Histamine H2 receptor deletion in glutamatergic neurons causes schizophrenia-like pheno⁃ types

OBJECTIVE Genetic variation in histamine H2 receptor(H2R)and H2R ligands are linked to schizophrenia,however little is known about how H2R contributes to pathogenesis of schizophrenia.Here,we detected a decreased expression of H2R in medial prefrontal cortex(mPFC)glutamatergic neurons in schizophrenia patients.METHODS AND RESULTS Selective knockout of H2R gene(Hrh2)in glutamatergic neurons induced schizophrenia-like behaviors including sensorimotor gating deficit,increased locomotor activity,social withdrawal and anhedo⁃nia in behavior tests,as well as reduced sponta⁃neous firing of mPFC glutamatergic neurons in electrophysiological tests.Selective deletion of the Hrh2 in mPFC glutamatergic neurons but not hippocampus glutamatergic neurons also induced such schizophrenia-like behaviors.Patch-clamp electrophysiology establishes that H2R deficiency reduced the intrinsic excitability of glutamatergic neurons by up-regulation of hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels.Fur⁃thermore,either overexpression of H2R in gluta⁃matergic neurons or activation of H2R in the mPFC reversed the MK-801-induced schizophrenia-like symptoms.CONCLUSION H2R can serve as a novel drug target given that functional deficiency of this receptor in mPFC glutamatergic neurons may be crucial for the pathogenesis of schizo⁃phrenia.H2R agonists can be viewed as drug candidates for the treatment of schizophrenia.

In vivo immunomodulatory profile of histamine receptors(H1,H2,H3 and H4):a comparative antagonists study

Objective:To delineate the comparative immunomodulatory roles of H1R-H4R in antibody generation profile in rabbit model.Methods:The cohort comprised of eight groups containing 18(9 male and 9 female) rabbits in each group.GroupⅠremained non-immunized and received only vehicle(sterile distilled water,1 mL/kg×b.i.d.) intramuscularly.GroupⅡreceived vehicle (1 mL/kg×b.i.d.) while GroupsⅢ-Ⅶ(drugs-treated) received subcutaneous histamine (100μg/kg×b.i.d.),and intramuscular H1R-antagonist(pheniramine,10 mg/kg×b.i.d.), H2R-antagonist(ranitidine,10 mg/kg×b.i.d.),H3R-antagonist(iodophenpropit,1μg/kg×b.i.d.) and H4R-antagonist(JNJ 7777120,10μg/kg×b.i.d.),and GroupⅧDMSO(1 mL/kg×b.i.d.),respectively for 10 days(starting from day 1).They were subsequendy immunized with intravenous injection of sheep red blood cells(SRBC) at day 3.The estimation of serum Igs,IgM and IgG were done by ELISA,and observed at day 0(pre-immunization),and 7,14,21,28 and 58(post-immunization).Results:It was shown that histamine and HRs-antagonists could influence a detectable antibody response to SRBC as early as day 7-post-immunization(post-Ⅰ), which lasted until day 58 post-Ⅰ.The results were found statistically significant(P【0.05,). Conclusions:This study suggests that histamine receptors play important roles in modulation of antibody generation in which H1R,H2R and H4R have immunosuppressive roles and conversely, H3R playes an immune enhancing role.The findings of this study may have clinical significance and provide the baseline information for future study.

Histamine Excites Rat GABAergic Ventral Pallidum Neurons via Co-activation of H1 and H2 Receptors

The ventral pallidum(VP) is a crucial component of the limbic loop of the basal ganglia and participates in the regulation of reward, motivation, and emotion.Although the VP receives afferent inputs from the central histaminergic system, little is known about the effect of histamine on the VP and the underlying receptor mechanism. Here, we showed that histamine, a hypothalamicderived neuromodulator, directly depolarized and excited the GABAergic VP neurons which comprise a major cell type in the VP and are responsible for encoding cues of incentive salience and reward hedonics. Both postsynaptic histamine H1 and H2 receptors were found to be expressed in the GABAergic VP neurons and co-mediate the excitatory effect of histamine. These results suggested that the central histaminergic system may actively participate in VP-mediated motivational and emotional behaviors via direct modulation of the GABAergic VP neurons. Our findings also have implications for the role of histamine and the central histaminergic system in psychiatric disorders.

