Research on thermal insulation materials properties under HTHP conditions for deep oil and gas reservoir rock ITP-Coring

Deep oil and gas reservoirs are under high-temperature conditions,but traditional coring methods do not consider temperature-preserved measures and ignore the influence of temperature on rock porosity and permeability,resulting in distorted resource assessments.The development of in situ temperaturepreserved coring(ITP-Coring)technology for deep reservoir rock is urgent,and thermal insulation materials are key.Therefore,hollow glass microsphere/epoxy resin thermal insulation materials(HGM/EP materials)were proposed as thermal insulation materials.The materials properties under coupled hightemperature and high-pressure(HTHP)conditions were tested.The results indicated that high pressures led to HGM destruction and that the materials water absorption significantly increased;additionally,increasing temperature accelerated the process.High temperatures directly caused the thermal conductivity of the materials to increase;additionally,the thermal conduction and convection of water caused by high pressures led to an exponential increase in the thermal conductivity.High temperatures weakened the matrix,and high pressures destroyed the HGM,which resulted in a decrease in the tensile mechanical properties of the materials.The materials entered the high elastic state at 150℃,and the mechanical properties were weakened more obviously,while the pressure led to a significant effect when the water absorption was above 10%.Meanwhile,the tensile strength/strain were 13.62 MPa/1.3%and 6.09 MPa/0.86%at 100℃ and 100 MPa,respectively,which meet the application requirements of the self-designed coring device.Finally,K46-f40 and K46-f50 HGM/EP materials were proven to be suitable for ITP-Coring under coupled conditions below 100℃ and 100 MPa.To further improve the materials properties,the interface layer and EP matrix should be optimized.The results can provide references for the optimization and engineering application of materials and thus technical support for deep oil and gas resource development.

Finite deformation analysis of the rotating cylindrical hollow disk composed of functionally-graded incompressible hyper-elastic material

The deformations and stresses of a rotating cylindrical hollow disk made of incompressible functionally-graded hyper-elastic material are theoretically analyzed based on the finite elasticity theory.The hyper-elastic material is described by a new micro-macro transition model.Specially,the material shear modulus and density are assumed to be a function with a power law form through the radial direction,while the material inhomogeneity is thus reflected on the power index m.The integral forms of the stretches and stress components are obtained.With the obtained complicated integral forms,the composite trapezoidal rule is utilized to derive the analytical solutions,and the explicit solutions for both the stretches and the stress components are numerically obtained.By comparing the results with two classic models,the superiority of the model in our work is demonstrated.Then,the distributions of the stretches and normalized stress components are discussed in detail under the effects of m.The results indicate that the material inhomogeneity and the rotating angular velocity have significant effects on the distributions of the normalized radial and hoop stress components and the stretches.We believe that by appropriately choosing the material inhomogeneity and configuration parameters,the functionally-graded material(FGM)hyper-elastic hollow cylindrical disk can be designed to meet some unique requirements in the application fields,e.g.,soft robotics,medical devices,and conventional aerospace and mechanical industries.

Template-Free Synthesis of Sb_2S_3 Hollow Microspheres as Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Batteries

Hierarchical Sb_2S_3 hollow microspheres assembled by nanowires have been successfully synthesized by a simple and practical hydrothermal reaction. The possible formation process of this architecture was investigated by X-ray diffraction, focused-ion beam-scanning electron microscopy dual-beam system, and transmission electron microscopy. When used as the anode material for lithium-ion batteries, Sb_2S_3 hollow microspheres manifest excellent rate property and enhanced lithium-storage capability and can deliver a discharge capacity of 674 m Ah g^(-1) at a current density of 200 m A g^(-1) after 50 cycles. Even at a high currentdensity of 5000 m A g^(-1), a discharge capacity of541 m Ah g^(-1) is achieved. Sb_2S_3 hollow microspheres also display a prominent sodium-storage capacity and maintain a reversible discharge capacity of 384 m Ah g^(-1) at a current density of 200 m A g^(-1) after 50 cycles. The remarkable lithium/sodium-storage property may be attributed to the synergetic effect of its nanometer size and three-dimensional hierarchical architecture, and the outstanding stability property is attributed to the sufficient interior void space,which can buffer the volume expansion.

