Summer atmospheric boundary layer structure in the hinterland of Taklimakan Desert, China

Understanding the characteristics of the structure of desert atmospheric boundary layer and its land surface process is of great importance to the simulations of regional weather and climate. To investigate the atmospheric boundary layer structure and its forming mechanism of Taklimakan Desert, and to improve the accuracy and precision of regional weather and climate simulations, we carried out a GPS radiosonde observation experiment in the hinterland of Taklimakan Desert from 25 June to 3 July, 2015. Utilizing the densely observed sounding data, we analyzed the vertical structures of daytime convective boundary layer and nighttime stable boundary layer in summer over this region, and also discussed the impacts of sand-dust and precipitation events on the desert atmospheric boundary layer structure. In summer, the convective boundary layer in the hinterland of Taklimakan Desert developed profoundly and its maximum height could achieve 4,000 m; the stable boundary layer at nighttime was about 400-800-m thick and the residual mixing layer above it could achieve a thickness over 3,000 m. Sand-dust weather would damage the structures of nighttime stable boundary layer and daytime convective boundary layer, and the dust particle swarm can weak the solar radiation absorbed by the ground surface and further restrain the strong development of convective boundary layer in the daytime. Severe convective precipitation process can change the heat from the ground surface to the atmosphere in a very short time, and similarly can damage the structure of desert atmospheric boundary layer remarkably. Moreover, the height of atmospheric boundary layer was very low when raining. Our study verified the phenomenon that the atmospheric boundary layer with supernormal thickness exists over Taklimakan Desert in summer, which could provide a reference and scientific bases for the regional numerical models to better represent the desert atmospheric boundary layer structure.

Control of Facies and Potential on Jurassic Hydrocarbon Accumulation and Prediction of Favorable Targets in the Hinterland Region of the Junggar Basin

Exploration practices show that the Jurassic System in the hinterland region of the Junggar Basin has a low degree of exploration but huge potential, however the oil/gas accumulation rule is very complicated, and it is difficult to predict hydrocarbon-bearing properties. The research indicates that the oil and gas is controlled by structure facies belt and sedimentary system distribution macroscopically, and hydrocarbon-bearing properties of sand bodies are controlled by lithofacies and petrophysical facies microscopically. Controlled by ancient and current tectonic frameworks, most of the discovered oil and gas are distributed in the delta front sedimentary system of a palaeo-tectonic belt and an ancient slope belt. Subaqueous branch channels and estuary dams mainly with medium and fine sandstone are the main reservoirs and oil production layers, and sand bodies of high porosity and high permeability have good hydrocarbon-bearing properties; the facies controlling effect shows a reservoir controlling geologic model of relatively high porosity and permeability. The hydrocarbon distribution is also controlled by relatively low potential energy at the high points of local structure macroscopically, while most of the successful wells are distributed at the high points of local structure, and the hydrocarbon-bearing property is good at the place of relatively low potential energy; the hydrocarbon distribution is in close connection with faults, and the reservoirs near the fault in the region of relatively low pressure have good oil and gas shows; the distribution of lithologic reservoirs at the depression slope is controlled by the distribution of sand bodies at positions of relatively high porosity and permeability. The formation of the reservoir of the Jurassic in the Junggar Basin shows characteristics of favorable facies and low-potential coupling control, and among the currenffy discovered reservoirs and industrial hydrocarbon production wells, more than 90% are developed within the scope of facies- potential index FPI〉0.5, while the FPI and oil saturation of the discovered reservoir and unascertained traps have relatively good linear correlation. By establishing the relation model between hydrocarbon- bearing properties of traps and FPI, totally 43 favorable targets are predicted in four main target series of strata and mainly distributed in the Badaowan Formation and the Sangonghe Formation, and the most favorable targets include the north and east of the Shinan Sag, the middle and south of the Mobei Uplift, Cai-35 well area of the Cainan Oilfield, and North-74 well area of the Zhangbei fault-fold zone.

