ESTIMAING AMOUNT OF EXPLOSIVE FOR FRACTURE PLANE CONTROL BLASTING WITH NOTCHED BOREHOLES

With the development of fracture mechanics,the fracture plane control blasting with notched borcholes hascome into being.This technique is used to create a satisfactory presplit along the contour of an excavation inrock.However,the amount of explosive loaded in each hol usually is determined by trial and error.Because ofthis,two approaches estimating the amount of explosive for the blasting technique are suggested.

The Precise Methods for the Measurement of Collimator Hole Angulation and Center of Rotation of SPECT by Adaptive Quality Control Phantom

The Adaptive Quality Control Phantom (AQCP) is a computer-controlled phantom which positions and moves a radioactive source in the Field of View (FOV) of an imaging nuclear medicine device on a definite path to produce a spatial distribution of gamma rays to perform QC Tests such as the Collimator Hole Angulation (CHA) and the Center of Rotation (COR) of Single Photon Emission Computer Tomography (SPECT). The collimator hole angulation for six collimators was measured using a point source and a computer-controlled cylindrical positioning system. In this method, the displacement of the image of a point source was examined as the AQCP was moving point source vertically away from the collimator face. The results of the high-accuracy measurement method of CHA show that the measurement accuracy for absolute angulation errors is better than ±0.024°. The Root Mean Square (RMS) of CHA for LEHR, LEHS and LEUHR collimators of SMV dual heads camera and LEGP, MEGP and HEGP of GE Millennium MG were evaluated to be 0.290°, 0.292°, 0.208°, 0.154°, 0.220° and 0.202°, respectively. It is to be added in this connection that the evaluated RMS of CHA for LEHR collimator with the distance variation from the collimator’s surface ±1 mm has been varied ±0.04 degree. A new method for the center of rotation assessment by AQCP is introduced and the results of this proposed method as compared with the routine QC test and their differences are discussed in detail. We defined and measured a new parameter called Dynamic Mechanical Error (DME) for applying the gantry motion correction.

Research on control method for machining non-cylinder pin hole of piston

The control method for machining non-cylinder pin hole of piston was studied systematically. A new method was presented by embedding giant magnetostrictive material (GMM) into the tool bar proper position. The model is established to characterize the relation between control current of coil and deformation of tool rod. A series of tests on deformation of giant magnetostrictive tool bar were done and the results validated the feasibility of the principle. The methods of measuring magne- tostrictive coefficient of rare earth GMM were analyzed. The measuring device with the bias field and prestress was designed. A series of experiments were done to test magnetostrictive coefficient. Experimental results supplied accurate characteristic pa- rameter for designing application device of GMM. The constitution of the developed control system made up of displacement detection and temperature detection for thermal deformation compensation was also introduced. The developed machine tool for boring the non-cylinder pin hole of piston has the micron order accuracy. This control method can be applied to other areas for machining precision or complex parts.

Effectiveness analysis of methane-drainage by deep-hole controlled pre-splitting blasting for preventing coal and gas outburst

In the study of the application effectiveness of deep-hole controlled pre-splittingblasting technology,it was found through laboratory micro test and field study on a mine insouth China that under the technology,coal masses produce many irreversible cracks.Afterblasting,the nearer the distance from blasting hole,the larger the BET surface areaand volume ratio of the infiltration pore are;they increased by 11.47%and 5.73%,respectively.The coefficient of air permeability is increased 4 times.After 3 months,the gasdrainage rate was increased by 66%.In the first 15 days,the cumulative pumped gas was1.93 times of blasting before.The average absolute gas emission decreased by 63.46%.Experimental results show that deep-hole controlled pre-splitting blasting not only preventscoal and gas outburst,but also gives good economic results.

Vertical cavity surface emitting laser transverse mode and polarization control by elliptical hole photonic crystal

The polarization of traditional photonic crystal（PC） vertical cavity surface emitting laser（VCSEL） is uncontrollable,resulting in the bit error increasing easily.Elliptical hole photonic crystal can control the transverse mode and polarization of VCSEL efficiently.We analyze the far field divergence angle,and birefringence of elliptical hole PC VCSEL.When the ratio of minor axis to major axis b/a = 0.7,the PC VCSEL can obtain single mode and polarization.According to the simulation results,we fabricate the device successfully.The output power is 1.7 mW,the far field divergence angle is less than 10°,and the side mode suppression ratio is over 30 dB.The output power in the Y direction is 20 times that in the X direction.