Intracellular HSP70L1 inhibits human dendritic cell maturation by promoting suppressive H3K27me3 and H2AK119Ub1 histone modifications

Epigenetic regulation has been attracting increasing attention due to its role in cell differentiation and behaviors.However,the epigenetic mechanisms that regulate human dendritic cell(DC)differentiation and development remain poorly understood.Our previous studies show that extracellular heat shock protein 70-like protein(HSP70L1)is a potent adjuvant of Th1 responses via stimulating DCs when released from cells;however,the role of intracellular HSP70L1 in DC differentiation and maturation remains unknown.Herein,we demonstrate that intracellular HSP70L1 inhibits human DC maturation by suppressing MHC and costimulatory molecule expression,in contrast to the adjuvant activity of extracellular HSP70L1.The stability of intracellular HSP70L1 is dependent on DNAJC2,a known epigenetic regulator.Mechanistically,intracellular HSP70L1 inhibits the recruitment of Ash1l to and maintains the repressive H3K27me3 and H2AK119Ub1 modifications on the promoter regions of costimulatory,MHC and STAT3 genes.Thus,intracellular HSP70L1 is an inhibitor of human DC maturation.Our results provide new insights into the epigenetic regulation of cell development by intracellular HSP70L1.

IGF-1介导MAPKs通路在C3H10T1/2细胞成骨分化中的作用

目的探究胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-1)介导丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPKs)信号通路在C3H10T1/2细胞成骨分化中的调控作用及机制。方法不同浓度IGF-1(0、5、10、20 ng/mL)培养C3H10T1/2细胞,碱性磷酸酶(ALP)与茜素红(ARS)染色检测ALP活性、钙盐沉积情况,qRT-PCR法检测成骨特性因子核心结合因子α-1(RUNX2)、成骨分化特异性因子骨桥蛋白(OPN)、骨钙蛋白(OCN)mRNA表达水平,Western Blot法检测MAPK通路蛋白磷酸化表达水平。对数期细胞分为空白组、IGF-1组、ERK通路抑制剂(PD98059)组、PD+IGF-1组、p38通路抑制剂(SB202192)组、SB+IGF-1组,qRT-PCR法检测成骨特性因子RUNX2、成骨分化特异性因子骨桥蛋白(OPN)、骨钙蛋白(OCN)mRNA表达水平。结果不同浓度IGF-1组ALP显色加深,ALP活性升高,钙盐结节形成增多,RUNX2、OPN、OCN mRNA表达水平升高,磷酸化ERK、p38、JNK蛋白表达增加,具有剂量效应(P<0.05)。与空白组比较,PD组、SB组C3H10T1/2细胞RUNX2、OPN、OCN mRNA表达水平明显降低(P<0.05),PD+IGF-1组、SB+IGF-1组C3H10T1/2细胞RUNX2、OPN、OCN mRNA表达水平明显升高(P<0.05);但与IGF-1组比较,PD+IGF-1组、SB+IGF-1组C3H10T1/2细胞RUNX2、OPN、OCN mRNA表达水平明显降低(P<0.05)。结论IGF-1促进C3H10T1/2细胞成骨分化,其作用机制可能与激活ERK信号通路和p38 MAPK信号通路有关。

