A Solution to the Cosmological Constant Problem Using the Holographic Principle (A Brief Note)

This paper integrates a quantum conception of the Planck epoch early universe with FSC model formulae and the holographic principle, to offer a reasonable explanation and solution of the cosmological constant problem. Such a solution does not appear to be achievable in cosmological models which do not integrate black hole formulae with quantum formulae such as the Stephan-Boltzmann law. As demonstrated herein, assuming a constant value of Lambda over the great span of cosmic time appears to have been a mistake. It appears that Einstein’s assumption of a constant, in terms of vacuum energy density, was not only a mistake for a statically-balanced universe, but also a mistake for a dynamically-expanding universe.

Electric Charge, Matter Distribution, and Baryon Asymmetry from Holographic Principle

Explaining baryon asymmetry (i.e., matter dominance) in the universe has been a vexing problem in physics. This analysis, based on the holographic principle, identifies fractional electric charge with the state of bits of information on the event horizon. Thermodynamics on the event horizon at the time of baryogenesis then estimates observed baryon asymmetry.

Gravitation, Holographic Principle, and Extra Dimensions

Within the context of Newton’s theory of gravitation, restricted to point-like test particles and central bodies, stable circular orbits in ordinary space are related to stable circular paths on a massless, unmovable, undeformable vortex-like surface, under the action of a tidal gravitational field along the symmetry axis. An interpretation is made in the light of a holographic principle, in the sense that motions in ordinary space are connected with motions on a selected surface and vice versa. Then ordinary space is conceived as a 3-hypersurface bounding a n-hypervolume where gravitation takes origin, within a n-hyperspace. The extension of the holographic principle to extra dimensions implies the existence of a minimum distance where test particles may still be considered as distinct from the central body. Below that threshold, it is inferred test particles lose theirs individuality and “glue” to the central body via unification of the four known interactions and, in addition, 1) particles can no longer be conceived as point-like but e.g., strings or membranes, and 2) quantum effects are dominant and matter turns back to a pre-big bang state. A more detailed formulation including noncircular motions within the context of general relativity, together with further knowledge on neutron stars, quark stars and black holes, would provide further insight on the formulation of quantum gravity.

Holographic-Type Gravitation via Non-Differentiability in Weyl-Dirac Theory

In the Weyl-Dirac non-relativistic hydrodynamics approach, the non-linear interaction between sub-quantum level and particle gives non-differentiable properties to the space. Therefore, the movement trajectories are fractal curves, the dynamics are described by a complex speed field and the equation of motion is identified with the geodesics of a fractal space which corresponds to a Schrodinger non-linear equation. The real part of the complex speed field assures, through a quantification condition, the compatibility between the Weyl-Dirac non-elativistic hydrodynamic model and the wave mechanics. The mean value of the fractal speed potential, identifies with the Shanon informational energy, specifies, by a maximization principle, that the sub-quantum level “stores” and “transfers” the informational energy in the form of force. The wave-particle duality is achieved by means of cnoidal oscillations modes of the state density, the dominance of one of the characters, wave or particle, being put into correspondence with two flow regimes (non-quasi-autonomous and quasi-autonomous) of the Weyl-Dirac fluid. All these show a direct connection between the fractal structure of space and holographic principle.

Yin Yang Cosmology

Inspired by Niels Bohr’s adoption of the Taijitu symbol of Yin Yang in his quantum complementarity worldview, this original paper introduces Yin Yang cosmology as an original epistemic quantum information theoretic model of the cosmos. The model is relation-based (not object-based) and is fundamentally established on foundations of positive and negative correlations between correlates. Adopting the holographic principle of ‘t Hooft, the fundamental dualistic processes of Yin Yang cosmology are interacting self-assembly (host) and self-disassembly (virus) subroutines in a superposition algorithm that cooperate in a phase portrait on a holographic boundary. This cooperative self-assembly and self-disassembly Yin Yang cosmology is formalized in a pair of differential equations that plot as orthogonal swirling Taijitu, and which together form an epistemic information-accreting unit-circle limit-cycle. Formal and natural descriptions are given for the continuously evolving saturation of quantum information entropy production under Yin Yang theoretic unit circle limit cycle dynamics. This original paper includes a short discussion on the known cosmos, from Big Bang to thermodynamic Big Chill, which is a quarter-cycle in Yin Yang cosmology. Our known thermodynamic cosmos is contextualized within a Yin Yang full-oscillation stationary wave that self-evolves, both its content (correlations between correlates) and its emergent laws, all-at-once in superposition. In a general theory of thermodynamics, the four superposed quarter-cycles of Yin Yang cosmology are: thermodynamic (the known cosmos), cryodynamic, anti-thermodynamic and anti-cryodynamic. Yin Yang cosmology guided by its epistemic limit cycle, self-evolves towards a self-referential symbolic ouroboros of quantum cosmological intelligence and generates Hawking’s ex post facto configurations for Life.

