation in the same site have more effect on the acceleration peak value. From the point of vibration, the anti-seismic effect of the CS piles with CFG core is better than others.

Shaking table test for reinforcement of soil slope with multiple sliding surfaces by reinforced double-row anti-slide piles

Despite the continuous advancements of engineering construction in high-intensity areas,many engineering landslides are still manufactured with huge thrust force,and double-row piles are effective to control such large landslides.In this study,large shaking table test were performed to test and obtain multi-attribute seismic data such as feature image,acceleration,and dynamic soil pressure.Through the feature image processing analysis,the deformation characteristics for the slope reinforced by double-row piles were revealed.By analyzing the acceleration and the dynamic soil pressure time domain,the spatial dynamic response characteristics were revealed.Using Fast Fourier Transform and half-power bandwidth,the damping ratio of acceleration and dynamic soil pressure was obtained.Following that,the Seism Signal was used to calculate the spectral displacement of the accelerations to obtain the regional differences of spectral displacement.The results showed that the overall deformation mechanism of the slope originates from tension failure in the soil mass.The platform at the back of the slope was caused by seismic subsidence,and the peak acceleration ratio was positively correlated with the relative pile heights.The dynamic soil pressure of the front row piles showed an inverted"K"-shaped distribution,but that of the back row piles showed an"S"-shaped distribution.The predominant frequency of acceleration was 2.16 Hz,and the main frequency band was 0.7-6.87 Hz;for dynamic soil pressure,the two parameters became 1.15 Hz and 0.5-6.59 Hz,respectively.In conclusion,dynamic soil pressure was more sensitive to dampening effects than acceleration.Besides,compared to acceleration,dynamic soil pressure exhibited larger loss factors and lower resonance peaks.Finally,back row pile heads were highly sensitive to spectral displacement compared to front row pile heads.These findings may be of reference value for future seismic designs of double-row piles.

Shaking Table Tests on Bridge Foundation Reinforced by Antislide Piles on Slope

Based on the requirement of seismic reinforcement of bridge foundation on slope in the Chengdu-Lanzhou railway project,a shaking table model test of anti-slide pile protecting bridge foundation in landslide section is designed and completed. By applying Wenchuan seismic waves with different acceleration peaks,the stress and deformation characteristics of bridge pile foundation and anti-slide pile are analyzed,and the failure mode is discussed. Results show that the dynamic response of bridge pile and anti-slide pile are affected by the peak value of seismic acceleration of earthquake,with which the stress and deformation of the structure increase. The maximum dynamic earth pressure and the moment of anti-slide piles are located near the sliding surface,while that of bridge piles are located at the top of the pile. Based on the dynamic response of structure,local reinforcement needs to be carried out to meet the requirement of the seismic design. The PGA amplification factor of the surface is greater than the inside,and it decreases with the increase of the input seismic acceleration peak. When the slope failure occurs,the tension cracks are mainly produced in the shallow sliding zone and the coarse particles at the foot of the slope are accumulated.

Fictitious soil pile model for dynamic analysis of pipe piles under high-strain conditions

A fictitious soil pile(FSP)model is developed to simulate the behavior of pipe piles with soil plugs undergoing high-strain dynamic impact loading.The developed model simulates the base soil with a fictitious hollow pile fully filled with a soil plug extending at a cone angle from the pile toe to the bedrock.The friction on the outside and inside of the pile walls is distinguished using different shaft models,and the propagation of stress waves in the base soil and soil plug is considered.The motions of the pile—soil system are solved by discretizing them into spring-mass model based on the finite difference method.Comparisons of the predictions of the proposed model and conventional numerical models,as well as measurements for pipe piles in field tests subjected to impact loading,validate the accuracy of the proposed model.A parametric analysis is conducted to illustrate the influence of the model parameters on the pile dynamic response.Finally,the effective length of the FSP is proposed to approximate the affected soil zone below the pipe pile toe,and some guidance is provided for the selection of the model parameters.

液化场地大直径变截面单桩动力响应研究

为研究不同地震动强度下液化场地大直径变截面单桩的动力响应规律,基于振动台试验,选取5010波,在地震动强度0.10g~0.45g作用下,研究液化场地砂土孔压比和大直径变截面单桩桩顶水平位移、桩身弯矩、桩身加速度时程响应及桩基损伤等变化规律.试验结果表明:饱和砂土孔压比随着地震动强度的增大上升明显,地震动强度≥0.30g时,饱和砂土孔压比稳定值在0.9附近,此时砂土完全液化;在0.45g地震动强度作用下,桩身加速度、桩顶水平位移及桩身弯矩均达到最大;桩身不同位置处加速度峰值出现时刻均滞后于输入地震波加速度峰值出现时刻,且桩顶及变截面的加速度响应比桩端的响应更弱;不同地震动强度作用下,桩身弯矩最大值均出现在液化土层和非液化土层分界处,且变截面处弯矩小于土层分界面处;地震动强度达到0.30g时,大直径变截面单桩桩身发生损伤.因此,液化场地下大直径变截面桥梁单桩基础抗震设计时,应该重点考虑饱和砂土层分界处、变截面处的抗弯能力,以确保单桩桩身强度满足抗震要求.

