Cutting Force Fluctuation Suppression and Error Homogenization of Noncircular Gear Hobbing Based on the Tool Shifting Method

The current research on noncircular hobbing mainly focuses on the linkage model and motion realization.However,the intermittent cutting characteristics of hobbing would increase uncertainties in the manufacturing process.In this paper,a hobbing machining model with tool-shifting characteristics was proposed to solve the problems of cutting force fluctuation and inconsistency of tooth profile envelope accuracy at different positions of the pitch curve in noncircular gear hobbing.Based on the unit cutting force coefficient method,the undeformed chip volume generated by interrupted cutting was used to characterize the fluctuation trend of the hobbing force.The fluctuation characteristics of the cutting force generated by different hobbing models were compared and analyzed.Using the equivalent gear tooth and hob slotting numbers,an analysis model of the tooth profile envelope error of the noncircular gear was constructed.Subsequently,the tooth profile envelope errors at different positions of the pitch curve were compared and analyzed based on the constructed model.The transmission structure of the electronic gearbox was constructed based on the proposed hobbing model,and the hobbing experiment was conducted based on the selfdeveloped noncircular gear CNC hobbing system.This paper proposes a hobbing method that can effectively suppress the fluctuation of the peak and whole circumference cutting force and reduce the maximum envelope error of the whole circumference gear teeth.

A precision generating hobbing method for face gear with assembly spherical hob

In order to improve the processing precision and shorten the hob manufacturing cycle of the face gear,a precision generating hobbing method for face gear with the assembly spherical hob is proposed.Firstly,the evolution of the cylindrical gear to spherical hob basic worm is analyzed,then the spherical hob basic worm is designed,thus the basic worm and spiral angle equation of spherical hob are obtained.Secondly,based on the design method of the existing hob,the development method of the assembly spherical hob is analyzed,the cutter tooth and the cutter substrate of the assembly hob are designed,and the whole assembly is finished.Thirdly,based on the need of face gear hobbing,a numerical control machine for gear hobbing is developed,and the equation of the face gear is obtained.Fourth,for reducing the face gear processing errors induced by equivalent installation errors,the error analysis model is established and the impacts of each error on the gear tooth surface are analyzed.Finally,the assembly spherical hob is manufactured and the gear hobbing test is completed.According to the measurement results,the processing parameters of face gear hobbing are modified,and the deviation of tooth surface is significantly reduced.

VARIABLE INERTIAL DAMPER AND ITS APPLICATION IN ZERO-DRIVE GEAR HOBBING MACHINE

A variable inertial damper, whose viscous damping coefficient can be adjusted by changing the gap between inertia wheel and motor spindle, is designed in servomechanism of zero-drive hobbing machine and is directly attached on the motor spindle. The mathematical model of servo system with inertial damper is built. By using theoretical analysis and system simulation, it is demonstrated that the variable inertial damper with optimal damping coefficient and moment of inertia should lead to no resonance point in wider frequency range of exciting force. Therefore, its application in zero-drive hobbing machine makes this system not only achieve higher system stiffness to overcome load torque fluctuation, but also gain better stability.

STUDY ON WEAR AND DESTRUCTION OF HOB IN GEAR HOBBING

The wear and destruction appearances of hobs are researched. The reasons ofthe wear and destruction of hob are analyzed. And the influence of the change of the hobbing forceand the hobbing temperature on the wear and destruction of hob in gear hobbing is also analyzed. Ingear hobbing, the main wear mechanisms are adhesion and ploughing when cutting the 20CrMnTi gearusing W18Cr4V high-speed steel hob.

