Non-Targeted Metabolomics Reveals the Metabolic Alterations in Response to Artificial Selective Breeding in the Fast-Growing Strains of Pacific Oyster

Pacific oyster(Crassostrea gigas)is one of the most important mollusks cultured all around the world.Selective breeding programs of Pacific oysters in China is initiated since 2006 and developed the genetically improved strain with fast-growing trait.However,little is known about the metabolic signatures of the fast-growing trait.In the present study,the non-targeted metabolomics was performed to analyze the metabolic signatures of adductor muscle tissue in one-year old Pacific oysters from fast-growing strain and the wild population.A total of 7767 and 10174 valid peaks were extracted and quantified in ESI^(+)and ESI^(−)modes,resulting in 399 and 381 annotated metabolites,respectively.PCA and OPLS-DA revealed that considerable separation among samples from fastgrowing strain and wild population,suggesting the differences in metabolic signatures.Meanwhile,81 significantly different metabolites(SDMs)were identified in the comparisons between fast-growing strain and wild population,based on the strict thresholds.It was found that there were highly correlation and conserved coordination among these SDMs.KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that the SDMs were tightly related to pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis,steroid hormone biosynthesis,riboflavin metabolism,and arginine and proline metabolism.Of them,the CoA biosynthesis and metabolism,affected by pantetheine and pantothenic acid,might be important for the growth of Pacific oysters under artificial selective breeding.The study provides the comprehensive views of metabolic signatures in response to artificially selective breeding,and is helpful to better understand the molecular mechanism of fastgrowing traits in Pacific oysters.

Effect of N Fertilization on Yield, N Absorption and Utilization of Two Species of Super High-Yielding Summer Maize

[Objective] The aim was to study on effects of N fertilizer on yield, N absorption and utilization of different cultivars of super high-yielding summer maize, in order to provide reference for reasonable N fertilization in accordance with different cultivars. [Method] Field experiment was conducted to study on effects of different N fertilizers on yield, N absorption and use efficiency of Zhengdan 958 and Xundan 20, in order to learn the effect differences at different N fertilizer levels. [Result] After N was applied, yields of the two summer maize increased significantly. Zhengdan 958 achieved the highest in yield and proceeds at 12 051.18 kg/hm2 and 1 722.40 yuan/hm2, respectively in low N level. In contrast, Xundan 20 achieved the highest at 13 166.00 kg/hm2 and 1 343.92 yuan/hm2 in the above two aspects in high N level. Compared with Zhengdan 958, Xundan 20 increased by 9.90%, 5.20% and 12.00% in N levels of 0, 240, and 450 kg/hm2, respectively. When N fertilizers were applied, protein yield of Xundan 20 was significantly higher than that of Zhengdan 958, so that higher N fertilizers contributed higher protein yield for Xundan 20. In high N level, N efficiency, N-fertilizer utilization and partial productivity of Xundan 20 were significantly higher than that of Zhengdan 958. [Conclusion] Lower N-fertilizer was suitable for Zhengdan 958 and Xundan 20 would get a good harvest if more N-fertilizers were applied. The results provided references for reasonable N fertilization.

Effects of Ratio of Row Spacing to Intrarow Spacing on Yield and Top Three Leaves of Super High-yielding Early and Late Rice