Results of the Measurement of the Collimator Hole Angulation for Different Collimators of SPECT with Adaptive Quality Control Phantom

The Adaptive Quality Control Phantom (AQCP) is the computer-controlled phantom which positions and moves a radioactive source in the Field of View (FOV) of an imaging nuclear medicine device on a definite path to produce any spatial distribution of gamma rays to perform the QC Tests such as the Collimator Hole Angulation (CHA) of Single Photon Emission Computer Tomography (SPECT). The collimator hole angulation for seven collimators were measured with the method by using a point source and computer-controlled cylindrical positioning. In this method the displacement of the image of a point source examined as the AQCP move point source vertically away from the collimator face. The results of the high-accuracy measurement method of CHA show that the measurement accuracy for absolute angulation errors is better than ±0.024°. The Root Mean Square (RMS) of CHA for LEHR, LEHS, LEUHR, MEGP-250, MEGP-300, MEGP-360 and HEPH collimators of SMV dual heads camera were measured to be 0.290°, 0.292°, 0.208°, 0.194°, 0.181°, 0.177°, 0.150°, respectively. The Root Mean Square (RMS) of CHA for LEGP, MEGP and HEGP collimators of GE Millennium MG were measured to be 0.154°, 0.220° and 0.202° respectively. It is to be added in this connection that the measured RMS of CHA for LEHR collimator with the distance variation from the collimator’s surface +/– 1 mm has been varied +/– 0.04 degree.

Mechanism and practice of rock control in deep large span cut holes

Deep large span cut holes are difficult to stabilize. The 7801 cut hole in the Lu'an Wuyang Mine was used as this project's background. The main factors affecting large span cut hole stability are analyzed. Pre- stressed bolting theory was used to design a roof control method for a large span roadway. By reducing the span and applying equal strength coordinated supports the rock could be stabilized. The control prin- ciples and methods are given herein along with the analysis. A double micro arch cross section roadway is defined and its use in solving the current problem is described. Beam arch theory was used to build a model of the double micro arch cross section roadway. A support reverse force model for the arch foot intersection was also derived. A support method based upon reducing the width of the large span in the cut hole is presented. These results show that the reduced span of the roadway roof plus the use of cable anchors and single supports gives an effective way to control the large span cut hole. On site monitoring showed that the reduced span support from the double micro arch cross section roadway design had a significant effect. The roadway surface displacement was small and harmful deformation of the cut hole was effectively controlled. This will ensure its long term stability.

PROBE-HOLE FIELD EMISSION MICROSCOPE SYSTEM CONTROLLED BY COMPUTER

A probe-hole field emission microscope system,controlled by the Apple Ⅱ computer,has been developed and operated successfully for measuring the work function of a single crystalplane.The detection screen,the phototube and the amplifier are combined for measuring theprobe-hole current.The combination is calibrated and the calibrated data are used in the com-puter program.The high voltage on the viewing screen is adjusted by using a D/A converter.The total current and the probe-hole current are acquired by using an A/D converter.A programin BASIC is used for processing all data and the Fowler-Nordheim plot parameters are given.Work functions of single crystal planes can then be calculated;as examples,the work functionson the clean W(100)and W(111)planes are measured to be 4.67 eV and 4.45 eV,respectively.