Research on Applying Nano Cutting Oils in Spur Gear Hobbing Process

Nanolubricant mixing the normal lubricant with nanoparticles, gradually becomes a new trend study for metal cutting enhancement. An addition of the nanoparticles improves lubricating properties and convective heat transfer coefficient (cooling properties) of nanolubricants. In the present work, nanolubricant is formulated by using dispersions of 0.3% Al2O3 nanoparticles in normal industrial oil VG46 for enhancement of gear machining performance of SCM420 steel. Comparative study of flank wear, crater wear and gear profile error in gear hobbing with normal oils in the existing production line as well as nanolubricant is studied. This study clearly reveals that tool wear, and gear profile error are reduced by the use of nanolubricant compared to that of normal oils. The paper results not only contribute the deeper understanding of the novel performance of nanoparticles in conventional cutting fluids, but also show a very promising solution to achieve the engineering economy effectiveness in gear machining.

YKJ3180H Economy NC Gear Hobbing Machine

The YKJ3180H Economy NC GearHobbing Machine is a new variety,developed recently by the ChongqingMachine Tools Works to meet clients’demands. Its most prominent feature is its highproduction efficiency ( able to complete awork cycle automatically), high processingprecision (Grade 7 or higher according to theGB 10095) and its cost competitiveness. This product is used in the machinetool and machinery industries at automobiles,tractors, gears and gear box factories. It canbe used for processing spur gears and helicalgears, automatic radial feed wormwheels,tapered gears and crowning gears; so it isespecially applicable in factories usingcrowning gear couplings, such as metallurgy,mining, lifting transport and the chemicalmachinery.

Investigation of Nanofluids as Potential Cutting Fluids in Gear Hobbing Processes of AISI 4118 Steel

The present work focuses on the performance of nanofluids called CN46-NanoAl2O3.80 formulated by using dispersions of nano aluminum oxide （Al2O3） in the ISO VG46 industrial oil on machining performance during gear hobbing of AISI 4118 steel. In machining gears, hobbing is one of the most important processes, especially to produce various gear shapes for adapting to diverse applications. However, the demand for high quality brings attention to product quality, particularly the roughness of the machined gear surface because of its effect on product appearance, function, and reliability. For additional improvement, applying nanofluids may produce superior product quality, as the rolling action of billions of nanoparticle units in the tool chip interface can significantly decrease the friction led to reduce the cutting forces. In addition, the characteristics of heat transfer of nanoparticles can contribute to reduce tool wear. In this experimental study, the performance of nanolubricant compared with the case of using ordinary cutting-fluid systems in the existing production line is investigated. The experimental results reveal that the tool life of the hob is significantly enhanced of 55.2%, gear surface roughness is smaller （27.3%）, and gear accuracy is significantly increased by using the nanofluid. This result, therefore, shows a promising solution to achieve the engineering-economy effectiveness in gear machining.

STUDY ON THE CUTTING TEMPERATURE IN GEAR HOBBING

According to work tool thermocouple principle,the equipment for measuring hobbing temperature is developed.The changing character of cutting temperature in gear hobbing,the relation between cutting conditions and hobbing temperature,and the influence of cutting conditions on hobbing temperature are discussed by means of experiments.All these have provided the reference standards for the equitably selecting cutting conditions and geometrical parameter of hob,prolonging the life of gear hobs,and predicting processes of gear hobbing.

Multi-verse optimizer based parameters decision with considering tool life in dry hobbing process

Dry hobbing has received extensive attention for its environmentally friendly processing pattern.Due to the absence of lubricants,hobbing process is highly dependent on process parameters combination since using unreasonable parameters tends to affect the machining performance.Besides,the consideration of tool life is frequently ignored in gear hobbing.Thus,to settle the above issues,a multiobjective parameters decision approach considering tool life is developed.Firstly,detailed quantitative analysis between process parameters and hobbing performance,i.e.,machining time,production cost and tool life is introduced.Secondly,a multi-objective parameters decision-making model is constructed in search for optimum cutting parameters(cutting velocity v,axial feed rate f_(a))and hob parameters(hob diameter d_(0),threads z_(0)).Thirdly,a novel algorithm named multi-objective multi-verse optimizer(MOMVO)is utilized to solve the presented model.A case study is exhibited to show the feasibility and reliability of the proposed approach.The results reveal that(i)a balance can be achieved among machining time,production cost and tool life via appropriate process parameters determination;(ii)optimizing cutting parameters and hob parameters simultaneously contributes to optimal objectives;(iii)considering tool life provides usage precautions support and process parameters guidance for practical machining.

