Pipeline thickness estimation using the dispersion of higher-order SH guided waves

Thickness measurement plays an important role in the monitoring of pipeline corrosion damage. However, the requirement for prior knowledge of the shear wave velocity in the pipeline material for popular ultrasonic thickness measurement limits its widespread application. This paper proposes a method that utilizes cylindrical shear horizontal(SH) guided waves to estimate pipeline thickness without prior knowledge of shear wave velocity. The inversion formulas are derived from the dispersion of higher-order modes with the high-frequency approximation. The waveform of the example problems is simulated using the real-axis integral method. The data points on the dispersion curves are processed in the frequency domain using the wave-number method. These extracted data are then substituted into the derived formulas. The results verify that employing higher-order SH guided waves for the evaluation of thickness and shear wave velocity yields less than1% error. This method can be applied to both metallic and non-metallic pipelines, thus opening new possibilities for health monitoring of pipeline structures.

Suppression of Cladding Mode Coupling by B/Ge Codoped Photosensitive Fiber With Photosensitive and Depressed Inner Cladding

Excess loss on the short wavelength side of the Bragg resonant wavelength caused by cladding mode coupling limits wide use of grating in the fiber communication system, especially in densed wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) system. A novel photosensitive fiber design that have depressed cladding and photosensitive inner cladding in the same fiber is proposed, which can suppress cladding mode coupling greatly. Using MCVD method B/Ge codoped fiber with depressed cladding was fabriceted out, which was also doped in boron and germanium and had the photosensitivity. Finally, the transmission spectrum of written grating in this fiber by phase mask method verified its larger photosensitivity and greatly suppression of cladding mode coupling.

Speech-stream detection in short-wave channel based on empirical mode decomposition and higher-order statistics

To capture the presence of speech embedded in nonspeech events and background noise in shortwave non-cooperative communication, an algorithm for speech-stream detection in noisy environments is presented based on Empirical Mode Decomposition （EMD） and statistical properties of higher-order cumulants of speech signals. With the EMD, the noise signals can be decomposed into different numbers of IMFs. Then, the fourth-order cumulant （ FOC ） can be used to extract the desired feature of statistical properties for IMF components. Since the higher-order eumulants are blind for Gaussian signals, the proposed method is especially effective regarding the problem of speech-stream detection, where the speech signal is distorted by Gaussian noise. With the self-adaptive decomposition by EMD, the proposed method can also work well for non-Gaussian noise. The experiments show that the proposed algorithm can suppress different noise types with different SNRs, and the algorithm is robust in real signal tests.

All-optical modulator based on a ferrofluid core metal cladding waveguide chip

We propose a novel optical intensity modulator based on the combination of a symmetrical metal cladding optical waveguide （SMCW） and ferrofluid, where the ferrofluid is sealed in the waveguide to act as a guiding layer. The light matter interaction in the ferrofluid film leads to the formation of a regular nanoparticle pattern, which changes the phase match condition of the ultrahigh order modes in return. When two lasers are incident on the same spot of the waveguide chip, experiments illustrate all-optical modulation of one laser beam by adjusting the intensity of the other laser. A possible theoretical explanation may be due to the optical trapping and Soret effect since the phenomenon is considerable only when the control laser is effectively coupled into the waveguide.

Development and verification of the higher-order mode neutron flux calculation code HARMONY2.0

Higher-order modes of the neutron diffusion/transport equation can be used to study the temporal behavior of nuclear reactors and can be applied in modal analysis, transient analysis, and online monitoring of the reactor core. Both the deterministic method and the Monte Carlo(MC) method can be used to solve the higher-order modes. However, MC method, compared to the deterministic method, faces challenges in terms of computational efficiency and α mode calculation stability, whereas the deterministic method encounters issues arising from homogenization-related geometric and energy spectra adaptation.Based on the higher-order mode diffusion calculation code HARMONY, we developed a new higher-order mode calculation code, HARMONY2.0, which retains the functionality of computing λ and α higher-order modes from HARMONY1.0, but enhances the ability to treat complex geometries and arbitrary energy spectra using the MC-deterministic hybrid two-step strategy. In HARMONY2.0, the mesh homogenized multigroup constants were obtained using OpenMC in the first step,and higher-order modes were then calculated with the mesh homogenized core diffusion model using the implicitly restarted Arnoldi method(IRAM), which was also adopted in the HARMONY1.0 code. In addition, to improve the calculation efficiency, particularly in large higher-order modes, event-driven parallelization/domain decomposition methods are embedded in the HARMONY2.0 code to accelerate the inner iteration of λ∕α mode using OpenMP. Furthermore, the higher-order modes of complex geometric models, such as Hoogenboom and ATR reactors for λ mode and the MUSE-4 experiment facility for the prompt α mode, were computed using diffusion theory.

