Multiphase Flow and Wear in the Cutting Head of Ultra-high Pressure Abrasive Water Jet

Abrasive water jet cutting technology is widely applied in the materials processing today and attracts great attention from scholars, but many phenomena concerned are not well understood, especially in the internal jet flow of the cutting head at the condition of ultra-high pressure. The multiphase flow in the cutting head is numerically simulated to study the abrasive motion mechanism and wear inside the cutting head at the pressure beyond 300 MPa. Visible predictions of the particles trajectories and wear rate in the cutting head are presented. The influences of the abrasive physical properties, size of the jewel orifice and the operating pressure on the trajectories are discussed. Based on the simulation, a wear experiment is carried out under the corresponding pressures. The simulation and experimental results show that the flow in the mixing chamber is composed of the jet core zone and the disturbance zone, both affect the particles trajectories. The mixing efficiency drops with the increase of the abrasive granularity. The abrasive density determines the response of particles to the effects of different flow zones, the abrasive with medium density gives the best general performance. Increasing the operating pressure or using the jewel with a smaller orifice improves the coherency of p articles trajectories but increases the wear rate of the jewel holder at the same time. Walls of the jewel holder, the entrance of the mixing chamber and the convergence part of the mixing tube are subject to wear out. The computational and experimental results give a qualitative consistency which proves that this numerical method can provide a reliable and visible cognition of the flow characteristics of ultra-high pressure abrasive water jet. The investigation is benefit for improving the machining properties of water jet cutting systems and the optimization design of the cutting head.

CFD analysis of performance improvement of the Savonius water turbine by using an impinging jet duct design

The majority of research on water turbines focuses on design improvement of large-scale hydrokinetic turbines for power generation, which may have delayed the utilization of kinetic energy contained in rivers and canals. The aim of this paper is to improve the efficiency of a two bladed Savonius type cross-flow hydrokinetic turbine, which can be used as an energy converter to harness free-stream kinetic energy of water. An impinging jet duct design is presented for improving performance of the Savonius turbine in wind application as seen from literature. The performance of the modified turbine is evaluated using CFD software Fluent, and is compared with that of a simple two bladed Savonius water turbine and some of the prominent literature designs of the Savonius turbine. It is shown that the present design exhibits improved performance compared to the selected designs of the Savonius turbine.Further an insight of the improved performance of the modified turbine is also obtained from flow physics study.

Reaction thrust characteristics of high-pressure submerged water jet of cylinder nozzles

The shapes and geometrical parameters of nozzles are key factors for fluidics. The relationship among the reaction thrust,flow rate pressure,diameter d0 and length L of a cylinder nozzle is analyzed theoretically. The simulation of the flow field characteristics was conducted via the FLUENT computational fluid dynamics package. Effects of the inlet conditions and the nozzle dimensions on the reaction thrust of a water jet were addressed particularly. The reaction thrust experiments were performed on a custom-designed test apparatus. The experimental results reveal that a) the nozzle diameter and the inlet conditions exert great influence on the water jet reaction thrust; and b) for L≤4d0,where the nozzle is treated as a thin plate-orifice,the reaction thrust is independent of nozzle length; for L>4d0,where the nozzle is treated as a long orifice,the reaction thrust can reach maximum under the condition of a certain flow rate. These findings lay a theoretical foundation for the design of nozzles and have significant value,especially for the future development of high-pressure water-jet propulsion technology.

DYNAMIC PROBLEMS OF WATER JET FOR WEFT INSERTION

In recent years, China has imported thousands of water jet looms. In order to master thetechniques and to develop the variety of products, the dynamic problems of this jet device hasbeen discussed in this paper briefly. It contains 1. Introducing the rotary plunger pumps and the open-type jet nozzles. 2. Establishing the fundamental equations of the dynamic analysis for water jet device. 3. An illustrating example to show the jet speed, and the rate and time duration for the jetflow varies with different pipe resistance, cross section area of the nozzle outlet, and the springcompressive deflection etc. It is useful for research and production references.

Numerical simulation of laminar jet-forced flow using lattice Boltzmann method

In the paper, a numerical study on symmetrical and asymmetrical laminar jet-forced flows is carried out by using a lattice Boltzmann method （LBM） with a special boundary treatment. The simulation results are in very good agreement with the available numerical prediction. It is shown that the LBM is a competitive method for the laminar jet-forced flow in terms of computational efficiency and stability.