Using a split plot design, super high-yielding early rice ＆quot;Zhongjiazao 17＆quot;and ＆quot;Ganxin 203＆quot; and super high-yielding late rice ＆quot;Ganxin 688＆quot; and ＆quot;Wufengy-ouT025＆quot; were taken as materials with planting density the same at 312 000 hil s/hm2, to explore the effects of RS/IS （Ratio of row spacing to intrarow row spacing） on yield, top three leaves morphological features and its relationship of them in 2011 and 2012. The results showed that, whether early or late rice, biomass, accumula-tion and apparent utilizing rate of nitrogen were lower in RS/IS5.0 （40.0 cm ＆#215;8.0 cm） treatment, but yield of rice was higher in RS/IS2.0 （25.0 cm ＆#215;12.8 cm） treatment;grain numbers per spike of rice was more in RS/IS2.8 （30.0 cm＆#215;10.7 cm） treatment, and thousand-grain weight of rice was higher in RS/IS1.3 （20.0 cm＆#215;16.0 cm） treat-ment. For 4 varieties of early or late rice aforementioned, basal angle, opening an-gle and leaf area of 2nd leaf from top were larger in RS/IS5.0 treatment, and basal angle and opening angle were smal er in RS/IS2.0 treatment and leaf area smal er in RS/IS1.3 treatment.

Simplified High-yielding Cultivation Technology of Rice

[Objective] The aim was to select simplified high-yielding cultivation technology of rice. [Method] The research explored three methods of farmland prepara- tion, transplanting, and fertilization including shallow rotary tillage and deep ploughing, mechanical transplanting and hand transplanting, controlled-release fertilizer and quantitative fertilization in order to investigate effects of different treatment groups on rice characteristics, economic characteristics, as well as labor saving, yield increasing and profit improving. [Result] Rice increased by 596.4-809.55 kg/hm2, labor saving reached 120-135 per hm2, and profit improved in the range from 5 521.39 to 8 727.48 yuan/hm2 in the treatment groups by combinations of shallow rotary tillage, mechanical transplanting, and controlled-release fertilizer, of shallow rotary tillage, mechanical transplanting, and quantitative fertilization, and of deep ploughing, mechanical transplanting, and controlled release fertilizer. [Conclusion] The three models are of promising prospects in production.

Study on High-yielding Seed Production Technologies of Japonica Hybrid Rice

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the high-yielding seed production technologies of japonica hybrid rice. [Method] Key technologies affecting the seed production of japonica hybrid rice were investigated based on manual transplanting experiment, mechanical transplanting experiment, paclobutrazol chemical control experiment, leaf-clipping experiment, gibberellic acid treatment experiment and experiment of different row ratios of male and female parents. [Result] The duration from seeding to heading was significantly shortened with sowing date postponing. The sowing date of mechanical-transplanting parents should be 3 -4 d earlier than that of manual-transplanting parents. Spraying paclobutrazol had significantly control effect on plant height of rice seedlings, and the spraying dose should be determined based on the sensitivities of different parents to paclobutrazol, with an appropriate range of 600-900 g/hm2 . Leaf clipping had certain improving effect on the seed-setting rate. The appropriate spraying dose of gibberellin for japonica hybrid rice was 75-90 g/hm2 . The yield would be relatively high when row ratio of male and female parent was 6∶2. [Conclusion] This study laid the foundation for improving the yield of produced japonica hybrid rice seeds.

Effects of culm carbohydrate partitioning on basal stem strength in a high-yielding rice population

Rice culm carbohydrate transport can simultaneously affect grain filling and stem lodging resistance by regulating non-structural carbohydrate(NSC) and structural carbohydrate(SC) contents. However, the relationship between carbohydrate transposition and culm strength is not well documented. Accordingly, a high-yielding hybrid rice cultivar(Y Liangyou 2) was tested under different N fertilization regimes at two locations, Taoyuan(a special high-yield eco-site), Yunnan province and Danyang(a representative eco-site of the middle and lower Yangtze), Jiangsu province, China. Significantly higher grain yield and basal stem strength were found at Taoyuan than Danyang under all N rates throughout the two-year experiment. At heading stage, soluble sugars, starch, cellulose and lignin contents of the basal culm at Taoyuan were significantly 132.0%, 73.7%, 1.2%, and 62.7% higher than those at Danyang, respectively. At 20 days after heading, soluble sugars and starch content at Taoyuan decreased significantly compared to Danyang, but lignin content remained higher. Culm carbohydrate transport to kernels at Taoyuan was significantly greater than that at Danyang, and the proportion of soluble sugars and starch was correspondingly 62.9%lower. However, the proportion of lignin and cellulose was 22.7% higher at Taoyuan than that at Danyang. Soluble sugars and starch partitioning were significantly reduced under an increased nitrogen application rate, but SC partitioning was little affected. There were significant positive correlations between basal culm bending stress and dry weight and cellulose and lignin proportions at both locations under all N rates, suggesting that the higher SC proportion at 20 days after heading was primarily responsible for culm strength.These results suggest that high-yielding rice populations with greater culm strength require both moderate NSC transport and greater SC accumulation.