2019—2021年华东地区6株禽源H3亚型流感病毒的遗传进化分析

H3亚型流感病毒在自然界广泛存在,可感染人、猪、马、犬、禽等众多宿主并能发生跨种间传播,危害不容忽视。本研究于2019—2021年在华东地区活禽市场采集表观健康的家禽喉头与泄殖腔棉拭,通过血清学试验鉴定、筛选出6株代表性水禽源H3亚型流感病毒,并经RT-PCR试验确定5株为H3N2亚型、1株为H3N1亚型。进一步对6株分离株进行全基因组测序、同源性比对和遗传进化分析,结果显示:HA蛋白裂解位点处均为PEKQTR/GLF,不存在连续碱性氨基酸,符合低致病性禽流感病毒的分子特征;受体结合位点处均为禽源特征性的226Q和228S,提示其跨种传播至哺乳动物的潜能较低;内部基因片段来源多样化,与H3N8、H4N6、H5N8、H6N1、H7N7、H0N3等众多亚型禽流感病毒的亲缘关系密切;除JS1018/19和JS1094/19的NS基因属于北美谱系以外,其余均属于欧亚谱系的禽源分支,与犬、马、猪、人等哺乳动物源毒株的亲缘关系较远,提示虽然可能存在不同进化谱系间的基因重组但并未发生从禽到哺乳动物宿主的基因交换。该研究结果丰富了H3亚型禽流感病毒的流行病学数据,为进一步了解我国低致病性禽流感病毒的分布特征提供了参考依据。

Changes in hippocampal histamine receptors in rats after treatment with Trimeresurus albolabris venom

BACKGROUND： It has been demonstrated that histamine and its receptors in the hippocampus play an important role in memory and/or learning behaviors.OBJECTIVE： To investigate the expression levels of the histamine receptor gene and protein in the hippocampi of rats prior to and after administration of Trimeresurus albolabris venom using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） and Western blot techniques. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A controlled observation based on cellular protein level was performed in the College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University between March 2005 and April 2007. MATERIALS： Eighty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were provided by the Laboratory Animal Center of the Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA. The lyophilized powder of Trimeresurus albolabris venom was collected from Jin-Hu-Shan in Chongqing, China. METHODS： Twenty rats were randomly and evenly divided into an experimental group and a control group The experimental group was subcutaneously injected with 0.65 mg/mL Trimeresurus albolabris venom, 0.5 mL for each rat. The control group was subcutaneously injected with an equal amount of 0.9% physiological saline. Prior to and after injection, rats from these two groups were placed in the Morris Water Maze for recording of path length and escape latency. The remaining 60 rats were randomly allocated to another experimental group （n = 50） and another control group （n = 10）. Rats were correspondingly injected as described above. At different time points （0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 hours after injection）, rats were decapitated and bilateral hippocampal tissues were dissociated （approximately 100 mg for each sample）. Then, the acquired hippocampal tissue was immediately preserved at -70 ℃ for subsequent experiments. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： （1） The levels of histamine receptor （including H1R, H2R, and H3R） mRNA and protein in the hippocampi of rats were measured prior to and after injection of Trimeresurus albolabris venom using RT-PCR and Western Blot techniques. （2） Escape latency （namely, time to reach a platform） and path length were examined by Morris Water Maze testing. RESULTS： All 80 rats were included in the final analysis. In the experimental group, the level of mRNA for H3R receptor in rat hippocampi was just slightly changed, but the level of H3R receptor protein was significantly down-regulated compared with that in the control group （P 〈 0.05）. Both mRNA and protein levels for H1R receptor were initially downregulated and then recovered to normal levels. Expression of H2R receptor mRNA was initially upregulated, then downregulated, and finally restored to the control level. The level of H2R receptor protein showed a tendency for downregulation. In the Morris Water Maze testing, escape latency and path length were significantly longer in the experimental group than in the control group （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Within three hours of injection with Trimeresurus albolabris venom, mRNA and protein levels of most histamine receptors in rat hippocampi were downregulated. Such changes possibly contribute to an impairment of memory and/or learning behaviors in rats following injection of Trimeresurus albolabris venom.