Preparation of Near IR Reflective Materials via Hollow Ballotini Enwrapped by TiO_2

Near IR reflective functional material was made via hollow ballotini enwrapped by TiO2 according to IR reflective principles. Metatitanic acid covers on the surface of hollow ballotini through electrostatic attraction as pH is less than 2.5. The results of SEM and XRD spectrum show that TiO2 enwraps hollow ballotini well and the crystal form is anatase. When TiO2 covering thickness is below 0.5 μm, reflectance swells along with the increase of thickness, whereas above 0.5 μm it keeps stable. Coatings made from mixing enwrapped I-IB with styrene-acrylic latex were coated on aluminum foil, and reflectances were mensurated. It is found that reflectance keeps stable when the coating can wrap the base and reflectances of the coating in visible range and in near IR range are 86% and 81%, resoectively.

Toward High Capacity and Stable SnO_(2)Hollow Nanosphere Electrode Materials:A Case Study of Ni-substituted Modification

To develop the urgent requirement for high-rate electrodes in next-generation lithium-ion batteries,SnO_(2)-based negative materials have been spotlighted as potential alternatives.However,the intrinsic problems,such as conspicuous volume variation and unremarkable conductivity,make the rate capability behave badly at a high-current density.Here,to solve these issues,this work demonstrate a new and facile strategy for synergistically enhancing their cyclic stability by combining the advantages of Ni doping and the fabrication of hollow nanosphere.Specifically,the incorporation of Ni^(2+)ions into the tetragonal rutile-type SnO_(2)shellsimproves the charge transfer kinetics effectively,leading to an excellent cycling stability.In addition,the growth of surface grains on the hollow nanospheres are restrained after Ni doping,which also reduces theunexpected polarization of negative electrodes.As a result,the as-prepared Ni doped electrode delivers a remarkable reversible capacity of 712 mAh g^(-1)at 0.1 A g^(-1)and exhibits outstanding capacity of 340 mAh g^(-1)at 1.6 A g^(-1),about 2.58 times higher than that of the pure SnO_(2)hollow sample.

Preparation and Properties of TiO2-Coated Hollow Glass Microspheres as Thermal Insulation Materials for Energy-Saving Buildings

A hollow glass microsphere(HGM)/TiO2 composite hollow sphere was successfully prepared via a simple precipitation method.The TiO2 coating layers grew on the surface of the HGMs that range from 20 to 50μm in diameter as nanoparticles with the formation of the SiO Ti bonds.The growth mechanism accounting for the formation of the TiO2 nanolayers was proposed.The morphology,composition,thermal insulation properties,and visible-near infrared(VIS-NIR)refl ectance of the HGMs/TiO2 composite hollow spheres were characterized.The VIS-NIR reflectance of the HGMs/TiO2 composite hollow spheres increased by more than 30%compared to raw HGMs.The thermal conductivity of the particles is 0.058 W/(m K).The result indicates that the VIS-NIR reflectance of the composite hollow spheres is strongly influenced by the coating of TiO2.The composite hollow spheres were used as the main functional filler to prepare the organic-inorganic composite coatings.The glass substrates coated by the organic-inorganic coatings had lower thermal conductivity and higher near infrared reflectivity.Therefore,the HGMs/TiO2 composite hollow spheres can reflect most of the solar energy and effectively keep out the heat as a thermal insulation coating for energy-saving constructions.

Finite element simulations on the mechanical properties of MHS materials

Finite element simulations are carried out to examine the mechanical behavior of the metallic hollow sphere （MHS） material during their large plastic deformation and to estimate the energy absorbing capacity of these materials under uniaxial compression. A simplified model is proposed from experimental observations to describe the connection between the neighboring spheres, which greatly improves the computation efficiency. The effects of the governing physical and geometrical parameters are evaluated; whilst a special attention is paid to the plateau stress, which is directly related to the energy absorbing capacity. Finally, the empirical functions of the relative material density are proposed for the elastic modulus, yield strength and plateau stress for FCC packing arrangement of hollow spheres, showing a good agreement with the experimental results obtained in our previous study.

Thermoelectric properties of porous (Bi_(0.15)Sb_(0.85))_2Te_3 thermoelectric materials

In order to obtain thermoelectric materials with high figure of merit, theconcept of Hollow (Vacuum) Quantum Structure or Effect and related thermoelectric materials designwere proposed. To demonstrate the theory, the materials of (Bi_(0.15)Sb_(0.85))_2Te_3 with porousstructure have been fabricated. Their thermoelectric properties and the microstructure wereinvestigated and compared with their density structure. It was found that the porous structure couldimprove their properties greatly.

