Influence of topography on the fine structures of stratospheric gravity waves:An analysis using COSMIC-2 temperature data

We derive the potential energy of gravity waves(GWs)in the upper troposphere and stratosphere at 45°S-45°N from December 2019 to November 2022 by using temperature profiles retrieved from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology,Ionosphere,and Climate-2(COSMIC-2)satellite.Owing to the dense sampling of COSMIC-2,in addition to the strong peaks of gravity wave potential energy(GWPE)above the Andes and Tibetan Plateau,we found weak peaks above the Rocky,Atlas,Caucasus,and Tianshan Mountains.The land-sea contrast is responsible for the longitudinal variations of the GWPE in the lower and upper stratosphere.At 40°N/S,the peaks were mainly above the topographic regions during the winter.At 20°N/S,the peaks were a slight distance away from the topographic regions and might be the combined effect of nontopographic GWs and mountain waves.Near the Equator,the peaks were mainly above the regions with the lowest sea level altitude and may have resulted from convection.Our results indicate that even above the local regions with lower sea level altitudes compared with the Andes and Tibetan Plateau,the GWPE also exhibits fine structures in geographic distributions.We found that dissipation layers above the tropopause jet provide the body force to generate secondary waves in the upper stratosphere,especially during the winter months of each hemisphere and at latitudes of greater than 20°N/S.

Influence of Topography on the Distribution and Structure of Woody Plants in the Senegalese Sahel (Sandy Ferlo)

This study describes the floristic composition and structure of a woody stand in the Senegalese Sahel, paying particular attention to the edaphic factors of its floristic composition. A stratified inventory considering the different relief units was adopted. Woody vegetation was surveyed using a dendrometric approach. The results obtained show that the flora is dominated by a few species adapted to drought, such as Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del., Calotropis procera Ait. and Boscia senegalensis (Pers.). The distribution of this flora and the structure of the ligneous plants are linked to the topography. In the lowlands, the flora is more diversified and the ligneous plants reach their optimum level of development compared with the higher relief areas. In the lowlands, there are a few woody species which, in the past, were indicative of better climatic conditions. These are Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.), Commiphora africana (A. Rich.), Feretia apodanthera Del., Loeseneriella africana (A. Smith), Mitragyna inermis (Willd.) and Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich). It is important that their reintroduction into reforestation projects takes account of their edaphic preference.

Substrate topography as a powerful tool to modify glial cell biology and interactions

Traumatic injuries to the central nervous system(CNS) result in disruption of the intricate network of axons which connect functionally related neurons that are widely distributed throughout the brain and spinal cord.Under normal conditions,maintenance of this complex system is structurally and functionally supported by astrocytes (ACs)and other glial cells,the processes of which form a framework surrounding neuronal cell bodies,dendrites,axons,and synapses.

The effect of topographic density variations on the geoid and orthometric heights in Hong Kong

Utilizing the adopted average topographic density of 2670 kg/m^(3)in the reduction of gravity anomalies introduces errors attributed to topographic density variations,which consequently affect geoid modeling accuracy.Furthermore,the mean gravity along the plumbline within the topography in the definition of Helmert orthometric heights is computed approximately by applying the Poincar e-Prey gravity reduction where the topographic density variations are disregarded.The Helmert orthometric heights of benchmarks are then affected by errors.These errors could be random or systematic depending on the specific geological setting of the region where the leveling network is physically established and/or the geoid model is determined.An example of systematic errors in orthometric heights can be given for large regions characterized by sediment or volcanic deposits,the density of which is substantially lower than the adopted topographic density used in Helmert's definition of heights.The same applies to geoid modeling errors.In this study,we investigate these errors in the Hong Kong territory,where topographic density is about 20%lower than the density of 2670 kg/m^(3).We use the digital rock density model to estimate the effect of topographic density variations on the geoid and orthometric heights.Our results show that this effect on the geoid and Helmert orthometric heights reach maxima of about 2.1 and 0.5 cm,respectively.Both results provide clear evidence that rock density models are essential in physical geodesy applications involving gravimetric geoid modeling and orthometric height determination despite some criticism that could be raised regarding the reliability of these density models.However,in regions dominated by sedimentary and igneous rocks,the geological information is essential in these applications because topographic densities are substantially lower than the average density of 2670 kg/m^(3),thus introducing large systematic errors in geoid and orthometric heights.