海顿《G大调钢琴奏鸣曲》(Hob.ⅩⅥ:6)中的结构布局探究

18世纪中叶,海顿创作了大量钢琴奏鸣曲,为古典主义时期奏鸣曲体裁的迅速发展做出了重要贡献。其中以《G大调钢琴奏鸣曲》(Hob.ⅩⅥ:6)为代表的19首早期钢琴奏鸣曲对奏鸣曲结构布局的确立与奏鸣曲式结构的完善产生了重要影响。

膜条酶联免疫法检测特异性IgE抗体的比对分析

目的比较酶联免疫快速膜条法与荧光酶联免疫测定法(unicap法)对9种常见血清特异性IgE抗体检测结果的吻合度,以及该膜条法按照仪器操作和手工操作结果的一致性比较,从而验证膜条法作为半定量检测sIgE抗体的有效性。方法收集来自临床科室标本80份,用仪器和手工方法同时对10种物质进行sIgE检测,分析两种不同操作方法所得结果 ;另外选取部分标本同时用膜条法仪器测定和unicap法对9种常见血清特异性IgE抗体进行检测分析。结果两种实验方法定性结果符合率较理想,对于大部分检测项目,两种操作方法定性结果一致性高。结论 HOB膜条法操作简捷,检测成本低,是一种值得推广的定性检测血清变应原特异性IgE抗体的方法。

关于二阶线性时变系统辅助函数的构造

本文应用系统的分析理论,考虑在A(t)为2×2矩阵,而其特征值一个为零,另一个为负数的情况下,根据A(t)的不同形式构选不同的l{∩yHOB函数。

利用ЛЯПУHOB函数研究某些振动的稳定性

在工程技术中,振动是一种常见的运动形式,研究它的稳定性具有重要的实际意义。本文利用第二方法,先从单摆振动入手,进而研究几种阻力是位移或者是速度的非线性关系情况下系统的稳定性。 1.单摆的无阻尼振动它所满足的微分方程为 d^2θ/dt^2+g/l sinθ=0 (1)

盘花垂头菊中两种新型倍半萜类化合物诱导人肝癌细胞SMMC-7721凋亡

[目的]为开发新型肿瘤治疗药物提供依据。[方法]通过单细胞电泳和流式细胞分析法等技术,研究2种从盘花垂头菊中分离的高含氧甜没药烯型倍半萜化合物(HOBS)对人肝癌细胞SMMC-7721的抑制作用。[结果]2种HOBS处理48 h后,SMMC-7721细胞体积变小,且出现膜泡化和凋亡小体。单细胞电泳试验表明SMMC-7721细胞经不同浓度HOBS处理后,DNA碎片在电场中呈彗星状向阳极移动,且彗星样尾迹随药物浓度的增大而增长。HOBS能以剂量依赖的方式诱导SMMC-7721细胞凋亡。当2种HOBS浓度为8μg/ml时,细胞凋亡率分别达36.7%和38.9%。凋亡率随药物浓度的增大而升高,与对照组相比有显著差异,并出现典型的凋亡峰。2种HOB可使细胞内[Ca2+]i水平升高。[结论]HOBS能诱导SMMC-7721细胞凋亡。