Plant Ideotype at Heading for Super High-Yielding Rice in Double-Cropping System in South China

The newly released super high-yielding hybrid rice combinations, Yueza 122, Fengyou 428, Peiza 67, and the super high-yielding conventional cultivars, Guangchao 3 and Shengtai 1, were grown in both early and late seasons. The morphological characters of each population were investigated at the heading stage, and the data were analyzed by using ANOVY and other statistic methods. The plant ideal morphological characters at the heading stage were established as follows： 1 ） for the early-season cropping, 90-105 cm plant height; 11-12 tillers per plant; 35-40 em length and 2.1-2.2 cm width of flag leaf; 46-50 cm length and 1.8-2.1 cm width of the second leaf from the top （L2）; 59-64 cm length and 1.4-1.9 cm width of the third leaf from the top （L3）; 7°-14°, 18° and 200-33° for the ideal leaf angles of the flag leaf, L2 and L3, respectively; 2） for the late-season cropping, 90-100 cm plant height; 9-15 tillers per plant; 30-41 cm length and 1.8-2.0 cm width of flag leaf; 53-61 cm length and 1.3-1.8 cm width of L2; 52-58 cm length and 1.2-1.5 cm width of L3; 9°-19°, 15°-37° and 16°-49° for the ideal leaf angles of the flag leaf, L2 and L3, respectively. The main physiological characteristics of these varieties were also analyzed.

Characteristics of fast-growing wood impregnated with nanoparticles

Falcataria moluccana or sengon is one of the fast-growing wood species widely grown in Indonesia.However,its wood is low quality with low density,and poor strength,durability,and dimensional stability.This study determined the effects of impregnation with monoethylene glycol(MEG)and nano-SiO2 on the characteristics of sengon wood,including its dimensional stability and density.Impregnation with MEG and nano-SiO2 had a significant effects on dimensional stability in terms of the weight percent gain,anti-swelling efficiency,water uptake,bulking effect,and density.The impregnated wood was examined by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction.The results show that MEG and nano-SiO2 were distributed homogeneously into cell walls of wood treated with 0.5%MEGSiO2.

Study on Plant Morphological Traits and Production Characteristics of Super High-Yielding Soybean

Super high-yielding soybean cultivar Liaodou 14, soybean cultivars from Ohio in the United States, and the common soybean cultivars from Liaoning Province, China, with similar geographic latitudes and identical pod-bearing habits were used as the study materials for a comparison of morphological traits and production characteristics to provide a theoretical basis for the breeding of improved super high-yielding soybean cultivars. Using a randomized block design, different soybean cultivars from the same latitude were compared under conventional and unconventional treatments for their production characteristics, including morphological traits, leaf area index （LAI）, net photosynthesis rate, and dry matter accumulation. The specific characteristics of the super high-yielding soybean cultivar Liaodou 14 were analyzed. The results showed that the plant height of Liaodou 14 was significantly lower than that of the common cultivars from Liaoning, whereas the number of its main-stem nodes was higher than that of the cultivars from Ohio or Liaoning. A high pod density was observed in Liaodou 14 under conventional treatments. Under both conventional and unconventional treatments, the branch number of Liaodou 14 was markedly higher than that of the common cultivars from Liaoning, and its branch length and leaf inclination angle were significantly higher than those of common cultivars from Liaoning or Ohio. Only small changes in the leaf inclination angle were observed in Liaodou 14 treated with conventional or unconventional methods. Under each treatment, Liaodou 14 exhibited the lowest amplitude of reduction in SPAD values and net photosynthesis rates from the grain-filling to ripening stages; the cultivars from Ohio and the common cultivars from Liaoning exhibited more significant reductions. Liaodou 14 reached its peak LAI later than the other cultivars but maintained its LAI at a higher level for a longer duration. Under both conventional and unconventional treatments, Liaodou 14 produced a higher yield than the other two cultivars, with significant differences from the Ohio cultivars. In summary, super high-yielding soybean cultivars have several main features： suitable plant height, high pod density, good leaf structure with strong functionality, and slow leaf senescence at the late reproductive stage, which is conducive to the accumulation of dry matter and improved yield.