煤矿防冲钻孔机器人全自主钻进系统关键技术

针对高地应力矿井钻孔卸压作业智能化程度低的技术难题,总结分析了国内外钻孔卸压技术和装备的研究现状,指出研发高性能、高可靠、高效率的防冲钻孔机器人全自主钻进系统是破解冲击地压防治难题的重要发展方向。为此,凝练了影响钻进系统性能的“孔位精准识别、钻具姿态精确感知、无线电磁随钻智能检测、钻具运行状态智能识别和钻进系统精确控制”五大关键技术,并给出了解决思路和方法。针对在复杂恶劣环境下卸压孔的精确识别问题,设计了融合图像尺寸调节和多阶段训练模式的卸压孔图像样本扩充SinGAN模型,引入多层特征融合优化的FasterRCNN,构建了基于改进SqueezeNet轻量级网络架构的孔位识别模型,以实现卸压孔位的准确快速识别;针对钻具姿态精确感知问题,提出了基于改进梯度下降法算法优化无迹卡尔曼滤波的惯性测量单元(Inertial Measurement Unit,IMU)初始对准方法,设计了多个IMU的空间阵列布局方式,研究了基于BP神经网络的钻具姿态误差补偿方法,旨在提高钻具姿态的解算精度,实现精准钻孔卸压;针对复杂地质环境下钻进工况的精确检测问题,搭建了煤矿井下随钻测量无线电磁传输系统架构,探讨了微弱电磁波信号自适应调制和随钻高速双向电磁传输技术原理,研究了孔底地质参数、几何参数和工程参数的测量原理和实现过程;针对钻进系统运行状态识别问题,构建了钻进信号时域、频域、时频域的多域特征和深度网络高级特征提取架构,提出了钻进系统关键零部件健康状态评估和故障诊断技术,构建了基于改进蝙蝠优化长短期记忆网络的卡钻风险因子预测模型,实现对卸压钻具卡钻状态的准确预测;针对钻进系统的精确控制问题,分析了钻进系统的液压系统工作原理,构建了考虑煤岩性状的钻进系统精确控制方案,探讨了基于转矩和位置的钻进系统最优控制参数求解原理,旨在实现钻进回转系统和给进系统的智能协同控制和并行作业。

周边眼偏位空孔爆破设计优化研究与应用

依据已有研究对空孔效应和设置空孔时裂纹扩展规律进行探讨,发现空孔有利于裂纹贯通,对提升爆破效果有一定帮助,但也发现传统的直线型空孔布置会导致裂纹偏向,即在空孔附近转向、偏离原发展路径,影响原设计开挖轮廓。若设置偏位空孔,则可充分利用空孔效应及导向作用以提高开挖质量。对于偏位空孔在爆破中的效应,采用数值模拟研究了不同炮孔间距、空孔偏位角下的裂纹扩展规律和炮孔间贯通情况,探讨了最优偏位角度设计,并根据模拟结果对现场爆破方案进行优化,研究实际应用效果。研究结果表明:偏位空孔对爆生裂纹具有较直线空孔更明显的导向作用,主要表现在爆生裂纹尖端向空孔本身发展或被空孔裂纹引导偏向、最终主裂纹与空孔连通或在空孔范围之外主裂纹相贯通,更利于炮孔主裂纹扩展与贯通;通过提取模拟结果并测量裂纹范围,对于孔间距在60 cm及以下时,适用于周边眼爆破设计的最优偏位角为15°,在此情况下炮孔连线方向形成了与孔心连线相平行的裂纹,能显著提升贯通效果;对于优化后的福厦铁路某隧道爆破施工方案,通过振速监测及超欠挖断面扫描分析,发现周边眼起爆引起的爆破振速降低了超过50%,超欠挖值也由平均25 cm降低至15 cm以内,整体应用效果良好。该项研究可为隧道爆破减振及超欠挖控制研究提供一定参考。

高应力扇形中深孔采场边帮控制爆破参数优化

针对扇形孔采场爆破边帮控制问题,提出了一种将靠近边帮的扇形炮孔施工成垂直平行孔用以控制边帮的构想。首先,通过理论计算得到4组平行炮孔不耦合系数与炮孔间距匹配下的模型参数,使用LS-DYNA对4组参数进行数值模拟;然后,通过对比分析4组模型在无地应力作用和不同方向地应力作用时的爆破裂纹扩展情况,获得最优参数;最后基于优化参数开展工业试验。结果表明:高地应力会促进最大应力方向爆破裂纹扩展;4种模型中,不耦合系数为1.65,炮孔间距为1.1 m时开挖区域破岩效果最为合理;在试验采场开展工业试验,使用优化后的爆破参数进行爆破,采场回采后边帮平整,稳定性较好,验证了研究结论的正确性。