Fiber core mode leakage induced by refractive index variation in high-power fiber laser

This paper presents an investigation of specific optical fiber core mode leakage behavior that occurs in high-power double-clad fiber lasers as a result of thermally-induced refractive index variations. A model of the power transfer between the core modes and the cladding modes during thermally-induced refractive index variations is established based on the mode coupling theory. The results of numerical simulations based on actual laser parameters are presented. Experimental measurements were also carried out, the results showed good agreement with the corresponding simulation results.

An Extended Model for Interaction Between Left-hand Superluminous Waves and Magnetospheric Electrons

The left-hand superluminous electromagnetic waves, L-O mode and L-X mode, can be excited and observed in the auroral cavity of the Earth during the magnetic storms. The two modes can propagate into outer radiation zone and encounter enhanced resonant interactions with the trapped energetic electrons over a wide range of magnetosphere. A current first-order resonant model is extended to evaluate the stochastic acceleration of electrons by the L-O mode and L-X mode at the higher-order resonance. Similar to the first-order resonance, L-O mode can produce significant acceleration of electrons at the higher harmonic resonances over a wide range of wave normal angles and spatial regions. However, the higher harmonic resonance＇s contribution for significant electron acceleration by L-X mode is less than that of the first order resonance, with the requirement of higher minimum energies, e.g., -1 MeV in the outer radiation belt. This indicates that L-O mode may be one of the efficient mechanisms for the stochastic acceleration of electrons within the outer radiation zone.

Multi-Beam Interference Transmission Spectrum Observed from an Eccentric Core Single-Mode Fiber

An eccentric core single-mode fiber,whose core is away from the axis of the fiber,is fabricated by using the fiber preform goniometric-groove method and the stack-and-draw method.An eccentric core single-mode fiber without coating is spliced between two single-mode fibers.Fundamental mode and cladding modes are excited at one splicing point between the eccentric core single-mode fiber and the single-mode fiber,and propagate in the eccentric core single-mode fiber,then interfere with each other at the other splicing point.Multi-beam interference transmission spectrum is observed.An in-line fiber interferometric strain sensor based on the eccentric core single-mode fiber is realized.

Yb-doped large-pitch fibres: effective single-mode operation based on higher-order mode delocalisation

Rare earth-doped fibres are a diode-pumped,solid-state laser architecture that is highly scalable in average power.The performance of pulsed fibre laser systems is restricted due to nonlinear effects.Hence,fibre designs that allow for very large mode areas at high average powers with diffraction-limited beam quality are of enormous interest.Ytterbium-doped,rod-type,large-pitch fibres(LPF)enable extreme fibre dimensions,i.e.,effective single-mode fibres with mode sizes exceeding 100 times the wavelength of the guided radiation,by exploiting the novel concept of delocalisation of higher-order transverse modes.The non-resonant nature of the operating principle makes LPF suitable for high power extraction.This design allows for an unparalleled level of performance in pulsed fibre lasers.

Chirality discerning and monitoring in a metal cladding optofluidic chip

The metabolic process of chiral drugs plays a significant role in clinics and in research on drugs.Here,we experimentally demonstrate by all-optical means that the chiral molecules can be quickly discriminated and monitored with the ultrahighorder modes excited in a metal cladding optofluidic chip,achieving over 5 times sensitivity with a low-dosage sample.We show that the varying concentration of the chiral drugs can be monitored both in cell and animal experiments,presenting a significant difference between chiral enantiomers at the optimal function time and the effect of the reaction.To our knowledge,this approach provides a new way to achieve important chiral discrimination for the pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics and may present opportunities in indicating the health status of humans.