Survey on Early-bearing High-yielding Model Plantation of Camellia oleifera

[Objective] This study was conducted to screen the best variety and optimum planting density for constructing early-bearing high-yielding model plantation of Camellia oleifera. [Methed] This survey was carried out in two demonstration bases, one for investigating the relationship between different cultivated varieties with growth and production, the other for investigating the relationship between different planting densities with growth and production. [Result] For different cultivated varieties, Cenruan 2 showed tree height, ground diameter and crown product significantly higher than other two varieties, besides, the per unit area fruit yield of Cenruan 2 was also significantly higher than other two varieties. From flower bud differentiation,the best variety was Changlin 4, which showed number of differentiated flower buds significantly higher than Changlin 27, but there were no significant differences between Cenruan 2 with Changlin 4 and Changlin 27. For different planting densities, plant height and crown product at planting density of 1.5 m×2 m were significantly higher than those of other two planting densities, but from ground diam- eter, the best planting density was 1.5 m×1.0 m, with a ground diameter significantly higher than other two planting densities. From per unit area fruit yield, the best planting density was 1.5 m×2.0 m, under which early plant growth and fruit production were better. Therefore, the best planting density is 2.0 m ×3.0 m when constructing early-bearing high-yielding model plantations. For variety Cenruan 3, it＇s fruit production is high in the early pedod, and the best planting density is 1.5 m× 2.0 m or 1.0 m×1.5 m when constructing early-bearing high-yielding model plantations, and after 4-6 years when it put into production, the plants could be transplanted.

Changes in Some Physiological Characteristics After Full Heading Stage in Flag Leaves of Super High-Yielding Inbred Rice

In a field experiment, rice cultivar Shanyou 63 was used as a check cultivar to investigate the changes in activity of peroxidase and contents of malondialdehyde and soluble protein after full heading stage in flag leaves of two super high-yielding inbred rice, including Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan. The results showed that the peroxidase activities and soluble protein contents in the leaves of the three cultivars tended to increase gradually to peak values and thereafter descended during stage after full heading. Moreover, both the peroxidase activities and soluble protein contents of Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan peaked at 8 days after full heading, which was compared with that of Shanyou 63 at 4 days later. Meanwhile, the malondialdehyde contents in the leaves of the three cultivars increased gradually after full heading stage. In addition, activities of peroxidase and contents of malondialdehyde and soluble protein in different cultivars were various at the same time. In general, for Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan, the peroxidase activities and soluble protein contents were higher than those of Shanyou 63, whereas the malondialdehyde contents were lower compared with that of Shanyou 63. And these features could make the senescence of leaf become later and slower and photosynthetic product was more in Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan than that in Shanyou 63.

Approach to the Ways for High-yielding Technique of Zhongzheyou No.8

[Objective] The paper was focused on the way how to increase the yield of hybrid rice Zhongzheyou No.8. [Method] The relationship among yield-related traits and their contribution to yield were investigated through correlation analysis, regression analysis and path analysis. [Result] The performance of ear, grain and weight in Zhongzheyou No.8 showed significant difference among yield levels. The enhancement of effective ears would restrain the number of total grains per ear. It was found that the direct contributions of main economic traits to yield were： number of fil ed grains per ear 〉 number of effective ears 〉1 000-grain weight 〉number of total grains per ear. [Conclusion] The promotion of high-yielding techniques was suggested as fol ows： on the basis of certain number of effective ears, number of fil ed grains per ear should be mainly focused with a consideration to grain weight.