东紫苏精油对间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2成脂分化的影响及机制

为探讨东紫苏精油对小鼠胚胎间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2成脂分化的作用及降脂机制,利用噻唑蓝[the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide,MTT]法检测细胞成活率,以界定浓度的适宜范围;用油红O染色法对东紫苏精油作用后的细胞成脂分化作用进行分析;甘油磷酸氧化酶—过氧化物酶(glycerol phosphate oxidase-p-aminophenazone,GPO-PAP)法、胆固醇氧化酶、过氧化物酶和4-氨基安替比林苯酚(cholesterol oxidase,peroxidase and 4-aminoantipyrine phenol,COD-PAP)酶法检测东紫苏精油处理后细胞内甘油三酯、胆固醇含量的变化;荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)和蛋白质印迹(western blot)分别检测过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(peroxide proliferator-activated receptorγ,PPARγ)、CCAAT增强子结合蛋白α(CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteinsα,C/EBPα)、脂肪酸结合蛋白4(fatty acid-binding protein4,FABP4)mRNA和相关蛋白在成脂分化中的表达水平。结果表明:与空白对照组相比,高脂模型组的总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)和甘油三酯(triacylglyceride,TG)含量显著增加(P<0.05),小鼠胚胎间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2中PPARγ、C/EBPα、FABP4 mRNA和蛋白表达明显增加。与高脂模型组相比,中剂量(50μg/mL)和高剂量(100μg/mL)精油组TC和TG含量明显下降,小鼠胚胎间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2中PPARγ、C/EBPα、FABP4 mRNA和蛋白表达明显下降。试验结果表明,东紫苏精油可能通过调控PPARγ/C/EBPα/FABP4信号通路发挥对C3H10T1/2细胞成脂分化的抑制作用,达到减脂目的。

Role of Histamine H1 Receptors in Vestibular Nucleus in Motion Sickness

Objectives To investigate the expression of histamine H1 receptors （H1R） in the vestibular nucleus of brainstem in rats and the role of H1R in motion sickness （MS）. Methods A total of 24 healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into four groups （n=6 each） which determined if the animals would receive induction of MS or drug （promethazine） treatment： MS （ - ）/Drug （ - ）; MS（＋）/Drug （ - ）; MS （ - ）/Drug （ ＋ at 0.25 mg）; and MS （ ＋ ）/ Drug（＋）. MS was induced by complex motion stimulation and the conditioned taste aversion was used as a behavioral indicator of MS. The volume of 0.15% sodium saccharin solution （SS） intake within 45 minutes after motion stimulation was measured. H1R in the vestibular nucleus was examined by immunofluorescence staining. The expression of H 1R protein in brainstem tissue at vestibular nucleus level was detected by western blot. Results The mean SS intake volume in the MS （ ＋ ）/Drug （ - ） group （8.8 ml） was significantly less than that of the MS （ - ）/Drug （ - ） group （15.1 ml） （P 〈 0.01）. The mean SS intake volume of the MS （-）/Drug （＋） group （14.8 ml） was similar to that of the MS（-）/Drug（-） group. The mean SS intake volume （9.6 ml） of the MS（＋）/Drug（＋） group was more than that of the MS（＋）/Drug（-）group （P〈0.01）, but less than that of the MS（-）/Drug（-） group or MS（-）/Drug（＋） group （P 〈 0.01）. Immunofluorescence staining showed positive expression of H1R in the vestibular nucleus of brainstem and the expression was enhanced by motion stimulation. Western blot analysis showed that H1R protein expressed in the brainstem tissue at vestibular nucleus level and the expression also increased significantly after motion stimulation. The MS-induced increase of H1R was not affected significantly by promethazine. Conclusions H1Rs exist in the vestibular nucleus in rats and H 1R expression is up-regulated by motion stimulation, but not affected by promethazine. The findings indicate that the histaminergic system is involved in MS. Promethazine, as an H1R blocker, may play its anti-MS role by competing the binding site on H1Rs with histamine rather than inhibiting H1R expression.