Sedimentary architecture of submarine channel-lobe systems under different seafloor topography:Insights from the Rovuma Basin offshore East Africa

Seafloor topography plays an important role in the evolution of submarine lobes.However,it is still not so clear how the shape of slope affects the three-dimensional(3-D)architecture of submarine lobes.In this study,we analyze the effect of topography factors on different hierarchical lobe architectures that formed during Pliocene to Quaternary in the Rovuma Basin offshore East Africa.We characterize the shape,size and growth pattern of different hierarchical lobe architectures using 3-D seismic data.We find that the relief of the topographic slope determines the location of preferential deposition of lobe complexes and single lobes.When the topography is irregular and presents topographic lows,lobe complexes first infill these depressions.Single lobes are deposited preferentially at positions with higher longitudinal(i.e.across-slope)slope gradients.As the longitudinal slope becomes higher,the aspect ratio of the single lobes increases.Lateral(i.e.along-slope)topography does not seem to have a strong influence on the shape of single lobe,but it seems to affect the overlap of single lobes.When the lateral slope gradient is relatively high,the single lobes tend to have a larger overlap surface.Furthermore,as the average of lateral slope and longitudinal slope gets greater,the width/thickness ratio of the single lobe is smaller,i.e.sediments tend to accumulate vertically.The results demonstrate that the shape of slopes more comprehensively influences the 3-D architecture of lobes in natural deep-sea systems than previously other lobe deposits and analogue experiments,which helps us better understand the development and evolution of the distal parts of turbidite systems.

Unveiling three-dimensional sea surface signatures caused by internal solitary waves:insights from the surface water ocean topography mission

Internal solitary waves(ISW),characterized by large amplitude and long propagation distance,are widespread in global oceans.While remote sensing images have played an essential role in studying ISWs,they mainly exploit two-dimensional image information.However,with the launch of the surface water ocean topography(SWOT)satellite on December 16,2022,a unique opportunity has emerged to capture wide-swath three-dimensional ISW-induced sea surface information.In this study,we examine ISWs in the Andaman Sea using data from the Ka-band Radar Interferometer(KaRIN),a crucial sensor onboard SWOT.KaRIN not only provides backscattering satellite images but also employs synthetic aperture interferometry techniques to retrieve wide-swath two-dimensional sea surface height measurements.Our observations in the Andaman Sea revealed the presence of ISWs characterized by dark-bright strips and surface elevation solitons.The surface soliton has an amplitude of 0.32 m,resulting in an estimation of ISW amplitude of approximately 60 m.In contrast to traditional two-dimensional satellite images or nadir-looking altimetry data,the SWOT mission’s capability to capture threedimensional sea surface information represents a significant advancement.This breakthrough holds substantial promise for ISW studies,particularly in the context of ISW amplitude inversion.

GNSS Technology’s Contribution to Topography: Evaluative Study of Gaps between Methods Topographies

New information and communication technologies have led to the emergence of new techniques in our daily lives. Indeed, in topography, a lightning development of new techniques and new devices has been noticed. This development has given rise to a multitude of choices of devices and various classes of precision. This implies that the decision-makers have to study the adequate equipment and the appropriate technique according to the topographic task to be realized. The objective is not to compare GNSS and topographic techniques, but to point out the contribution of the Global Navigation Satelite System (GNSS) techniques of topographic work. Thus, a theoretical study with a critical eye on the scientific principle of calculating the third topographic dimension followed by a leveling campaign, Real Time Kinematic (RTK) surveys will be used in order to be able to compare and interpret the result from these campaigns. The study of the difference resulting from the practical campaigns will allow us to identify the contribution of GNSS technology.

Shallow sea topography detection using fully Polarimetric Gaofen-3 SAR data based on swell patterns

Compared to single-polarization synthetic aperture radar(SAR)data,fully polarimetric SAR data can provide more detailed information of the sea surface,which is important for applications such as shallow sea topography detection.The Gaofen-3 satellite provides abundant polarimetric SAR data for ocean research.In this paper,a shallow sea topography detection method was proposed based on fully polarimetric Gaofen-3 SAR data.This method considers swell patterns and only requires SAR data and little prior knowledge of the water depth to detect shallow sea topography.Wave tracking was performed based on preprocessed fully polarimetric SAR data,and the water depth was then calculated considering the wave parameters and the linear dispersion relationships.In this paper,four study areas were selected for experiments,and the experimental results indicated that the polarimetric scattering parameterαhad higher detection accuracy than quad-polarization images.The mean relative errors were 14.52%,10.30%,12.56%,and 12.90%,respectively,in the four study areas.In addition,this paper also analyzed the detection ability of this model for different topographies,and the experiments revealed that the topography could be well recognized when the topography gradient is small,the topography gradient direction is close to the wave propagation direction,and the isobath line is regular.