Rational design of stratified material with spatially separated catalytic sites as an efficient overall water-splitting photocatalyst

The development of metal sulfide catalysts with remarkable activity toward efficient overall photocatalytic water splitting remains challenging owing to the dominant charge recombination and deficient catalytic active sites.Moreover,in the process of water oxidation catalysis,the inhibition of severe photocorrosion is an immense task,requiring effective photogenic hole-transfer kinetics.Herein,stratified Co-MnO_(2)@CdS/CoS hollow cubes with spatially separated catalytic sites were rationally designed and fabricated as highly efficient controllable catalysts for photocatalytic overall water splitting.The unique self-templated method,including a continuous anion/cation-exchange reaction,integrates a Co-doped oxidation co-catalyst(Co-MnO_(2))and a reduction co-catalyst(CoS)on the nanocubes with uniform interface contact and ultrathin two-dimensional(2D)nanometer sheets.We demonstrate that the stratified Co-MnO_(2)@CdS/CoS hollow cubes can provide an abundance of active sites for surface redox reactions and contribute to the separation and migration of the photoionization charge carriers.In particular,CoS nanoparticles dispersed on the walls of CdS hollow cubes were identified as reduction co-catalysts accelerating hydrogen generation,while Co-MnO_(2) nanosheets attached to the inner walls of the CdS hollow cube were oxidation co-catalysts,promoting oxygen evolution dynamics.Benefiting from the desirable structural and compositional advantages,optimized stratification of Co-MnO_(2)@CdS/CoS nanocubes provided a catalytic system devoid of precious metals,which exhibited a remarkable overall photocatalytic water-splitting rate(735.4(H_(2))and 361.1(O_(2))μmol h^(−1) g^(−1)),being among the highest values reported thus far for CdS-based catalysts.Moreover,an apparent quantum efficiency(AQE)of 1.32%was achieved for hydrogen evolution at 420 nm.This study emphasizes the importance of rational design on the structure and composition of photocatalysts for overall water splitting.

Smart heat isolator with hollow multishelled structures

Safe, green and efficient industrial production has always been the pursuit of the chemical industry. Since thermal energy is the driving force for most of chemical reactions, an ideal reaction tank would have the capacity to automatically regulate heat conduction rate. In detail, this reaction tank should endow an ability that resists the heat loss when the reaction temperature is lower than the target, while accelerating the heat dissipation when the system is overheated. In this case, this smart reactor can not only minimize energy consumption but also reduce safety risks.Hollow structures are known to reduce heat conductivity. Particularly, the hollow structure with multishells can provide more interfaces and thus further inhibit heat transmission, which would be more favorable for heat isolation. Step forward, by coupling HoMSs with temperature-sensitive polymer, a smart heat isolation material has been fabricated in this work. It performs as a good heat isolator at a relatively lower temperature. A heat insulation effect of 6.5℃ can be achieved for the TSPU/3S–TiO_(2)HoMSs with a thickness of 1 mm under the temperature field of 50℃.The thermal conductivity of composite material would be raised under overheating conditions. Furthermore, this composite displays an unusual two-stage phase transformation during heating. Benefiting from the unique multishelled structure, energy is found to be gradually guided into the hollow structure and stored inside. This localized heat accumulation enables the composite to be a potential coating material for intelligent thermal-regulator and site-defined micro-reactor.

沥青路面热反射封层材料降温性能与机理研究

热反射型沥青路面封层可有效降低沥青路面温度,从而避免车辙病害。采用中空陶瓷微珠(HCB)和中空玻璃微珠(HGB)两种热反射材料,分别与雾封层和稀浆封层两种预防性养护技术结合,制备沥青路面热反射封层材料。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)与X射线衍射(XRD)对两种热反射材料的微观形貌与化学组成进行表征;通过室内降温试验对不同封层形式与不同热反射材料的降温效果进行研究,利用室外降温试验对热反射稀浆封层的降温效果进行研究,并探讨了HCB与HGB在封层中的热反射机理。研究结果表明:SEM与XRD试验显示HCB与HGB微观结构与化学组成使其有利于降低路面温度;室内降温试验表明,含8%HGB的热反射稀浆封层温度可降低2.6℃,含100%HGB热反射雾封层温度可降低1℃,热反射稀浆封层降温效果优于热反射雾封层,并且在相同掺量下,添加HGB的降温效果优于添加HCB;室外降温试验结果表明,相比未掺加热反射材料的稀浆封层,含8%HGB的热反射稀浆封层的降温效果可达5.2℃;相比未加铺热反射稀浆封,含8%HGB的热反射稀浆封层的降温效果达到3.3℃,热反射稀浆封在具备养护功能的同时也可以达到降温效果。研究结果可为公路关键路段的日常预防性养护提供一种可行的车辙病害解决方案。