Combination and superimposition of source kitchens and their effects on hydrocarbon accumulation in the hinterland of the Junggar Basin,west China

In the hinterland of the Junggar Basin, there are multiple depressions with multiple sets of source rocks. Therefore, the conditions of hydrocarbon sources are complex, and the geochemical characteristics and sources of hydrocarbon vary in different structural belts. The evolution of the Che- Mo palaeohigh affected the formation of hydrocarbon source kitchens and hydrocarbon migration. We studied the combination and superimposition of hydrocarbon source kitchens, using as an example the hinterland of the Junggar Basin （including the Yongjin, Zhengshacun, Moxizhuang and Luliang uplift areas）. The study was based on geochemical analyses of crude oil and fluid inclusions, and the histories of tectonic evolution and hydrocarbon generation. The results indicated that before the Paleogene there were two hydrocarbon-generating depressions： the Western Well Penl depression and the Changji depression on the south and north sides of the Che-Mo palaeohigh, respectively. The Permian source kitchen had been generating hydrocarbon continuously since Triassic and reached high maturity stage in the Cretaceous period. After Paleogene, the adjustment of the Che-Mo palaeohigh led to the subsidence of the Changji depression and the Jurassic source rocks reached mature stage and became the main source kitchens. However, the Jurassic source rocks in the Western Well Penl depression were still in a low maturity stage and did not generate oil because of the adjustment of tectonic movements. As a result, in the central and southern parts of the Junggar Basin, Jurassic source rocks generated oil, but in the Luliang uplift, the crude oil was from the Permian source rocks in the Western Well Penl depression and the Jurassic source rocks did not contribute. The crude oil in the central Zhengshacun-Moxizhuang belt was from the Permian source rocks in two depressions, and partially from the Jurassic source rocks. The crude oil in the Luliang uplift was from the source rocks of the lower Permian Fengcheng Formation and middle Permian Wuerhe Formation, which is characterized by superimposition of two sets of source kitchens and three accumulation stages. The crude oil in the Yongjin tectonic belt was from the lower Permian, middle Permian and Jurassic source rocks, which is characterized by superimposition of three sets of source kitchens and two accumulation stages. The crude oil in the Zhengshacun tectonic belt was from a combination of source kitchens of lower Permian and middle Permian in the Western Well Penl depression in the early stage and from the superimposition of Jurassic source rocks in the Changji depression in the late stage.

Facies Analysis and Depositional Environment of the Oligocene-Miocene Asmari Formation, Bandar Abbas Hinterland, Iran

The Asmari Formation is a thick carbonate sequence of the Oligocene-Miocene in the Zagros Basin, southwest of Iran. This formation is located in Bandar Abbas and Coastal Fars regions on the following two sections: Anguro anticline (west-northwest of Bandar Abbas) and Gavbast anticline (southwest of Lar County). The Asmari Formation has diameters of 68 and 26 m in the Anguro and Gavbast sections, respectively. This formation is composed of limestone, dolomitic limestone and an altered form of marl. Based on the results of petrographic analyses, 7 facies were identified in the Anguro and Gavbast sections in the study region. The facies were deposited on the following 3 belts: tidal flat (MF 1 - 3), lagoon (MF 4 - 5) and open marine (MF 6, 7). According to evidence such as the gradual change of microfacies, the lack of main reef barriers, and the lack of slumping and sliding features, the Asmari Formation was formed in a marine environment of carbonate homoclinal ramp type. This environment is composed of the following two subenvironments: the inner ramp and the middle ramp. The comparison of the facies identified in the Anguro and Gavbast sections indicates that Gavbast section is mainly composed of lagoon facies. Moreover, the Anguro section demonstrates more facies diversity than Gavbast section.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TUMEN RIVER AND THE ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND OF ITS HINTERLAND

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Hinterland Intermodal Freight Flow Optimization for Ports Competition Evidence of West Africa ECOWAS Region

Major problem considered in this study was the intermodal routing problem of regional freight transportation in West Africa ECOWAS (Economic Community Of West Africa States), which can be defined as the problem of determining the freight flow quantity, the transportation mode in each transit corridor while satisfying the freight demand at each West Africa transit country (Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger). The objective was to minimize in land transportation costs. In order to solve optimally and represent the problem, this research employed a linear programming model. The model was solved using Lingo Mathematic Application. The model results showed that port oriented freight logistics in west Africa ECOWAS region do not flow along optimal path and such incur longer time and higher logistics cost than is geographically necessary.