姜黄素体外抗流感病毒H1N1、H3N2实验研究

目的：观察姜黄素提取物体外对流感病毒H1N1、H3N2的抑制作用。方法：用狗肾细胞（MDCK）观察姜黄素体外对A型流感病毒H1N1亚型、A型流感病毒H3N2亚型病毒的直接杀灭作用。结果：姜黄素最大无毒浓度为12．5g／L，对H1N1有效抑制浓度为6．25g／L，对H3N2有效抑制浓度为1．56g／L。结论：姜黄素提取物确有明显的抗H1N1、H3N2复制作用。

猪流感病毒H1N1、H1N2和H3N2亚型多重RT-PCR诊断方法的建立

对我国分离到的猪流感病毒和GenBank数据库中已有的猪流感病毒H1N1、H1N2和H3N2亚型毒株的HA、NA基因核苷酸序列进行分析,分别选出各个病毒亚型HA和NA基因中高度保守且特异的核苷酸区域,设计扩增猪流感病毒H1和H3、N1和N2亚型的2套多重PCR特异性引物,建立了猪流感H1N1、H1N2和H3N2亚型病毒多重RT-PCR诊断方法。采用该方法对H1N1、H1N2、H3N2亚型猪流感病毒标准参考株进行RT-PCR检测,结果均呈阳性,对扩增得到的片段进行序列测定和BLAST比较,表明为目的基因片段。其它几种常见猪病病毒和其它亚型猪流感病毒的RT-PCR扩增结果都呈阴性。对107EID50/0.1mL病毒进行稀释,提取RNA进行敏感性试验,RT-PCR最少可检测到102EID50的病毒量核酸。对40份阳性临床样品的检测结果是H1N1、H1N2和H3N2亚型分别为16份、1份和20份,其它3份样品同时含有H1N1和H3N2亚型猪流感病毒,和鸡胚分离病毒结果100%一致。试验证明建立的猪流感病毒H1N1、H1N2和H3N2亚型多重RT-PCR诊断方法是一种特异敏感的诊断方法,可用于临床样品的早期快速诊断和分型。

禽流感病毒H1、H3、H5、N2亚型多重RT-PCR检测方法的初步研究

目的根据禽流感病毒H1、H3、H5亚型的HA基因和N2型NA基因的保守序列,设计出四对RT-PCR引物,建立一步法多重RT-PCR对禽流感H1、H3、H5、N2四亚型进行快速检测。方法利用所设计的四对引物,通过对该方法扩增条件的优化,成功建立快速检测禽流感病毒H1、H3、H5、N2四亚型的一步法多重RT-PCR。利用禽流感H1、H3、H5、N2四亚型毒株和其它相关标准毒株进行敏感性和特异性试验。结果与结论所建立的一步法多重RT-PCR具有较高的特异性和敏感性,与禽流感其它亚型和NDV、IBV、ARV?IBDV的核酸均无交叉反应。用该方法检测现场样品395份(4省20多个地区),结果与经典检测方法一致。

2009～2013年广西H1N1和H3N2亚型猪流感病毒血清学调查

摘要：【目的】了解广西H1N1和H3N2亚型猪流感病毒（SIV）的存在形势及其流行规律，为下一步有效监测和防控猪流感（SI）提供理论依据和原始溯源。【方法】对2009～2013年于广西11个地级市的屠宰场、规模化养猪场和个体养殖户采集的1170份猪血清进行血凝抑制（Hr）试验检测，统计欧洲禽源H1N1（EA．H1N1）亚型和新型人源重组H3N2（Hu．H3N2）亚型4株毒株（LB144和BB2、NNXD和JGB4）的抗体阳性率，并分析H1N1和H3N2亚型毒株的存在形势及其流行规律。【结果】2009-2013年，EA．H1N1亚型LB144毒株的平均抗体阳性率高达20．68％，且保持稳定，是广西地区主要的流行毒株；Hu．H3N2亚型JGB4毒株从2010年开始流行，且呈逐渐蔓延的趋势，平均抗体阳性率为19．96％。广西北海、南宁、玉林、贺州、桂林、贵港和柳州市受到EA—H1N1和Hu—H3N2亚型毒株多重感染，且感染程度较严重；百色、河池和防城港市的感染程度相对较低。育肥猪最易感染SIV，尤其是BB2和JGB4毒株，其抗体阳性率分别达66．00％和40．00％。EA—H1N1亚型毒株间的交叉感染阳性率（21．52％）略低于Hu—H3N2亚型毒株间的交叉感染阳性率（27．45％），而两株不同亚型毒株交叉感染时以BB2与JGB4毒株的交叉感染阳性率最高（16．23％），3株交叉感染时以BB2、NNXD和JGB4毒株间的交叉感染阳性率最高（11．60％），4株同时交叉感染阳性率也有6．96％。【结论】广西猪群已普遍存在EA-H1N1和Hu．H3N2亚型毒株混合感染的现象，尤其是地处两省边界上的地级市感染更严重，并以育肥猪和保育猪较易感。因此在sI防控工作中，除做好哺乳仔猪和种猪的日常管理外，还应减少保育猪的外来应激，适当调整育肥猪的饲养密度，以减少新型SIV重组毒株的产生。