二氧化硅改性聚丙烯复合材料的性能研究

中空二氧化硅(SiO_(2))是一种特殊的新型无机化合物,由于其内部的晶体结构,具有一个或者多个空腔,除此之外还具有来源广、低密度、高比表面积和优异的吸附效果,这就决定了其可以用来填充改性高分子材料。选取SiO_(2)通过简单的熔融共混法来填充改性聚丙烯(PP),加入了改性聚丙烯充当相容剂,研究了SiO_(2)的含量对PP复合材料的拉伸强度、冲击强度和熔体流动速率等影响。结果显示:改性聚丙烯的加入能够起到良好的相容性,适量的SiO_(2)可以提高聚丙烯复合材料的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率和熔体流动速率,但添加过量会使聚丙烯复合材料的力学性能及熔体流动速率下降。选用无机材料来改性聚合物已成为一种趋势,相信在未来,会有更多的新型复合材料诞生。

中空炭微球的喷雾法制备及其储钠性能研究

以酚醛树脂和马铃薯淀粉为前驱体,采用喷雾干燥和炭化法制备中空炭微球。采用扫描电子显微镜法(SEM)、透射电子显微镜法(TEM)、X射线衍射光谱法(XRD)、小角X射线散射(SAXS)、拉曼光谱等表征方法对其形貌、微观结构进行表征,并研究了中空硬炭微球负极的储钠性能。结果表明:当酚醛树脂与马铃薯淀粉以质量比7∶3混合时,中空炭微球的粒径及其分布减小,具有最低的振实密度,有利于缩短离子传输路径,缓解循环过程中造成的体积变化。该样品具有大的层间距(0.41 nm)、较多的闭孔结构,提供了较快的插层反应动力学,有效提高了样品的平台容量。在0.1 A/g电流密度下,其展现出396.5 mAh/g的可逆比容量,循环200次后容量保持率为97.1%;在2 A/g电流密度下保持254.3 mAh/g的可逆比容量,表现出优异的大电流充放电能力。

基于相似理论的钢结构模型实验结果修正:以空腹梁为例

以相似理论设计大跨度钢结构缩尺模型试验时常因材料及尺寸等多参数同时畸变的问题而无法正确反映原型结构力学性能。提出了基于响应面法的响应面预测模型对畸变参数进行修正,并考虑材料加工难度及制作成本,基于相似理论设计了三种不同材料制作的1/2空腹梁缩尺模型且梁截面厚度产生畸变,对多参数畸变模型修正前后的误差进行分析。结果表明:建立的响应面方程具有很好的拟合精度和对未知参数的预测能力,在各级均布荷载作用下,多参数畸变的钢空腹梁缩尺模型通过数值模拟及等效刚度理论计算后,未经修正的缩尺模型映射原型结构的力学性能误差较大,而经过建立的响应面模型修正后,误差显著减小,多参数畸变的缩尺模型能够有效地预测原型结构的力学性能。

氮掺杂空心碳纳米球嵌入氮掺杂石墨烯负载钯纳米粒子作为甲酸氧化的高效电催化剂

低成本、高活性、耐久性好的高效电催化剂对直接甲酸燃料电池的应用起着至关重要的作用。本文采用简单经济的方法,研究了以三维层状多孔结构嵌入氮掺杂石墨烯(NG)的氮掺杂空心碳纳米球(NHCN)负载Pd纳米粒子作为直接甲酸燃料电池催化剂。由于具有独特的氮原子掺杂三维互联层状多孔结构,Pd纳米颗粒尺寸较小的Pd/NHCN@NG催化剂具有较大的催化活性表面积、优越的电催化活性、较高的稳态电流密度和较强的抗CO中毒能力,明显超过传统的Pd/C、Pd/NG和Pd/NHCN催化剂对甲酸电氧化的催化性能。通过优化HCN/GO比,当HCN/GO质量比为1∶1时,Pd/NHCN@NG催化剂对甲酸的催化氧化性能最佳,其活性是Pd/C的4.21倍。本工作开发了一种优越的碳基电催化剂载体材料,为燃料电池的发展带来了广阔的应用前景。