PROPER CONDITIONS OF MESHING FOR Hy-Vo SILENT CHAIN AND SPROCKET

Proper meshing of Hy-Vo silent chain and sprocket is important for realizing the transmission of the silent chain with more efficiency and less noise. Based on the study of the meshing theory of the Hy-Vo silent chain with the sprocket and the roll cutting machining principle of the sprocket with the hob, the proper conditions of the meshing for the Hy-Vo silent chain and the sprocket are put forward with the variable pitch characteristic of the Hy-Vo silent chain taken into consideration, and the proper meshing design method on the condition that the value of the link tooth pressure angle is unequal to the value of the sprocket tooth pressure angle is studied. Experiments show that this new design method is feasible. In addition, the design of the pitch, the sprocket tooth pressure angle and the fillet radius of the sprocket addendum circle are studied. It is crucial for guiding the design of the hob which cuts the Hy-Vo silent chain sprocket.

Improved Relief Grinding Method of Gear Hob with Equal Relief Angle

The regrinding error is the main factor affecting the eligible length of hob tooth,how to decrease the regrinding error is a hot issue in the research area of hob grinding.At present,researches focus on changing the trajectory of relief moving,because of no unified relief grinding path planning method,the research result is restricted in the practical application.For solving the problem,the calculation model of the hob relief angle is established with the Archimedes relieving motion to analyze the interaction between the increasing relief angle of the hob and the accelerating tooth profile errors.Based on it,the improved relief grinding method of gear hob is proposed with equal relief angle（ERA）.Furthermore,the relief grinding method with ERA is developed with the following two steps.Firstly,the convergence numerical solution algorithm of the tooth top curve is designed to form the wheel motion path which is compared with that of traditional grinding.The second step is to establish the solution model of ERA grinding wheel.In order to verify the effect of the method,hob grinding simulation system of 3D solid was built under the AutoCAD environment.The regrinding errors is analyzed by intercepting the hob axial profiles of the various regrinding angles with Boolean operations and further converting it to basic rack tooth,then the simulation example of zero rake straight flute hob is used to compare the regrinding errors between ERA grinding and traditional grinding.Finally,the experiments were implemented on the five-axis CNC relief grinder with the relief motion of ERA grinding driven by cam.The results of experiments show that the method can effectively reduce the regrinding errors of hob and grind expediently gear hob of AA rank and over.This research provide an effective model of relief moving path plan reducing regrinding error,and have practicable value in CNC relief grinder.

MESHING THEORY AND DESIGN METHOD OF NEW SILENT CHAIN AND SPROCKET

Based on the study of the meshing theory of a new silent chain and sprockets, and the rolling cutting theory of sprocket and hob, the harmonious relations of dominating dimensions among the new silent chain, sprocket and hob is build, the meshing conditions are expatiated, and the resolved expression, which can instruct design and calculation, is educed. The tests show that the meshing design method is feasible.

Mathematical Model and Machining Method for Spiral Flute Rake Faces of Hourglass Worm Gear Hob

To improve the cutting performance of an hourglass worm gear hob and the accuracy of the resulting worm gear,the rake angles of the teeth on the pitch circle should be reduced.A method of forming the spiral flutes by using a variable transmission ratio was developed.This method ensures that the rake angles on the indexing torus of each tooth are approximately 0°.Based on the gear meshing theory and the hourglass worm forming method,the discretization mathematical model of the rake face of a planar double enveloping worm gear hob was established by using cylindrical generating surface,and the feed parameters for machining the rake face for a variable transmission ratio were obtained.The spiral flute was simulated and the hob was machined on a four axis CNC milling machine.A contourgraph was used to measure the rake angle.The measurement results showed that the proposed method can reduce the absolute value of the rake angle on both sides of the cutting teeth,which can be used for machining the spiral flute rake face of an hourglass worm gear hob.

A Design of Forming Hods on Machining Corrected Cycloidal Gears

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Design and Machining of Combination Gear Cutter Hob

This paper takes the escapement plate of a mechanical pendulum clock as an example,analyses the design of combination form cutter hob for special profile gears, selection of parameters and calculation for tooth profile coordinates and discusses the grinding of cutter hob tooth profile on optical contour grinder.