猪流感病毒H1、H3、N1、N2亚型分型RT-PCR方法的建立

根据GenBank中H1N1和H3N2亚型猪流感病毒(SIV)血凝素(hemagglutinin,HA)、神经氨酸酶(neuraminidase,NA)和M基因保守序列,分别设计合成了5对特异性引物,利用RT-PCR技术对SIV的型和亚型进行鉴定。结果表明,该方法的型RT-PCR可以检测出104 EID50病毒量所提取的RNA;H1、H3、N1和N2的亚型RT-PCR均可以检测出104 EID50病毒量所提取的RNA。除每对特异性引物所对应的亚型外,对其他亚型及猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)和猪瘟病毒(CS-FV)的检测均为阴性,应用该方法对临床样品进行检测,其结果与病毒分离结果符合率为100%。结果表明,该方法特异性好、敏感性高,有望成为SIV的一种特异、敏感、快速的分型检测方法,为猪流感分子流行病学的调查奠定了良好的基础。

Tenomodulin基因转染对NIH3T3和C3H10T1/2细胞系肌腱相关分子表达的作用

目的研究过表达Tenomodulin(TNMD)对NIH3T3和C3H10T1/2细胞系肌腱相关分子表达的作用。方法体外培养NIH3T3和C3H10T1/2细胞系,利用脂质体法在两种细胞系中分别转染pCAGGS空载体和pCAGGS-TNMD表达载体,G418进行稳定筛选。RT-PCR确认成功转染后,利用倒置相差显微镜观察细胞形态,同时定量PCR检测肌腱相关基因的表达情况。结果两种细胞系转染后细胞形态均无明显改变。基因水平上,NIH3T3细胞过表达TNMD后,collagenⅥ和biglycan显著降低,collagenⅠ没有显著差别。而在C3H10T1/2细胞中,collagenⅠ和biglycan显著升高,collagenⅥ没有显著差别。结论过表达TNMD对NIH3T3和C3H10T1/2细胞系的细胞形态没有影响,但能影响肌腱相关基因的表达情况。

牛抗体中超长CDR H3结构的研究进展

牛体内具有超长CDR H3结构的抗体占总抗体的10%,长度约为70个氨基酸,包含特殊的β-带状柄结构和富含二硫键的旋钮结构,其形成与IGHV1-7区域的短核苷酸复制及IGHD8-2基因有关。牛超长CDR H3结构的抗原结合活性高且具有多样性,其中旋钮结构与抗体结合活性有关,抗体结构、二硫键位置和数量、半胱氨酸数量、体细胞突变等与超长CDR H3结构多样性有关。牛独特的超长CDR H3结构为其免疫应答、免疫治疗和新型疫苗制备等方面提供了新的研究思路。笔者概述了牛超长CDR H3结构的形成机制、特性、抗原结合特性,并总结了其应用前景,以期为新型抗体的研发和应用提供参考。

Detection and pathogenesis of a novel swine H3N2 influenza virus containing three genes from the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza viruses in Korea in 2015

Dear Editor,Influenza A viruses cause pandemics at an interval of approximately 10–40 years,and pigs are regarded as a'mixing vessel'because they are easily infected with avian and human influenza viruses(Ito et al.,1998).According to previous studies,H3N2,H1N2,and

H_1 and H_2 receptors in the locus ceruleus are involved in the intracere-broventricular histamine-induced carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex reset-ting in rats