软土地层三线小角度叠交盾构隧道施工影响规律及位移控制

天津地铁6号线入出段线盾构隧道上穿既有隧道,通过现场实测和数值模拟对既有隧道结构变形规律、变形影响因素、不同变形控制措施的效果进行了研究。结果表明:盾构上穿过程中既有隧道竖向位移整体呈现出隆起-沉降-隆起的变化规律;刀盘距叠交部位断面距离L=2.0D(D为隧道直径)时,叠交部位断面轴力达到最大值,L=0~2.0D时,叠交部位断面弯矩逐渐由L≤0时的横8字形转变为L≥2.0D时的三叶草形;新建隧道与既有隧道的叠交角度在15°~60°、竖向净距小于1.0D时,既有隧道竖向位移受新建隧道影响较大,实际工程中应使叠交角度大于60°,竖向净距大于1.0D;设置支撑台车后,支撑台车影响范围约为2倍台车长度,在影响范围内横断面位移得到控制,但随着支撑台车离开,原来位置处对位移的控制效果逐渐消失;与不注浆相比,深孔注浆加固后既有隧道竖向位移最大值和水平位移最大值分别减小了67.4%、76.0%。

膨润土基矿物材料特性与煤矿典型灾害治理(Ⅱ):工程应用实践

为了探索膨润土基系列治灾材料在不同煤矿灾害场景下的应用效果,改性研究实现全周期触变封堵新生裂隙的瓦斯钻孔液相封堵材料,高保水、强隔氧的复合纳基膨润土类防灭火材料,高潮湿环境下分散性好且不易结块的抗团聚-结壳粉体抑爆材料,导热系数低、吸附性强、回弹量小的深井巷道隔热层材料和多孔性增强的改进型吸附井下有毒害气体净化材料,并进行工程应用实践。结果表明:膨润土基改性材料具有良好的治灾效果,在煤矿灾害治理中取得较为突出的应用价值。

CFRP制孔过程中轴向力自适应控制仿真及实验研究

钻削轴向力的大小和碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(Carbon fiberrein-forced plastic, CFRP)制孔质量的好坏密切相关,为合理调控轴向力来减少制孔缺陷,开展了CFRP制孔过程中轴向力的自适应控制仿真及实验研究。首先,开展CFRP钻削试验,对轴向力及制孔质量进行了定量研究。其次,根据CFRP钻入、稳定钻削及钻出阶段不同加工特性建立了轴向力三阶段模型。最后,基于模糊逻辑及所建模型进行了轴向力自适应控制仿真及实验研究。结果表明:利用模糊逻辑控制算法结合CFRP加工特性,对制孔过程中轴向力进行智能调控是可行的;此外,根据仿真信息调控轴向力可有效降低制孔缺陷、提升孔壁质量。该研究为大厚度碳纤维复合材料制孔过程中轴向力的智能调控提供了新的思路。

基于声学黑洞波动控制技术的槽型轨动力吸振器减振降噪特性研究

轨道交通引起的环境振动噪声问题持续增加,即使目前具有多种控制效果良好的减振降噪措施,但仍有望做进一步的提升。在该研究中提出了一种新型的槽型轨道动力吸振器,将声学黑洞波动控制技术与动力吸振原理相结合。该吸振器设计的目标是保证主结构强度与刚度的前提下,采用附加的声学黑洞阻尼振子作为吸能单元,对主结构的振动能量进行传递、吸收与耗散。为了研究声学黑洞型动力吸振器对槽型轨道振动特性和声辐射特性的影响,利用仿真分析对不同类型的动力吸振器下槽型轨道的位移导纳和振动衰减率进行了评估;采用滚动噪声预测模型计算分析了声学黑洞型动力吸振器的降噪效果并探究了其参数对轮轨振动噪声的影响规律。结果表明:槽型轨在800~1000 Hz频段内的一阶pinned-pinned在未采取措施的情况下振动响应显著,振动衰减率仅为0.68 dB/m,在安装了声学黑洞型动力吸振器之后轨道结构的振动衰减率上升到1.80 dB/m,提高率可达265%。