Research on Representative Engineering Applications of Anemometer Towers Location in Complex TopographyWind Resource Assessment

The typical location and number of anemometer towers in the assessed area are the key to the accuracy of wind resource assessment in complex topography.As calculation examples,this paper used two typical complex topography wind farms in Guangxi,Yunnan province in China.Firstly,we simulated the wind resource status of the anemometer tower in the Meteodyn WT software.Secondly,we compared the simulated wind resource with the actual measured data by the anemometer tower in the same situation.Thirdly,we analyzed the influence of anemometer tower location and quantity in the accuracy of wind resource assessment through the comparison results.The results showed that the range which the anemometer tower can represent is limited(<5 kilometers),and the prediction error more than 5%.Besides,the anemometer towers in special terrain areas(such as wind acceleration areas)cannot be used as a representative choice.The relative error of the simulated average annual wind speed by choose different number of anemometer towers is about 4%,and the grid-connected power generation more than 6%.The representative effect of anemometer towers is of crucial for improving the accuracy of wind resource assessment in engineering applications.

Evaluating the effects of topographical factors on the precipitation simulated by kilometer-scale versus quarter-degree dynamical downscaling models in eastern China

与传统的1/4度(≈25-30 km)动力降尺度模拟相比,公里尺度模拟的降水空间分布与观测结果更为接近.为了研究这一差异原因,本研究以华东地区为例,探究了地形因子在观测和模拟的降水中的作用.为了更好地体现地形因子对降水分布非均匀性的影响,以及不同地形因子作用的尺度差异,本研究采用多尺度地理加权回归模型,对五个主要地形因子与公里尺度和1/4度分辨率模拟的降水的关系进行了评估.基于观测数据的研究结果显示地形起伏度,地形高程和离海岸线距离对华东地区降水分布的非均匀性都有重要影响,其中地形起伏度在研究区大部分站点降水分布中起主导作用;公里尺度模拟结果基本反映了地形起伏度的主导作用;而1/4度模拟结果表现出降水对地形高程的过度依赖.本研究揭示了公里尺度地形分布对中国东部降水的非均匀分布的关键作用,研究结果可以为改进降水模拟提供新的思路.

俯仰式播种单体仿形性能检测试验台设计与试验

为解决播种单体仿形机构性能难以检测的问题,设计了俯仰式播种单体仿形性能检测试验台。阐述了试验台组成结构与工作原理,对其高速传动系统、液压升降系统、监控系统以及关键部件参数进行设计。应用ANSYS软件对台架整体和关键部件进行静力学分析和模态分析,验证结构设计的合理性。为检验俯仰式播种单体仿形性能检测试验台的实际检测效果,以德邦大为1205型牵引式免耕精量播种机播种单体为研究对象,先以液压杆伸出量与传送带速度为试验因素,以监控系统误差为评价指标进行试验。试验得出,在液压杆伸出量为0~200 mm范围内,监控系统角度传感器最大误差为0.69 mm;在传送带速度8~19 km/范围内,光电编码器最大误差为0.18 km/h。确认监控系统准确性后,再以单体速度为试验因素,采集速度8、10、12 km/h下地块的起伏数据为目标曲线,以地形起伏模拟曲线的绝对误差平均值为指标进行单因素试验,试验得出,所设计的试验台可有效模拟田间地面的起伏频率与起伏量,绝对误差平均值为1.86 mm,满足播种单体仿形性能检测需求。