喷水推进器进水流道在来流含气条件下的内部流动特性分析

为了研究喷水推进器进水流道在来流含气条件下的内部流动特性,以轴流式喷水推进器为研究对象,对喷水推进器在不同来流含气条件下进行全流域定常数值仿真,得到了不同来流含气条件下进水流道各截面气相体积分数分布特征和不均匀度变化规律.计算结果表明:在低航速区间时,进水流道内流量小、流速低,受管道几何结构影响,下部弯管处流体堆积现象明显,随着航速的升高,流量增大、流速提高,流体在上部弯管处产生流动分离,导致堆积区向上部弯管转移;在来流含气条件下,进口含气率和气泡直径的增大,会导致气液两相干涉作用变强,造成气体堆积现象加剧,影响流面的不均匀度.

叶顶间隙对螺旋混流式喷水推进泵内流及推进特性的影响

喷水推进泵是舰船泵喷推进系统的核心部件,喷水推进泵在工作过程中,叶顶间隙处所产生的泄漏流会严重影响混流泵的工作性能。为了探讨叶轮叶顶间隙对喷水推进泵推进特性的影响,本文定义了叶顶间隙系数τ,设计了六种不同叶顶间隙系数模型并使用Ansys进行仿真分析,最终得到叶顶间隙对于喷水推进泵内流以及推进特性的影响规律。结果表明:随着叶顶间隙系数的增大,叶顶间隙处泄漏流逐渐增加,泄漏涡影响范围变大,轴向推力随着叶顶间隙系数的增大呈负指数下降,叶顶间隙处泄漏量随指数上升,喷水推进泵内流损失增加,推进效率持续减小,并且在大流量工况下叶顶间隙对喷水推进泵推进特性影响最大,在设计的六套模型中,叶顶间隙系数为0.08,叶顶间隙为0.16mm时效率最高。通过本文的研究可以发现,叶顶间隙对于喷水推进泵内流以及推进特性影响较大,在设计时应尽量减小叶顶间隙。

高燃压中型运载火箭发射地面低高度排导技术

综合高燃压中型运载火箭高密度发射燃气流地面排导需求及烧蚀风险分析,提出基于地面双面导流装置与高位挡流墙结合的地面低高度排导技术方案。利用火箭发射燃气动力学研究总结的燃气流膨胀特性以及导流型面设计方法,解决了地面低高度排导技术涉及的地面导流装置导流型面气动设计以及尺度控制两个关键问题。地面低高度排导技术方案设计与燃气流场瞬态仿真多轮叠代,实现了燃气流排导烧蚀范围合理控制,避免了燃气流低高度排导烧蚀反溅影响箭体。地面低高度排导技术采用专利支撑的喷水冷却防护方案实现高燃压中型运载火箭发射燃气流强烧蚀环境发射系统、发射设施综合防护。基于喷流缩比试验相似性控制方法研制了1∶10比例喷流缩比试验系统,通过喷流缩比试验验证确认高燃压中型运载火箭发射燃气流能够实现地面低高度安全、顺畅排导,同时与发射台、导流装置结构融合的阵列喷水方案能够行之有效解决高燃压中型运载火箭地面低高度排导强烧蚀难题。

混流式喷水推进泵空化流动及其诱导振动特性的试验研究

为了研究喷水推进泵内非定常空化流动及其诱导的振动特征,搭建了高速摄像与数字信号同步测量平台。对不同空化程度下的泵内空化流动、压力脉动信号、振动信号进行了采集和分析。引入经验模态分解及希尔伯特黄变换(Hilbert-Huang transform,HHT)对振动信号进行了处理和分析。试验表明:喷水推进泵叶顶区出现了叶顶间隙空化和叶顶泄露涡空化等空化现象;随着空化程度的加剧,叶顶区的空化结构先由丝状逐渐连接成薄片状,继而发展为云状;快速旋转的空化云会呈现出极不稳定状态,尾部发生脱落形成垂直空化涡(perpendicular cavitating vortices,PCVs);小尺度的垂直空化涡消散在流道中部;随着空化程度的进一步加剧,垂直空化涡尺度增大并向相邻叶片的压力面运动,造成喷水推进泵性能的下降。空化程度加剧对应的流动结构特征会导致压力脉动产生相应的变化,从而诱导振动的增加。经验模态分解和HHT结果显示片状空化及大尺度云空泡溃灭时会诱导高频区的宽频振动增大;空化云尾缘的低频脱落会产生垂直空化涡,诱导低频的压力脉动和振动的快速增加。希尔伯特边际谱上高频幅值,叶频和轴频幅值的变化特征可在一定程度上用来反映泵内的流动状态。