周边空孔与炮孔间距对爆破时围岩断裂损伤的影响

为探究周边空孔与炮孔间距对爆破时围岩裂纹扩展和损伤的影响机制,在理论分析炮孔间距对斜入射应力波反射以及卸载波对围岩应力分布影响的基础上,结合数值模型,分析有、无周边空孔和不同炮孔间距爆破时围岩断裂、损伤的变化。结果表明:空孔与炮孔间距是发挥空孔效应的关键因素。间距较小,炸药能量利用率降低,无法发挥空孔对裂纹扩展的导向作用,围岩爆破损伤严重;间距较大,空孔对应力波的反射作用减弱,空孔效应不足以使两孔之间的裂纹相互贯通,无法满足开挖要求;炮孔间距为800~1000 mm时的爆破效果最佳。空孔的增设可将爆破的炮孔间距扩大30%。

基于深度强化学习的机器人轴孔装配策略仿真研究

针对现有轴孔装配方法存在的依赖于精确的接触状态模型、数据采集困难、采样效率低、安全性差等问题,提出了一种基于DRL的机器人轴孔装配策略仿真研究方法。搭建了基于ROSGazebo机器人轴孔装配仿真环境,提出了基于最小二乘法对力/力矩传感器进行重力补偿的方法;基于RL的范式对轴孔装配问题建模,并提出了一种基于SAC(soft actor-critic)算法的机器人轴孔装配方法;通过ROS建立了仿真环境与深度强化学习算法的通信机制。实验结果表明:该算法能够使机器人自主且柔顺地完成轴孔装配任务,并具有较好的泛化性。

底部钻具组合力学性能分析及优化

深井段复杂地层倾角大,井斜控制难度大,严重影响了安全钻进。为准确控制井眼轨迹,提高钻具的造斜能力,采用纵横弯曲梁法建立力学计算模型,分析井眼曲率、地层倾角、各跨长度和外径、柔性短节、稳定器外径、翼肋推力、钻压和井斜角等因素对多种底部钻具组合力学性能的影响,优化底部钻具组合。研究结果表明:弯螺杆相比于直螺杆有更好的防斜纠斜能力,更适合在深部造斜力强的地层使用;当方位角在25°与205°时地层侧向力最小;定向井段井眼曲率对2种螺杆钻具组合的导向力影响最大,井斜角次之,钻压影响较小;翼肋推力对弯螺杆推靠式旋转导向钻具组合(RSBHA)的造斜力和造斜性能影响最为显著,钻压次之,井斜角的影响较小。研究结果可为复杂地层井斜规律的研究和控制提供参考依据,钻井工具的合理组合及优化对减少井斜问题、顺利完钻起着重要作用。

煤矿井下三段式自动封孔器结构设计

针对传统封孔器自动化程度低和现有自动封孔器安全性低、封孔器下放与注料不连续等问题,分析了自动封孔器的功能需求与安全需求,提出三段式自动封孔器方案。设计了封孔器同轴接扣机构、钻孔封堵机构、自动注料流道和动密封机构等关键机构。制作样机并开展了室内封孔实验。实验显示,钻孔封堵机构可自动封堵模拟钻孔,封孔料可自动注入模拟钻孔中完成封孔,三段式自动封孔器方案合理,具有可行性。

深基坑爆破减振孔作用下围护桩结构减振效应研究

基坑开挖爆破过程中振动荷载易对围护桩结构造成影响,临近围护桩结构预设爆破减振孔是重要控制手段。为评价爆破减振孔作用下围护桩结构的减振效应,以武汉地铁7号线巨龙大道站基坑爆破工程为背景,通过现场振动监测分析获得围护桩结构顶部振动速度;利用LS-DYNA软件建立基坑爆破数值计算模型,在结合现场监测数据验证计算模型及参数可靠性的基础上,采用控制变量法设计减振孔参数组合计算方案,计算分析各参数对减振效应的影响规律;提出围护桩结构稳定性的安全判据,在最优减振孔减振方案下,分析围护桩结构动力响应特征,并实现其现场工程应用检验。研究结果表明:减振孔的减振效应与减振孔的孔径、孔深、孔距和排数都存在相关性,其中减振孔的孔深、孔距和排数对减振效应的影响较大,而减振孔孔径对减振效应的影响较小;围护桩结构爆破振动速度安全判据为26.10 cm/s;以孔径为100 mm、间距为0.2 m、孔深为0.7 m的双排梅花型减振孔为优化设计方案,在此方案下,围护桩上最大振速为25.57 cm/s,小于爆破振速安全判据。