切削速度对某新型易切削钢切屑形态及加工表面形貌影响

为了明确切削速度对某新型易切削钢切屑形态及加工表面形貌的影响规律,开展了不同切削速度下某新型易切钢的切削试验,研究切屑形态和已加工表面形貌并分析其产生原因。结果表明:宏观上,在切削速度大于150 m/min时,该易切削钢切屑以短管螺旋状为主,当切削速度小于150 m/min时,切屑以发条状和破断弧形为主,形成锯齿形切屑的临界切削速度大约在200 m/min;切削速度影响切屑底面形貌,在低速切削时,切屑底面较多大小不一的撕裂状凹坑、沟槽,当切削速度增大至200 m/min时,能够形成表面较光滑的切屑底面;低速切削该易切削钢时,工件表面粗糙度较大,3D形貌显示波峰高度、波谷深度也均较大,随着切削速度的增加,粗糙度减小,3D形貌亦趋于平缓。

起伏地形多道面波分析方法

传统多道面波分析方法不适用于起伏地形条件,限制了其的应用场景.首先,基于聚束分析原理,提出了一种适用于地表起伏、地层界面水平的地质模型的多道面波频散曲线正演方法.数值分析结果表明,相对基于水平地形假设的传统频散曲线正演方法,本文方法正演的频散曲线与模拟地震记录提取的频散曲线吻合度更高.其次,提出以地层横波速度和地层界面高程为反演参数的反演策略,实现起伏地形多道面波频散曲线反演.通过起伏地形下模拟地震记录反演结果可知,相比传统多道面波分析方法,利用本文建立的起伏地形多道面波分析方法获得的横波速度剖面与地质模型一致性更好,验证了方法的有效性.

宽频段振动干扰不敏感的白光干涉测量

传统白光干涉测量方法对振动干扰非常敏感,振动干扰会引起扫描步长误差,进而降低白光干涉的测量精度。为抑制振动干扰的影响,提出一种三点反正弦的白光干涉测量算法。三点反正弦法将干涉图序列中每相邻三幅分为一组,利用扫描过程中干涉条纹连续移动的特点,从每组干涉图的有效条纹区域计算出相移偏差,进而得到每幅干涉图的实际扫描步长。基于计算的实际扫描步长,构建了非等步长的调制度与相位最小二乘计算方法,并重构表面高度。由于计算步长仅利用三幅干涉图,三点反正弦法频段响应宽,能够探测快变、大幅的扫描步长误差。仿真和实验证实,在振动干扰下三点反正弦法能获得高达0.5%的测量准确性(台阶高度为10μm),并适合多种类构型表面形貌的测量。理论分析和实验表明,三点反正弦法能够抑制多种形式扫描步长误差的影响,适用于宽频段振动干扰下的白光干涉测量。

河南省近30年分级短时强降水时空分布特征分析

利用1992-2021年4-10月河南省101个台站逐时降水资料并结合地形,统计分析了河南省不同量级短时强降水的时空演变特征及其与地形的关系。结果表明:(1)R1h≥20 mm·h^(-1)的短时强降水和3个不同量级的短时强降水频次分布均呈东多西少的分布特征,短时强降水和[20 mm·h^(-1),50mm·h^(-1))量级的短时强水出现的频次均呈南多北少的分布特征,[50 mm·h^(-1),80 mm·h^(-1))量级的短时强水出现的频次表现为南北之间差别不大,而[80 mm·h^(-1),+∞)量级的短时强水出现的频次呈南少北多的分布特征。各月短时强降水频次的空间分布为东多西少,7月、8月和10月南北之间差别不大,其他月份呈南多北少的分布特征。(2)短时强降水年际变化差别大,月变化呈单峰型,6月下旬-8月上旬是各量级短时强降水多发时段。(3)短时强降水频次日变化分布呈双峰型,16-21时的发生频次最高,00-05时的次之,09-14时的最低。6-8月短时强降水频次的日变化特征呈双峰型,其他月份的双峰特征不明显。4-10月16-21时出现日峰值的站点最多,00-05时的次之,空间分布呈东大西小、南大北小的分布特征,各月00-05时出现日峰值的站数最多,16-21时的次之。(4)最大雨强和短时强降水量的占比均呈东高西低、北高南低的分布特征。(5)短时强降水的空间分布、日变化空间分布、最大雨强高值区和短时强降水量占比等均与河南省地形关系密切,地形对短时强降水有增(减)幅作用。