Comparison of the morphometric dynamics of fast-growing and slow-growing strains of turbot Scophthalmus maximus

The dynamics of changes in body shape of fast-growing and slow-growing strains of turbot Scophthalmus maximus, and of the differences in body shape between the two strains, were evaluated from 3 to 27 months of age. The ratios of total length/body length, body width/body length and total length/body width were used as morphometric indices. The two strains exhibited different temporal trends in total length/body length but similar trends in body width/body length and total length/body width. Generally, body width/body length of the two strains increased with time and total length/body width decreased. Thus, the bodies of both fast-growing and slow-growing strains of turbot changed from a narrow to a more rounded shape. However, the ratio total length/body length was generally lower, body width/body length was mostly higher and total length/body width was consistently lower in the fast-growing strain than in the slowgrowing strain. Correlation analysis of the three shape ratios with body weight showed that total length/body length and total length/body width were unsuitable, and that width/body length was suitable, for use as a phenotypic marker for selective breeding of turbot for growth in weight.

Study on Microwave Pretreatment Technology to Improve the Effect of Shellac Impregnation of Fast-Growing Chinese Fir

To improve the mechanical properties of fast-growing Chinese fir(Cunnighamia lanceolate),expand its range of application,increase its value,and avoid the environmental pollution caused by impregnation with synthetic resin,Chinese fir was impregnated with a shellac solution.Since the shellac solution was difficult to penetrate into fast-growing Chinese fir,so microwave pretreatment was used to irradiate the wood to improve the permeability.This study investigated the effects of four factors,including the content of moisture in the wood before it was microwaved,the chamber pressure of microwave,the time of microwaving and the vacuum impregnation on the mechanical properties of Chinese fir wood.When the moisture content of wood before microwave was approximately 50%–60%,after microwaving and impregnation,the ultimate strength in static bending(modulus of rupture[MOR])and strength in compression perpendicular to the grain(SCPG)of the wood increased significantly.A microwave time of 100 seconds was more effective at improving the MOR and SCPG of the wood.If the wood was microwaved for too short or long period of time,the microwave pretreatment was not effective.When the samples were immersed in shellac for a longer period,the MOR and SCPG of Chinese fir gradually increased,but when the wood was impregnated for more than 12 hours,the increases were not significant.After the shellac penetrated the Chinese fir wood,it spread on the inner wall surface of tracheid to form a shellac film and easily formed plug-like deposits in microcapillaries.The use of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy,scanning electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersion x-ray indicated that the microwave pretreatment can destroy the pit membranes on tracheids and facilitate the ability of shellac to penetrate the channel.

Determinants of foreign direct investment in fast-growing economies: evidence from the BRICS and MINT countries

The flow of foreign direct investment(FDI)into a country can benefit both the investing entity and host government.This study employed panel analysis to examine the factors that determine the direction of FDI to the fast-growing BRICS(Brazil,Russia,India,China,and South Africa)and MINT(Mexico,Indonesia,Nigeria,and Turkey)countries.First,we used a pooled time-series cross sectional analysis of data from 2001 to 2011 to estimate and model the determinants of FDI for three samples:BRICS only,MINT only,and BRICS and MINT combined.Then,a fixed effects approach was employed to provide the model for BRICS and MINT combined.The results demonstrate that market size,infrastructure availability,and trade openness play the most significant roles in attracting FDI to BRICS and MINT,while the roles of availability of natural resources and institutional quality are insignificant.To sustain and promote FDI inflow,the governments of BRICS and MINT must ensure that their countries remain attractive for investment by offering a level playing field for investors and political stability.BRICS and MINT governments also need to invest more in their human capital to ensure that their economies can absorb substantial skills and technology spillovers from FDI and promote sustainable long-term economic growth.This study is significant because it contributes to the literature on determinants of FDI by extending the scope of previous studies that often focused on BRICS only.