Rail-Road Hinterland Intermodal Terminal Location in West Africa Region—Case Study of Corridor Port of Abidjan to Ouagadougou-Bamako

Efficient and effective movement of goods is very critical in today’s competitive environment especially for developing countries suffering from crippling logistics costs which limit their competitive ability in the global economy. Putting in place an optimal logistics network design offers great potential for logistics cost reduction and service quality improvement [1]. Therefore, this paper presents a model for effective integration of inland intermodal terminal into logistics network. The model simultaneously determines the number and location of inland terminals in network that minimize the total cost of freight flow to hinterland. The model uses Abidjan port in Cote d’Ivoire as the case study for solving numeric examples. The problem will be formulated in the case of a rail-road network where post-routing is done by road and rail link between terminal. We present a linear optimization model which is implemented using LINGO Mathematical Modeling Language.

Geochronology of Yanshanian Magmatism and Metamorphism in the Hinterland of the Dabie Mountains and Their Geologic Implications

A strong tectono-magmatic thermal event has been revealed by field observations of granitic, migmatiticand metamorphic rocks in the hinterland of the Dabie Mountains. K-Ar, Ar-Ar and Rb-Sr determinationsshow that the event took place 133-117 Ma ago (Yanshanian). Contemporaneously, a southwestwardthrust-type ductile shearing at multiple levels occurred in the lower crust or at even deeper levels, suggestingthat the Dabie Mountains region was still under the influence ot strong continent-continent overlappingtectonism of the Yangtze block under the Sino-Korean block at depth. Metamorphic rocks of amphibolitefacies, migmatites and deep structural deformations resulting from this tectonothermal event are now exposedto the surface. The present features of the Dabie Mountains thus have appeared only since ca. 100 Ma B.P. Theblock composed of the Dabie Group is not an uplift or shield which would have undergone a long-continuederosion.

Shunt-E 4.0—Autonomous Zero Emission Shunting Processes in Port and Hinterland Railway Operations

The port railway operation in Germany and Europe is not least due to its long history of technological and regulatory developments characterized by a high number of players and a lack of comprehensive planning and optimization of all relevant processes.Innovative technologies and business processes are therefore useful and needed to achieve key steps on the way to an overall optimization of rail transport within global supply chains.A substantial part of the European rail freight transport has its origin or its destination in an inland or sea port.Considering the railway system,ports play a more important role for urgently needed innovations than the pure interfaces between sea and land transport.Especially ports with their own railway system have an own responsibility in this matter.Insofar the goal of the Bremen Port Railway—which already now has a leading share of railway in modal split in Europe—is to exploit the opportunities offered by digitalization.Significant steps for this are the optimization and gradually automatization of rail operational processes on the last mile including modern and transparent IT systems and the designing of autonomous shunting processes.Together with research partners ISL(Institute of Shipping Economics and Logistics Bremen),BIBA(Bremen Institute for Production and Logistics)and IVE(Institute for Transport,Railway Construction and Operation in Brunswick)and in connection with associated business partners the project Rang-E has been applied for at the Ministry of Transport in the funding initiative IHATEC(Innovated HArbour TEChnologies)—and had won a grant to perform the proposed work.Basic thoughts are outlined in the following.

Staying With Living Buddhas——Young Tibetan Living Buddhas Visit Hinterland

EDITOR'S NOTE:The author wasblessed with a rarechance to be with31 Living Buddhas,kampo abbots andsutra teaches-hail-ing from Tibet andthe areas inhabitedby the Tibetans inSichuan,Qinghai,Gansu and YunnanProvinces,andrecorded the follow-ing stories．