基于历史地形学的古典园林复原方法研究:以16世纪无锡寄畅园为例

地形是古典园林的基底。本文提出“历史地形学”的古典园林复原方法,旨在通过复原历史地形进而推测复原园林布局及细部做法,于历史研究而言可补充历史文献不足、填补研究空缺时段,于园林设计实践而言更可解析园景变迁机制、促进传统造园手段得以灵活运用。本文以无锡寄畅园为例,从园址所在惠山的水文与地形条件出发,结合历史文献推断园内历史地形,从历史地形学的角度推演该园于16世纪明代初创及历次改建动作的可能性,对照历史文献运用排除法确定历史改建做法,完整清晰地呈现了一座园林在自然和人工的双重作用下不断演进、发展的鲜活面貌,可为当今城镇及风景建设中如何借自然之力、成人巧之景提供历史经验与借鉴。

TC4钛合金侧铣加工表面形貌分析及工艺参数优化

TC4钛合金是1种典型的不易加工材料,其切削加工表面质量很难控制。为实现面向侧铣加工表面形貌的切削工艺参数优选,开展了TC4钛合金侧铣加工实验研究。首先,探究了加工表面微观缺陷特征及其形成机制;然后,采用粗糙度参数R_(a)和S_(a)对铣削表面形貌进行定量表征,并分析了切削速度、进给量和切削深度对表面粗糙度参数的影响;最后,基于遗传算法(GeneticAlgorithm,GA)对铣削工艺参数进行了优化。研究发现,加工表面微观缺陷主要有进给刀痕等固有缺陷和黏附颗粒等随机缺陷。铣削表面粗糙度随主轴转速的增大先减小后增大;随径向切深的增大先增大后减小;随进给量先增大后减小。在主轴转速n=1093r/min、径向切深a_(e)=0.2mm、每转进给量f=0.06mm/r的条件下可以获得较小的表面粗糙度。

山地地震勘探中的静校正对成像质量的影响及改进策略

在山地地震勘探中,地震数据常常被校正到固定基准面上进行偏移成像,从而造成成像失真。本文从数学上直接推导公式,证明了静校正后从基准面进行偏移会造成倾角误差;通过山地起伏地表正演模型,说明了静校正后从基准面偏移会扭曲波场,导致严重的偏移成像失真。此外,应用四川南部山区的实际案例,分别从基准面偏移及从起伏地表偏移,叠前时间偏移和深度偏移结果均表明,在复杂的山地地形中,剧烈的高差变化会导致固定基准面偏移成像失真,应用起伏地表偏移能改进山地地震勘探资料的成像质量。本文的研究结果对理论研究和实际地震数据处理具有重要意义。

地形地貌变化对调水调沙期间黄河口沉积格局的影响

自2002年实施调水调沙以来,由于入海径流、沉积物的通量和组成发生变化,黄河现行河口三角洲叶瓣不断向海淤积造陆,水下三角洲坡度变陡。地形地貌变化对调水调沙期间入海泥沙沉积格局的影响成为黄河口研究的重要科学问题。本文基于Delft3D模型系统,利用岸线、水深和河流水沙数据构建三维水沙数值模型,对2002年、2008年、2014年和2019年调水调沙期间现行河口近岸海域泥沙的输运和沉积过程进行模拟。结果表明,随着水深、岸线的变化,黄河口近岸海域动力环境增强,泥沙的横向输运增强,纵向输运相应减弱;进而导致黄河入海泥沙堆积体的横向长度增加约30%,纵向长度减小约27%,厚度、形态也相应变化。本研究揭示了地形地貌变化条件下,黄河调水调沙期间入海泥沙在河口的沉积格局及动力机制,对深入理解黄河口近岸海域水动力-地貌耦合系统有重要参考价值。

塞斯纳172飞机发动机机匣脉冲激光清洗工艺研究

针对航空发动机机匣表面除漆需求,采用纳秒脉冲激光开展了塞斯纳172飞机发动机机匣表面漆层的激光清洗研究。通过对机匣除漆区域的表面形貌及粗糙度进行分析,探究了激光能量密度与扫描速度对机匣表面漆层清洗效果的影响规律,确定了机匣激光除漆最佳工艺参数,并对机匣除漆后的表面质量、显微硬度及粗糙度进行综合评估。结果表明,能量密度和扫描速度均显著影响机匣除漆质量,能量密度18.33 J/cm^(2)、扫描速度1600 mm/s时,可实现除漆率98.7%,表面粗糙度S_(a)为2.48μm,机匣本身未损伤,表面显微硬度提升1.9%,满足机匣表面除漆质量要求。研究结果为发动机机匣激光除漆提供了理论与技术支持。