Holographic dark energy from acceleration of particle horizon

Following the holographic principle,which suggests that the energy density of dark energy may be inversely proportional to the area of the event horizon of the Universe,we propose a new energy density of dark energy through the acceleration of the particle horizon scaled by the length of this parameter.The proposed model depends only on one free parameter:β=O-1.99.For values of β near zero,the deviation between the proposed model and the ∧ CDM model is significant,while forβ-→1.99,the suggested model has no conflict with the ∧ CDM theory.Regardless of the value of β,the model considers dark energy to behave as matter with positive pressure in high redshifts,wx 0.33,while for present and near-future Universe,it is considered to behave similar to that in the cosmological constant model and phantom field.Comparing the model with the Ricci dark energy model,we show that our model reduces the errors of the Ricci dark energy model concerning the calculation of the age of old supernovae and evolution of different cosmic components in high redshifts.Moreover,we calculated matter structure formation parameters such as the CMB temperature and matter power spectrum of the model to consider the effects of matter-like dark energy during the matter-dominated era.

Emergent perspective of gravity and dark energy

There is sufficient amount of internal evidence in the nature of gravitational theories to indicate that gravity is an emergent phenomenon like, e.g, elasticity. Such an emergent nature is most apparent in the structure of gravitational dynamics. It is, however, possible to go beyond the field equations and study the space itseff as emer- gent in a well-defined manner in （and possibly only in） the context of cosmology. In the first part of this review, I describe various pieces of evidence which show that gravitational field equations are emergent. In the second part, I describe a novel way of studying cosmology in which I interpret the expansion of the universe as equivalent to the emergence of space itself. In such an approach, the dynamics evolves towards a state of holographic equipartition, characterized by an equality in the number of bulk and surface degrees of freedom in a region bounded by the Hubble radius. This prin- ciple correctly reproduces the standard evolution of a Friedmann universe. Further, （a） it demands the existence of an early inflationary phase as well as late time accelera- tion for its successful implementation and （b） allows us to link the value of late time cosmological constant to the e-folding factor during inflation.

Theoretical aspects of holographic dark energy

We review the theoretical aspects of holographic dark energy(HDE)in this paper.Making use of the holographic principle(HP)and the dimensional analysis,we derive the core formula of the original HDE(OHDE)model,in which the future event horizon is chosen as the characteristic length scale.Then,we describe the basic properties and the corresponding theoretical studies of the OHDE model,as well as the effect of adding dark sector interaction in the OHDE model.Moreover,we introduce all four types of HDE models that originate from HP,including(1)HDE models with the other characteristic length scale;(2)HDE models with extended Hubble scale;(3)HDE models with dark sector interaction;(4)HDE models with modified black hole entropy.Finally,we introduce the well-known Hubble tension problem,as well as the attempts to alleviate this problem under the framework of HDE.From the perspective of theory,the core formula of HDE is obtained by combining the HP and the dimensional analysis,instead of adding a DE term into the Lagrangian.Therefore,HDE remarkably differs from any other theory of DE.From the perspective of observation,HDE can fit various astronomical data well and has the potential to alleviate the Hubble tension problem.These features make HDE a very competitive dark energy scenario.

AdS/Deep-Learning made easy:simple examples

Deep learning has been widely and actively used in various research areas.Recently,in gauge/gravity duality,a new deep learning technique called AdS/DL(Deep Learning)has been proposed.The goal of this paper is to explain the essence of AdS/DL in the simplest possible setups,without resorting to knowledge of gauge/gravity duality.This perspective will be useful for various physics problems:from the emergent spacetime as a neural network to classical mechanics problems.For prototypical examples,we choose simple classical mechanics problems.This method is slightly different from standard deep learning techniques in the sense that we not only have the right final answers but also obtain physical understanding of learning parameters.