高速水下航行器低比转速轴流推进泵设计方法

对于水下航行器轴流泵喷水推进系统,现有升力法设计的高比转速轴流泵无法满足在浅水高速工况下正常工作的需求,为解决这一问题,提出一种针对低比转速轴流泵的设计方法。考虑所选NACA66_(a=0.8)翼型的叶栅特性,通过改变攻角和升力系数等参数的设计关系,建立适用于高航速工况的轴流泵模型,并运用SST k-ω湍流模型和多重参考系模型对设计泵的流场运动情况进行仿真。结果表明:设计工况下,设计泵的扬程和水力效率与设计值误差均控制在8%以内,同时测试了设计泵在不同水深下的抗空化性能,进一步探索设计泵工作的最小航深。

浸没式喷水推进器脉动流场特性数值分析

为分析浸没式喷水推进器的流场脉动特性,分别以前置定子式和后置定子式喷水推进器为对象,完成船后推进器瞬态流场的数值仿真;分析导管、定子和转子脉动压力、脉动推力特性。结果表明,对前置定子式喷水推进器而言,静止部件的推力主要由导管产生,导管壁面的压力脉动远大于定子;受转子和定子相互作用的影响,转子和导管内壁相互作用区域的流场脉动最强,且体现了转子特征。对后置定子式喷水推进器而言,由于定子后置其对转子进流影响减弱,使得各部件脉动流场均体现了转子信息,且转子脉动力幅值增加。结合不同结构形式浸没式喷水推进器的脉动流场分析结果可知,后置定子式推进器的流场脉动量要低于前置定子式推进器;且前置定子式喷水推进器的脉动流场特征较后置定子式喷水推进器更为复杂,亦不利于推进器的降噪设计。

基于LES湍流模型的角形喷嘴数值模拟

针对RANS方法存在空化流场预测不准确的问题,通过采用大涡模拟(LES)对角形喷嘴进行数值模拟来获得其瞬时速度场以及空化云分布。通过对其流场进一步分析,揭示了空化水射流在发展过程中漩涡结构与空化之间的关系以及不同压力下的射流分布特征,为工程实践应用及空化射流机理提供了理论参考。

喷水推进器起航阶段内部流动及空化特性分析

为了研究喷水推进器在起航阶段的内部流动以及空化特性,以一台轴流式喷水推进器为研究对象,基于Ansys CFX商用软件,采用SST k-ω湍流模型、ZGB空化模型对喷水推进器起航过程进行数值模拟。结果表明,喷水推进器在起航阶段流量与扬程出现滞后效应,进水流道内部流态较为紊乱,出现明显的流动分离现象。喷水推进泵整体湍动能随着起航过程时间的增加而增加,在叶顶处由于叶片压力面与吸力面压差升高形成叶顶泄漏涡而最为明显。叶轮内空泡体积分数随着起航过程的发展而增大,起航完成后稳定阶段空泡体积分数较最高值降低了4.2%,并且严重的空化抑制了喷水推进器的推进效率,起航阶段效率总体呈现为先增大后减少。

头部喷气对跨介质航行体入水过程载荷特性的影响

跨介质航行体入水瞬间会受到巨大的冲击载荷,极易导致结构破坏甚至内部器件失灵。为发展有效的降载方法,本文基于VOF(Volume of Fluid)多相流模型,研究头部喷气航行体入水过程的载荷特性和流体动力特性,分析喷气压力、喷气高度对降载效果的影响,并探索头部喷气降载方法有效性的入水速度范围。研究结果表明,头部喷气使自由液面下凹形成空腔,并能极大地降低航行体所受阻力和冲击力,延缓了航行体撞水时间,从而实现冲击载荷控制;喷气压力和喷气高度对入水空泡形态及冲击压力峰值的影响都不大,合理的选择既能达到降载效果又能节约喷气量;入水速度为50 m/s时,降载量高达76.51%,但当入水速度为300 m/s时,降载量仅为39.92%。因此,针对高亚声速跨介质入水问题,需进一步探索主被动相结合的复合降载方法。

基于计算流体动力学的二次侧管板高压水射流喷嘴仿真

本文利用混合物模型的两相流仿真了核电站蒸汽发生器二次侧冲洗需要的高压水射流喷嘴中的流场分布和压力分布。通过有限元方法计算了两相流模型,获得了流场分布和压力场分布。从流场分布可以看出,当逐渐远离高压水射流喷嘴的中轴线时,高压水射流中的流场分布逐渐减小;在高压水射流喷嘴的中轴线处,流场最大;当高压水射流喷嘴的入口压力从40MPa逐渐增大到46MPa时,出口处的流场逐渐增大,从289.502m/s逐渐增大到312m/s,在一定范围内入口压力对出口流速的增加效果显著。