软黏土中含桩地下结构地震响应离心试验模拟

针对大空间含桩地下结构(如地下车行系统)在地震作用下的动力响应特性以及场地震陷、结构上浮等危害展开离心振动台试验。试验采用饱和软黏土作为地基土,设计了自由场、整体浅埋地下结构以及等效单元浅埋地下结构3种试验情况,利用层状剪切箱消除边界反射效应,在50g的离心加速度下开展水平地震试验。试验结果表明,不同结构在地震过程中会产生自振在特定的频率区段放大响应,在整体质量、静态浮力及转动惯量等效的前提下,整体结构相对单元结构形式能够降低地震作用下结构的自振效应,且整体结构具有更好地震后抗浮性能。

震陷场地变截面单桩动力特性与损伤评价

为探明震陷场地变截面单桩动力响应特性与损伤状况,以翔安大桥为工程背景,基于大型振动台试验,开展了0.10g~0.45g地震动强度下变截面单桩动力响应特性的研究,评价分析了变截面单桩损伤程度。结果表明:受桩周软弱土层震陷特性的影响,变截面单桩桩顶水平位移动力响应、桩身加速度动力响应及桩身弯矩动力响应均随地震动强度增大呈增大趋势,桩基基频逐渐减小;变截面单桩弯矩最大值出现在震陷土层分界处,地震动强度为0.30g时,超过了其抗弯承载力;地震动强度为0.20g时,变截面单桩桩顶水平位移、桩身加速度、桩身弯矩显著增大,桩基基频突降。基于系统损伤理论,震陷场地变截面单桩损伤状况分为稳定阶段、加剧损伤阶段、塑性破坏阶段共3个阶段。试验结束后,变截面位置处产生弯曲塑性破坏。

震陷土层变化下变截面单、群桩动力响应差异

为研究地震动作用下震陷土层厚度不同时大直径变截面单桩与群桩基础的动力响应差异,依托厦门第二东通道翔安大桥,通过振动台模型试验,开展震陷土层厚度30、40、50 cm时,单桩与群桩基础桩周土震陷量、桩顶水平位移、桩身加速度及弯矩动力响应差异研究.结果表明:随着震陷层厚度增大,单桩与群桩基础桩周土震陷量、桩顶水平位移、桩身加速度及弯矩均逐渐增大,且加速度及弯矩在变截面处突变;同一震陷层厚度下,群桩基础桩周土震陷量较单桩大,但群桩基础加速度、桩顶水平位移及桩身弯矩均小于单桩.震陷场地桩基础设计时,应着重考虑变截面单桩与群桩动力响应差异,保证桩基础抗震性能.

爆破振动作用下桥梁桩孔稳定性振动台试验研究

为了解爆破振动对邻近桥梁桩基成孔后桩孔稳定性的影响,以与山体爆破工程计划同时施工的某主跨280 m的斜拉桥为背景,设计、制作土箱和缩尺比1∶40桩孔模型开展振动台试验,研究桩孔孔壁的破坏特征、土体振动速度和动土压力的变化规律。结果表明:土体的振动速度峰值和动土压力峰值均随着爆破强度的增大而增大,在土体产生破坏后,土体的振动速度峰值和动土压力峰值均呈现出非线性增大趋势;爆破强度较小时土体的动土压力峰值曲线为U形,爆破强度较大时桩孔区域土体的动土压力峰值曲线为W形,桩孔中上部区域的动土压力峰值较大;山体爆破振动会使钢护筒底部与土体交界面以下桩孔的中上部区域出现破坏,应对山体爆破施工加强现场监测,桩孔附近的振动速度峰值不宜超过2 cm/s,以保障桩孔的稳定性。

桥桩-土-隧道体系动力相互作用的振动台试验研究

为研究地震作用下桥桩-土-隧道体系的动力响应特性,依托某实际工程,设计出8个试验工况,选取3种不同地震波类型及地震强度,开展几何相似比为1/30的振动台模型试验,并从体系的固有频率和加速度响应等方面进行分析。通过对比分析各个工况,结果表明:桥桩的存在会削弱周围土体以及侧穿隧道的加速度响应,而隧道的存在则会放大场地土以及附近桥桩的加速度响应;不同类型的地震波对桥桩-土-隧道体系动力响应的影响不同。试验结论可为类似工程的抗震设计提供一定的理论指导。