A Trip Into The Hinterland of The Himalayan Area

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我国西部陆海新通道的港口腹地分析

运用多种运输方式下的基础设施地理空间数据和OD流量大数据,识别西部陆海新通道主要港口潜在腹地和真实腹地的空间格局,评价两类腹地的空间匹配关系。结果表明:(1)西部陆海新通道主要港口两类腹地的范围大致相同,腹地内部竞争力的空间分布存在差异;(2)西部陆海新通道主要港口的潜在腹地覆盖范围较广但竞争力不强,通道对于时间价值更高的货物更具吸引潜力;(3)西部陆海新通道主要港口的真实腹地覆盖范围在运输方式间存在显著差异,公路腹地与港口邻近而铁路腹地与港口分离;(4)交通基础设施质量和运输服务水平是影响两类腹地匹配关系的重要因素,大能力运输通道匮乏导致广西和通道西侧的运输供给能力较弱,班列竞争力不足制约了川渝地区的通道运输份额。未来,应提高西部陆海新通道建设的供需匹配针对性,拓展建设中缅印度洋新通道,以进一步保障我国海外战略性关键资源的供应安全。

The salt accumulation at the shifting aeolian sandy soil surface with high salinity groundwater drip irrigation in the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert

The EC analysis and water serial sampling was performed in the Tarim Desert Highway shelterbelt to explore the water and salt dynamics of the shallow aeolian sandy soil ( 0-30cm) under high salinity groundwater drip irrigation. It was found that in one irrigation cycle, the EC of the shallow shifting aeolian sandy soil ( 0-30cm) increased while the water content decreased. The EC of the surface aeolian sandy soil at the wetting front was far greater than that of the wetting area or the outside of the wetting area. During the irrigation cycle, the EC of the wetting front and the wetting area changed at a significant magnitude, whereas the EC of the outside of the wetting area remained largely steady. The horizontal influence distance of drip irrigation on the salt accumulation at the soil surface was about 100 cm, and the vertical influence depth was 5 cm. The three most abundant ions in the accumulated salt at the aeolian sandy soil surface were Na+, Cl- and SO42-. The salt accumulation at the soil surface was influenced by air temperature, wind speed, mineralization of irrigation water, sand burial thickness, soil texture, and litter content.

Study on the Clouds Detected by a Millimeter-Wave Cloud Radar over the Hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert in April–June 2018

This study was the first to conduct high-resolution consecutive detection of clouds over the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert(TD)from April to June 2018 based on a ground-based Ka-band millimeter-wave cloud radar(MMCR),with focus on the structure and evolution of the desert clouds.We calculated reflectivity factor(Z),cloud boundary,and liquid water content(LWC)by use of the MMCR power spectrum data,which were verified against the observations from cloud profile radar(CPR)on board Cloud Sat.The results show that the TD clouds were mostly medium and high clouds,with thickness generally less than 2 km;moreover,the mean LWCs of these clouds were less than 0.01 gm^(-3),implying that cirrus and stratiform clouds were predominant.For the observed low clouds,however,the average thickness was 3166 m and accompanying drizzles were concentrated within 2.5-4.5 km,indicating that precipitation was more likely to occur in the low clouds.The mean LWC in the TD clouds was 0.0196 gm^(-3),less than that of clean clouds.Compared to other periods,the average durations and LWCs in the TD clouds increased significantly around noon owing to obvious surface sensible heating.The average time for evolution of high clouds into low clouds was approximately 2 h,and the average maximum LWC increased from 0.008 to 0.139 gm;.The results obtained herein provide a key reference for further studies of the structure and evolution characteristics of the desert clouds.

Interrelationships between Deformation and Metamorphic Events across the Western Hinterland Zone, NW Pakistan

Microscopic to mesoscopic structural investigations and foliation intersection axes（FIAs） preserved in porphyroblasts reveal a very complex history of deformation and tectonism within the southwestern part of the western hinterland zone along the northern margin of the Indian plate, NW Pakistan. D_1, D_2, and D_3 related structures in the southwestern part resemble the F_1/F_2, F_3, and F_4 related structures in the northeastern part of the western hinterland zone. These structures developed at the same time through the same changes in the direction of bulk shortening in southwestern and northeastern parts of the western hinterland zone. FIA set 1 indicates NW-SE shortening. The D_2 fabrics, mineral lineations and fold axes indicate E-W shortening. FIA set 2, D_3 fold axes and mineral lineations indicate NNE-SSW shortening. D_3 deformation event is equivalent to the F_4 deformation event in the northeastern part of the western hinterland zone. D_4 fold axes, mineral stretching lineations and axial plane foliation suggest ENE-WSW shortening. The D_4 NNW-SSE fabrics, which formed in the region after the formation of the MMT（main mantle thrust）, Khairabad-Panjal thrust fault, Hissartang thrust fault and MBT（main boundary thrust）, likely resulted from ENE-WSW bulk shortening related to development of the Hazara-Kashmir syntaxis.