气溶胶辅助合成介孔Ni/SiO_(2)中空微球及其催化对硝基苯酚还原性能研究

通过催化还原反应将工业废水中常见污染物对硝基苯酚还原为具有较高附加值的对氨基苯酚,对于发展绿色化学与化工具有重要意义。虽然贵金属催化剂(Au、Pd等)在该反应中表现出优异的催化性能,但较高的成本限制了其工业应用。相比而言,Ni基催化剂因具有成本低、活性高等优势受到了广泛关注,但传统的合成方法通常存在Ni纳米颗粒尺寸较大、易团聚等缺点。首先,以气溶胶技术联合表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)利用溶剂蒸发自组装策略合成了SiO_(2)-MHMs载体,然后采用硝酸镍为Ni源,利用浸渍以及NaBH_(4)还原策略得到了一系列不同Ni负载量(质量分数)的Ni/SiO_(2)-MHMs催化剂。X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、N_(2)物理吸/脱附等多种表征手段的分析结果表明,SiO_(2)-MHMs载体具有丰富的有序介孔结构,且为中空凹陷的微球形貌,Brunanuer-Emmett-Teller(BET)比表面积和总孔孔容分别为1421 m^(2)/g和0.92 cm^(3)/g。在载体经过浸渍-还原后得到的5-Ni/SiO_(2)-MHMs催化剂中,Ni纳米粒子高度分散于载体表面和介孔孔道内,导致其BET比表面积(854 m^(2)/g)和总孔孔容(0.47 cm^(3)/g)均减小。将所得催化剂应用于对硝基苯酚还原反应,结果表明当Ni负载量为5%时制得的催化剂表现出最佳催化性能(4 min内完全转化),且循环4次后催化性能没有明显下降,优于其他已报道的Ni基负载型催化剂。

空心加压螺钉与可吸收材料治疗足部骨折的效果比较

目的:探讨空心加压螺钉与可吸收材料治疗足部骨折的效果.方法:选取我院收治的120例足部骨折患者为研究对象,采用随机数字表法将其分为研究组与对照组,每组60例.对照组采用空心加压螺钉治疗,研究组采用可吸收材料治疗.对比2组患者的临床疗效、踝关节功能、并发症发生率及疼痛评分.结果:研究组近期治疗总有效率及远期治疗总有效率高于对照组,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).治疗后,研究组踝关节功能评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).研究组VAS评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).研究组并发症发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).研究组SF-36量表中各项生活质量评分均高于对照组,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:足部骨折患者应用可吸收材料治疗效果比较好,可明显提高治疗效果,促使踝关节功能尽快恢复,并且术后并发症的发生率比较低,可有效缓解患者的疼痛程度.

基于能量法的多孔材料抗拉强度预测模型

将多孔材料缺陷简化为空心球,运用弹性力学的基本知识,基于能量法建立不同缺陷含量的多孔材料与材料基质极限应变能密度之间的关系,结合多孔材料的破坏假定和最大拉应力准则,推导了不同缺陷含量的多孔材料的抗拉强度。采用孔径结构影响系数来考虑孔径分布的影响,对抗拉强度预测模型进行修正。预测模型与试验结果和经典的多孔材料强度预测模型进行对比,并分析了泊松比和孔径分布对其影响规律。结果表明:建立的抗拉强度预测模型的预测值和试验结果吻合较好。不考虑孔径分布影响时,文中模型与经典模型有良好的一致性;泊松比对抗强度的影响随着孔隙率的增大而增大。抗拉强度同时受到总孔隙率和孔径分布的影响,随孔隙率的增大而减小;孔隙率一定时,小孔径含量越多,抗拉强度越大。

相变蓄能空心砌块体系热性能测试与构造分析

本研究建立了墙体构件动态热性能测试试验台,采用(PCM)PX-27、RT-27这两种常用的相变材料,与典型混凝土空心砌块相结合的方式进行测试分析。各墙体在我国夏季西(东)向墙、南向墙和北向墙的典型室外综合温度条件下分别进行了测试。结果表明,墙体的中部和内部区域通常是放置PCM的合适位置;只有当相变总潜热足够高时(试验中高于251.93 kJ),墙体的外侧成为PCM的最佳位置。此外,保温层主要决定了墙体热流的平均水平,在一定程度上降低了内表面温度和热流的振幅;PCM不仅对温度和热流振幅有较大程度的衰减,而且显著提高了墙体的延迟时间。