框架梁与锚索桩板墙加固隧道洞口边坡的动力响应特性

针对山岭隧道洞口在降雨、地震等因素作用下易产生变形破坏的问题,以某处采用框架梁与锚索桩板墙支护的隧道洞口边坡工程为原型,开展几何比尺为1∶50的振动台模型试验,分析降雨后地震作用下边坡的动力响应特性及失稳变形规律。结果表明:降雨后坡面无局部破坏,地震作用下边坡的破坏过程可归纳为坡顶张拉破坏—坡脚剪切溃裂—坡体整体失稳滑动,边坡表现为张拉—剪切型破坏;边坡峰值加速度放大系数呈层状分布,“高程效应”与“趋表效应”显著,均随输入正弦波频率、幅值的增加而增大;边坡土体峰值应变分布与坡体滑动破坏面较吻合;桩体锚索轴力与输入正弦波频率、幅值呈正相关,强震作用下锚索轴力增幅显著;桩后峰值土压力近似呈三角形分布,桩体嵌固段内桩土压力最大;桩体弯矩呈“b”型分布,嵌固段内桩体峰值弯矩最大,抗震设计中应注意验算其抗弯强度;桩后土压力与桩体加速度FFT谱幅值主要集中于低频段,结构动力响应主要受地震波低频段部分影响。

单、双排桩支护路堑边坡动力响应特性的振动台试验研究

结合西部艰险山区铁路实际工程背景,开展了El-Centro波作用下单、双排桩支护路堑边坡大型振动台模型试验,基于位移、加速度等参数深入研究了两种模型边坡动力响应特性的差异,并结合快速傅里叶变化(fast Fourier transform,简称FFT)谱探讨了两种边坡出现差异的原因。结果表明:抗滑桩的支护效果和差异均随输入波幅值的增大而逐渐体现;当输入波幅值为0.1g~0.3g时,单、双排桩边坡均处于稳定状态,总体动力响应特性差异较小;当输入波幅值为0.4g时,两边坡动力响应开始出现较大差异,单排桩边坡宏观破坏更明显,坡表位移增大较多,土体损伤累积,非线性特征显现;当输入波幅值为0.5g~0.6g时,两种模型边坡的地震波峰值加速度(peak ground acceleration,简称PGA)放大系数高程效应明显,且均在路堑面和桩后坡面处出现塑性区,抗滑桩的存在有效地抑制了PGA放大系数沿坡面向上的增大趋势和坡表双塑性区的贯通,而单排桩边坡PGA放大效应更明显,塑性区范围更广,深度更大,局部失稳更严重,抗震支护作用相对较弱;引入FFT谱比可知,单、双排桩边坡在5~10 Hz频段振幅放大效应的不同是造成单、双排桩边坡动力响应差异的主要原因;在地震作用下,单排桩边坡破坏历经边坡自稳定→坡表土体塑性变形→边坡局部塌陷溃散3个阶段,双排桩边坡破坏历经前两阶段。

ECC桩锚支护体系在地震作用下的动力响应特性研究

传统混凝土材料的桩锚支护结构在地震作用下常出现一些难以修复的损伤和破坏。提出以工程水泥基复合材料(Engineered Cementitious Composite,ECC)的桩板墙代替传统混凝土材料(Reinforced Concrete,RC)的桩板墙,形成ECC桩锚支护结构。ECC是一种具有高延性、高韧性和多缝开裂等特征的纤维增强水泥基复合材料,具有较好的抗震性能,在桥梁工程、结构工程中有大量应用,但ECC桩锚支护结构的抗震性能尚不明确。由此,针对ECC桩锚支护结构,开展振动台模型试验,对比RC桩锚支护结构在抗震性能方面的差异性,分析坡体加速度放大效应、桩后动土压力、桩身变形以及锚索动轴力响应,探究ECC桩锚支护体系的动力响应和破坏特征。结果表明:在同等强度的地震荷载作用下,ECC桩锚结构的桩顶位移和桩身拉裂缝长度均小于RC桩锚。相较之下,RC桩锚受拉侧出现贯通裂缝并且逐渐向受压侧发展。2种结构的动力响应具有相似的分布规律和发展趋势,在动力作用下均表现出较明显的弹性和弹塑性阶段,但随着地震输入峰值加速度的增大,ECC桩锚的加速度响应、桩后动土压力峰值以及锚索峰值轴力均显著小于RC桩锚。从桩锚结构的桩顶残余位移来看,残余位移随PGA呈现指数分布,RC桩锚的桩顶位移是ECC桩锚的1~1.5倍。

复杂场地条件下PHC桩沉桩可行性分析评价研究

在PHC桩的施工过程中,会遇到复杂的地质条件,如强风化岩层和深厚的硬黏土,从而导致沉桩过程中可能出现无法顺利沉桩到位等质量事故。本文研究利用GRLWEAP分析程序对软土地区的PHC管桩在穿越强风化岩层和深厚硬黏土等复杂场地下进行沉桩的可行性分析,同时,还将分析结果与现场高应变监测试验的结果进行了综合比较。研究发现:高应变监测结合GRLWEAP工具评估沉桩可行性是关键有效的方法;只要合理选择打桩系统和沉桩工艺,PHC桩在穿越强风化岩层场地方面是完全可行的;PHC桩穿越硬黏性土地基时,桩身损伤主要是由土塞效应引起的环向张力造成的。