喷气燃料上倾管道油水两相流动规律仿真研究

随着民航行业的快速发展,广泛使用管道运输喷气燃料。但是管道中的水分容易在低洼处聚积,并带来腐蚀和流动不畅等一系列问题。基于计算流体力学(CFD)方法对不同倾角上倾管道中喷气燃料携带底部积水情况进行了计算机仿真。计算结果表明,随着时间的增加,在喷气燃料的剪切作用下,管底积水将被分成大水团和小水滴两部分;随着倾角的增大,大水团的轴向长度变短,相界面波动剧烈,导致管底水相出现回流现象进而流动速度变缓。

Lagrangian-based investigation of multiphase flows by finite-timeLyapunov exponents

Multiphase flows are ubiquitous in our daily life and engineering applications. It is important to investigate the flow structures to predict their dynamical behaviors ef- fectively. Lagrangian coherent structures （LCS） defined by the ridges of the finite-time Lyapunov exponent （FTLE） is utilized in this study to elucidate the multiphase interactions in gaseous jets injected into water and time-dependent turbu- lent cavitation under the framework of Navier-Stokes flow computations. For the gaseous jets injected into water, the highlighted phenomena of the jet transportation can be observed by the LCS method, including expansion, bulge, necking/breaking, and back-attack. Besides, the observation of the LCS reveals that the back-attack phenomenon arises from the fact that the injected gas has difficulties to move toward downstream re- gion after the necking/breaking. For the turbulent cavitating flow, the ridge of the FTLE field can form a LCS to capture the front and boundary of the re-entraint jet when the ad- verse pressure gradient is strong enough. It represents a bar- rier between particles trapped inside the circulation region and those moving downstream. The results indicate that the FFLE field has the potential to identify the structures of mul- tiphase flows, and the LCS can capture the interface/barrier or the vortex/circulation region.

Adaptability research of hydrofoil surface water injection on cavitation suppression

To study the effectiveness of hydrofoil surface water injection on cavitation suppression,the unsteady cavitation flow field around the NACA0066 hydrofoil at attack angle of 6°was simulated by the modified RNG k-εturbulence model combined with the full-cavitation model.The structure of cavitation flow field and the hydrodynamic performance of hydrofoil were analyzed at the cavitation number of 0.85,0.70,0.55,respectively.The results show that barriered by the jet,the momentum of the reentrant jet was reduced;The development of cavitation and the strength of cavity shedding were weakened to some extent.Cavitation suppression effect was very obvious in the cavitation conditions with the cavitation number of 0.7 and above when the injection position was at 37% chord length from the hydrofoil leading edge and the jet-flow ratio kept 0.3.Time-averaged lift and drag coefficient were reduced,and the lift-drag ratio increased in water injection conditions.

Numerical simulation on turbulent flow field in convergentdiveroent nozzle

Because of the complication of turbulence's mechanism and law as well as thejet pressure in nozzle is difficult to test by experiment, five turbulent models were appliedto numerically simulate the turbulent flow field in convergent-divergent nozzle. Theoryanalysis and experiment results of mass flow rates conclude that the RNG к-з model is themost suitable model. The pressure distribution in the convergent-divergent nozzle was revealed by computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulating on the turbulent flow field underdifferent pressure conditions. The growing conditions of cavitation bubbles were shown;meanwhile, the phenomena in the experiment could be explained. The differential pressure between the upstream and downstream in nozzle throat section can improve thecavitating effect of cavitation water jet.

来流条件对轴流喷水推进器性能的影响研究

高速舰船在实际航行过程中的来流条件十分复杂,为研究不同来流条件对喷水推进器性能的影响,以轴流式喷水推进器为研究对象,基于均相流模型、Zwart空化模型和SST k-ω湍流模型,对不同来流速度和来流角度条件下的喷水推进器进行了数值模拟,通过网格不确定度分析、数值与试验结果对比及误差分析验证了数值计算方法的可靠性,最终获得了不同来流条件喷水推进器推进性能和内流特性的变化规律。结果表明:随着来流速度增大,装置流量不断增加,扬程、推力和效率先增大后减小,在来流速度为5.6m/s时性能最佳。转速为2450r/min时,叶轮空化程度较弱,当来流速度v≥8.4m/s时,流量显著增大,冲角减小,叶片工作面流动分离增强,压力面开始出现空泡。来流角度增大对低来流速度工况喷水推进器性能几乎无影响,高来流速度工况则表现出推力、扬程和效率的急剧下降,来流角度从3°增加至7°时,推力、扬程和效率降幅分别高达13.8%,13.9%与8.3%。来流角度增大,各过流部件速度不均匀性增大,叶轮和导叶区域湍流耗散增大,叶轮进口冲角减小,压力面流动分离增强,做功能力下降,推进装置性能急剧恶化。