Merger estimates for a disformal Kerr black hole in quadratic degenerate higher-order scalar-tensor theories

We investigate the main features of a disformal Kerr black hole merger in quadratic degenerate higher-order scalar-tensor theories.In the ringdown stage of the black hole merger,for the prograde orbit,the real part of the quasinormal modes decreases with an increase in the disformal parameter,and the imaginary part also decreases,except in the Kerr case for a large spin parameter.However,for the retrograde orbit,the real part increases with an increase in the disformal parameter,and the imaginary part always decreases with it.For the approximate final spin,regardless of an equal spin,unequal spin,or generic spin configuration merger,the final black hole spin always increases with an increase in the disformal parameter.Our results show that the disformal parameter in the disformal Kerr solution and the MOG parameter in the Kerr-MOG case have obviously different effects on the black hole merger,which suggests the differences between these two spacetime structures.

Higher-order mode effects on the seismic performance of tall piers

A comprehensive analysis was conducted to investigate the seismic performance of a typical tall bridge pier through incremental dynamical analysis(IDA).The effect of higher-order modes was studied specifically.The results showed that higher-order modes significantly contributed to the structural seismic response and should not be neglected.Including these modes resulted in an additional hinge midway up the pier.No plastic hinge would occur at this location for conventional bridge piers.Higher-order modes also led to an out-of-phase response between the hinge rotation at the pier bottom and the displacement at the top.This means that the displacementbased seismic design method cannot correctly predict the mechanical state of the critical hinge and therefore is not suitable for use in the seismic design of tall piers.Mistakenly using the displacement-based seismic design method for tall piers may result in a seriously unsafe condition.

斜面多道熔覆涂层平整度的数值模拟与试验研究

目的揭示扫描方式、基材倾角、搭接率对斜面熔池成形的影响规律,提高斜面多道搭接涂层的平整度。方法采用数值模拟探究激光扫描方式、基材倾斜角度、搭接率对倾斜基材表面熔覆涂层平整度的影响机理,并结合正交试验进行验证。结果模拟所得平整度随扫描方式、倾斜角度、搭接率变化规律与试验一致。激光扫描方式对水平基材的多道搭接平整度无明显影响,但对倾斜基材表面的多道平整度影响显著。相同扫描方式下,不同倾斜角度的基材适应的搭接率不同。结论相比其他扫描方式,扫描方式1(SM1)和扫描方式5(SM5)得到的熔覆层平整度和熔覆效率相对较高。平整度和熔覆效率随基材倾斜角度的增大而逐渐减小。以扫描方式5进行熔覆时,水平基材最佳搭接率为30%,基材倾斜40°时最合适的搭接率为15%~20%。显然,倾斜角度和搭接率的交互作用对平整度影响显著。

基于镜面回波估计的热壁加氢反应器堆焊层缺陷多模式全聚焦成像

热壁加氢反应器长期在高温、高压和氢腐蚀等恶劣工况下运行,其内壁堆焊层的缺陷检测对设备安全至关重要。针对加氢反应器堆焊层的外侧超声检测技术难点,提出了一种基于镜面回波估计的多模式全聚焦成像检测方法。首先,使用镜面回波估计器进行仿真分析得到多模式全聚焦成像区域灵敏度,确定对缺陷敏感的超声路径;然后,获得不同路径下裂纹缺陷的全聚焦成像特征;最后,使用多模式全聚焦成像方法对试块堆焊层表面裂纹缺陷进行检测与定位。仿真及试验结果验证了该方法在内壁裂纹检测及缺陷定位精度上的可靠性,为行业提供了一种更经济高效的检测方案。

A higher-order mode coupler design for HEPS 166.6 MHz superconducting accelerating cavities

Purpose The 166.6 MHz superconducting radio frequency cavities have been proposed for High Energy Photon Source(HEPS)storage ring.HEPS is a 6 GeV,200 mA diffraction-limited synchrotron light source to be built in Beijing.Higherorder modes(HOMs)excited in 166.6 MHz SRF cavities have to be sufficiently damped in order to prevent coupled-bunch instabilities and to limit parasitic mode losses.Methods A hybrid HOM damping scheme has been proposed.An enlarged beam pipe allows HOMs above beam pipe cutoff frequencies to propagate and subsequently be absorbed by dampers installed on the downstream beam pipe,while a petal-shaped coaxial structure extracts HOMs below beam pipe cutoff frequencies and subsequently damped by the specially designed coaxial filter.Results HOMdamping in cavities has been demonstrated by 3D simulations.The impedance of HOMs has been successfully reduced to be lower than the coupled-bunch instability threshold.In addition,no hard barrier multipaction has been observed and acceptable heat loss is obtained.Conclusions In this paper,the hybrid HOM damping scheme has been demonstrated.Based on these studies,a prototype petal–loop structure and its associated filter are being fabricated.