Objective To investigate the role of H1 and H2 receptors in the locus ceruleus （LC） in carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex （CSR） resetting induced by intracerebroventricular （i.c.v.） injection of histamine （HA）. Methods The left and right carotid sinus regions were isolated from the systemic circulation in 18 male Sprague-Dawley rats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. The intracarotid sinus pressure （ISP） was altered in a stepwise manner in vivo. ISP-mean arterial pressure （MAP） relationship curve and its characteristic parameters were constructed by fitting to the logistic function with five parameters. The changes in CSR performance induced by i.c.v. HA and the effects of pretreatment with H1 or H2 receptors selective antagonist, chlorpheniramine （CHL） or cimetidine （CIM） into the LC, on the responses of CSR to HA were examined. Results I.c.v. HA （100 ng in 5 μl） significantly shifted the ISP-MAP relationship curve upwards （P 〈 0.05） and obviously decreased the value of the reflex parameters such as MAP range and maximum gain （P 〈 0.05）, but increased the threshold pressure, saturation pressure and ISP at maximum gain （P 〈 0.05）. The pretreatment with CHL （0.5 μg in 1 μl） or CIM （1.5 μg in 1 μl） into the LC could obviously attenuate the changes mentioned above in CSR performance induced by HA, but the alleviative effect of CIM was less remarkable than that of CHL （P 〈 0.05）. Respective microinjection of CHL or CIM alone into the LC with the corresponding dose and volume did not change CSR performance significantly （P 〉 0.05）. Conclusion Intracerebroventricular administration of HA results in a rapid resetting of CSR and a decrease in reflex sensitivity, and the responses of CSR to HA may be mediated, at least in part, by H1 and H2 receptors activities in the LC, especially by H1 receptors. Moreover, the effects of the central HA on CSR might be related to a histaminergic descending pathway from the hypothalamus to LC.

Clinical Predictors for Diagnosing Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and Seasonal Influenza (H3N2) in Fever Clinics in Beijing,China

Objective Symptomatic predictors of influenza could assess risks and improve decisions about isolation and outpatient treatment. To develop such predictors, we undertook a prospective analysis of pandemic （HIN1） 2009 and seasonal influenza （H3N2） in patients attending fever clinics. Methods From 1 May 2009 to 1 January 2010, all adult patients admitted to fever clinics for suspected influenza, confirmed by real time RT-PCR, were enrolled. Predictors of influenza virus infection were selected with logistic regression models. Measures of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios （LRs） were calculated to identify the best predictors. Results The clinical features and routine blood test results of influenza （H1N1） 2009 and seasonal influenza were similar. The positive and negative LRs of current US CDC influenza-like illness （ILl） criteria were modest in predicting influenza infection. Our modified clinic predictors improved the ability of the positive and negative LRs to recognize pandemic （HIN1） 2009 and seasonal influenza. The revised criteria are： fever ~ 38 ~C accompanied by at least one of the following--cough, arthralgia or relative iymphopenia. Conclusion Patients with symptoms and signs that meet the new criteria are likely to have influenza and timely antiviral therapy may be appropriate. In addition, physicians should ascertain if influenza is circulating within the community or if there is a contact history of influenza and combine this information with the newly developed criteria to clinically diagnose influenza.

Recognition of H3K9me1 by maize RNA-directed DNA methylation factor SHH2

RNA-directed DNA methylation(Rd DM) is a plant-specific de novo DNA methylation pathway,which has extensive cross-talk with histone modifications. Here, we report that the maize RdDM regulator SAWADEE HOMEODOMAIN HOMOLOG 2(SHH2) is an H3 K9 me1 reader. Our structural studies reveal that H3 K9 me1 recognition is achieved by recognition of the methyl group via a classic aromatic cage and hydrogen-bonding and salt-bridge interactions with the free protons of the mono-methyllysine. The di-and tri-methylation states disrupt the polar interactions, decreasing the binding affinity. Our study reveals a monomethyllysine recognition mechanism which potentially links RdDM to H3 K9 me1 in maize.