Investigation of Tree Structure Parameters of High-quality and High-yielding Y-shaped Pear Orchards

In order to study reasonable tree structure parameters of Y-shaped pear orchards in natural conditions and at management technical level of Tai'an area, the tree structure and population structure of high-quality and high-yielding Y-shaped pear orchards were investigated. The results showed that when the yield of Y-shaped 'Oshu' was 2 550 kg/667 m^2 in the early fully fruiting period, the quantity of the branches per 667 m^2 was about 54 000, and the number of short branches was the largest, accounting for 80.1% of total number of branches, followed by middle branches, long branches and developmental branches. As the yield of Y-shaped 'Qiuyue' was 2 875 kg/667 m^2 in the early fully fruiting period, the quantity of the branches per 667 m^2 was 51 000, and the number of short branches was the largest, accounting for 75.6% of total number of branches, followed by middle branches, long branches and developmental branches. When the yield of Y-shaped 'Niitaka' was 3 000 kg/667 m^2 in the early fully fruiting period, the quantity of the branches per 667 m^2 was 43 000, and the number of short branches was the largest, accounting for 82.0% of total number of branches, followed by long branches, middle branches and developmental branches.

International Practice of Fast-Growing Innovative Companies

The purpose of the article is to compare the conditions of development and support of fast-growing companies in European countries, Asian countries, and Russia. The comparative analysis performed is of interest as certain countries, including Russia, face the problem of economic slowdown. However, the fast-growing companies are powerful catalysts for the growth of the gross domestic product and the employment of the population. The conclusion of the study is that there are common patterns in ongoing support programs for fast-growing companies： long term, state support, innovative company orientation, and concessional financing. At the same time, there are fundamental differences in approaches to the state support for innovative companies. The first approach relates to the natural development of the fast-growing innovation companies and their support programs （Germany, Denmark）; the second approach is aimed at artificially stimulating the growth of such companies （South Korea）. In Russia there are institutional features of supporting fast-growing companies： small businesses are the most vulnerable part of the economic system and they require state support in crisis situations. Therefore, the experience of European and Asian countries in terms of supporting innovative and fast-growing companies can have a positive impact on the development of innovative companies in Russia. And definitely it is important to try to understand the nature of Russian innovative fast-growing companies： do we see them as entrepreneurial business as we do in the Western companies？

Characteristics and High-yield Cultivation Techniques of the Main Potato Variety Jinshu 16 in Shanxi Province

With NL94014 as the female parent and 9333-11 as the male parent,the potato research laboratory of High Latitude Crops Institute,Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences obtained true seeds through sexual hybridization,and systematically and directionally bred a new potato variety Jinshu 16 with high yield,good comprehensive resistance and middle and late maturity.This variety has been listed as one of the mainstay varieties in Shanxi Province for many times.In this paper,the characteristics and high-yield cultivation techniques of Jinshu 16 are introduced,in order to guide field production and get better returns.

Selection of Greenhouse Zucchini Varieties and High-Quality,High-Yield and High-Efficiency Cultivation Techniques

[Objectives]To select zucchini varieties suitable for cultivation in Zibo City and test its high-yield cultivation techniques.[Methods]Six zucchini varieties were introduced,and their commercial quality and yield were determined.[Results]The yield of Shengfeier,Xiuyu 170 and Xihulu 309 increased by 11.4%,6.9%and 4.6%,respectively compared with S68(control),and zucchini was straight,looked pleasing to the eye,and had strong disease resistance.[Conclusions]The zucchini varieties were selected and the high-quality,high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation techniques were integrated.