Analytic modeling of instabilities driven by higher-order modes in the HLS Ⅱ RF system with a higher-harmonic cavity

The utility of a passive fourth-harmonic cavity plays a key role in suppressing longitudinal beam insta- bilities in the electron storage ring and lengthens the bunch by a factor of 2.6 for the phase I[ project of the Hefei Light Source （HLS II ）. Meanwhile, instabilities driven by higher-order modes （HOM） may limit the performance of the higher-harmonic cavity. In this paper, the parasitic coupled-bunch instability, which is driven by narrow band parasitic modes, and the microwave instability, which is driven by broadband HOM, are both modeled analytically. The analytic modeling results are in good agreement with those of our previous simulation study and indicate that the passive fourth-harmonic cavity suppresses parasitic coupled-bunch instabilities and microwave instability. The modeling suggests that a fourth-harmonic cavity may be successfully used at the HLS II.

基于包层模谐振的三包层石英特种光纤温度传感特性

提出了一种基于包层模谐振的光纤温度传感器.它是通过将三包层石英特种光纤(TCQSF)两端分别与普通单模光纤(SMF)电弧熔接构成的SMF-TCQSF-SMF结构.根据耦合模理论,首先将TCQSF等效为三个同轴波导,按各波导模场的分布特点标量计算其传输模式的色散曲线,并深入研究其耦合长度与传输谱线之间的关系;其次根据光纤的热光效应及热膨胀效应,分析计算该传感器的温度灵敏度;最后选取耦合长度为一个拍长时的传感器进行温度传感实验.实验结果表明,在35—95℃的温度变化范围内,其温度灵敏度为73.74 pm/℃,与理论计算结果一致.因此,该传感器具有结构简单、制备容易、灵敏度高、包层模激发可控等优点,可用于工业生产、生物医学等温度传感领域.

长周期光纤光栅包层模场分布及其耦合系数

基于简化的三层模型分析了单模光纤的包层模理论．研究了长周期光纤光栅的包层模场分布及其与基模的耦合系数．利用计算机建模，采用Ｍａｔｌａｂ 对实用的ＳＭＦ－２８ＴＭ单模光纤进行模拟分析，得到了一阶不同次的包层模在沿光纤半径方向的光密度分布情况，及其与纤芯内的基模耦合系数的计算结果．证明了一阶低次奇、偶包层模在光纤纤芯内部的能量分布具有不同的特点，奇次包层模在纤芯内的能量远大于偶次包层模，因而奇次包层模与基模的耦合系数远大于偶次包层模与基模的耦合系数．

长周期光纤光栅耦合特性及模拟分析

本文采用简化的三层光纤模型 ,分析长周期光纤光栅的耦合特性 ,着重对包层模场分布及其与纤芯基模的耦合系数进行研究 ,运用计算机软件包Matlab进行建模计算 ,得出纤芯基模和一阶低次包层模的场、能量分布及其相互耦合规律 .分析中应用了图解法和简化计算的方法 ,数值计算结果表明纤芯基模与一阶低次奇模的耦合要比其与一阶低次偶模的耦合强得多 .该特征 (耦合特性和图表 )

长周期光纤光栅中的包层模谐振(英文)

本文给出了光纤中包层模的电场形式，指出包层膜的电场形式与弱导光纤中导模的电场形式不同，对光纤中基模与包层模电场沿光纤横截面分布的重叠情况的分析表明，长周期光纤光栅除了能将ＨＥ１１导模耦合到ＨＥ１ｐ包层模外，也可以将其耦合到ＥＨ１ｐ包层模．基于耦合模理论的计算表明，耦合到ＥＨ１ｐ和ＥＨ１，ｐ－１包层模的耦合波长相近，对于典型的单模光纤，当ｐ＞４时耦合到这两个模式的耦合系数是可比的．