近代江汉平原粮棉种植空间变动特征分析(1861—1949)

江汉平原粮食生产以稻米为主,其长期保持优势地位,并一直延续至近代。随着中外经济形势变动,在港口-腹地因素推动下,棉花种植比例逐渐提升,作物种植的空间分工日益凸显。通过对江汉平原作物种植变迁的研究发现,小农所处的地理环境决定了其种植选择,工业发展刺激了作物的种植扩张,港口区位条件限制了地区经济结构的升级。以此为基础,对经济理性与生存理性问题、近代经济发展动力问题以及内陆与沿海的发展路径问题进行解释。

China’s Strategic Option:Approach the Greater Middle East through the Eurasian Hinterland

To eliminate the long-term threat to the northern and northwestern territories imposed by Huns in 138 B.C.,Liu Che,the Emperor of the Han Dynasty,sent Zhang Qian to go to Xiyu(the wild-west region)and tried to ally with Great Yüeh-chin,Huns’sworn enemy,so as to attack Huns from both east and west sides.As long as 13 years of his reign,Zhang Qian was captured and detained by the Huns twice,but he escaped successfully each time.He reached the regions known today as Uzbekistan,Kazakhstan and north of Afghanistan and some other places with thousands of miles journey.In 126 B.C.,Zhang Qian came back to Chang-An,the capital of the Han Dynasty.Unfortunately,only one person Tang Yifu out of over 100 members in the diplomatic team survived and returned with him.Of course,the diplomatic mission of allying Great Yüeh-chin was not fulfilled.However,Zhang Qian’s expedition to the West Regions was still of great importance.It is based on his geographic,cultural and social knowledge about the West Region that the continuous military actions initiated by the Emperor Liu Che of the Han Dynasty succeeded finally.What’s more,Zhang Qian’s Expedition to the West Regions accelerated the cultural and economic exchanges between the East and the West,which influenced the development process of world history of civilization directly and continually(Fan,1964:86-89).Today,there is no immediate military threat to China’s northwest and north,while it is convenient for China to connect quickly with other countries and regions by the development of transport and communication technologies.Particularly,the acceleration of the globalization and innovation of the internet technology has even linked the most remote areas of China with the world.However,the geo-political factors in the hinterlands of the Eurasian continent still significantly exert impact on China’s security and development.Therefore,it is very necessary for China to make another and even more significant and extensive“Expedition to the West Regions”-to strategically approach the Greater Middle East through the hinterland.

准噶尔盆地腹部上二叠统-下三叠统浅水辫状河三角洲沉积特征与模式

准噶尔盆地下组合油气资源规模巨大,是最重要的战略接替领域;腹部四大凹陷二叠系—三叠系发育规模三角洲砂体,并在其中连获油气新发现。为了揭示腹部凹陷区沉积特征、沉积模式和砂体展布规律,基于大量新钻井岩心、测录井和地球物理资料,系统开展了盆地原型、层序格架、古地貌恢复和沉积体系研究。准噶尔盆地腹部上二叠统—下三叠统浅水辫状河三角洲发育期具有大型坳陷湖盆发育背景,沉积时期地形平缓,坡度小,物源供给充足,水体极浅且频繁动荡,氧化和还原环境交替出现,且整体以氧化环境为主;浅水辫状河三角洲具有粒度较粗、低杂基含量、中等结构成熟度、较长距离搬运、强水动力淘洗、发育交错层理和平行层理等沉积特征;腹部地区上乌尔禾组—百口泉组沉积时期优势水系主要来自西北和东北方向,整体自北向南延伸,发育乌尔禾、克拉玛依及克拉美丽3大物源体系。盆内地形分带性明显,形成扇三角洲区、辫状河三角洲平原区、前缘区和湖区4个相带,由此在腹部地区形成了“大平原、小前缘”的浅水辫状河三角洲沉积格局,其中平原区和前缘区均为有利砂体发育地带。