Phylogeny of the true water bugs(Hemiptera-Heteroptera:Nepomorpha) based on four Hox genes

The phylogenetic relationships among the Nepomorpha （Hemiptera： Heteroptera） were analyzed based on nuclear protein coding genes-partial sequences of four Hox genes： abd-A, Dfd, Ubx and pb. Fifteen taxa, of which eleven were ingroups representing ten of the eleven families, were selected to produce a phylogenetic inference of nepomorphan superfamilial or familial relationships via parsimony and Bayesian techniques. Our results supported the monophylies of Nepomorpha, Naucoroidea （Aphelocheiridae ＋ Naucoridae）, Nepoidea （Belostomatidae ＋ Nepidae）, Ochteroidea （Ochteridae ＋ Gelastocoridae） and Pieoidea （Pleidae ＋ Helotrephidae）; the most basal lineage of Ochteroidea; Notonectoidea contained Notonectidae only and formed a new sister relationship with （Pleoidea ＋ Naucoroidea）; and the sister relationship of （Nepoidea ＋ Corixoidea）. The Hox genes are suitable molecular markers to resolve phylogenetic relationships at superfamily or family levels in Heteroptera.

Impact of homeobox genes in gastrointestinal cancer

Homeobox genes, including HOX and non-HOX genes, have been identified to be expressed aberrantly in solid tumors. In gastrointestinal(GI) cancers, most studies have focused on the function of non-HOX genes including caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 1(CDX1) and CDX2. CDX2 is a crucial factor in the development of pre-cancerous lesions such as Barrett's esophagus or intestinal metaplasia in the stomach, and its tumor suppressive role has been investigated in colorectal cancers. Recently, several HOX genes were reported to have specific roles in GI cancers; for example, HOXA13 in esophageal squamous cell cancer and HOXB7 in stomach and colorectal cancers. HOXD10 is upregulated in colorectal cancer while it is silenced epigenetically in gastric cancer. Thus, it is essential to examine the differential expression pattern of various homeobox genes in specific tumor types or cell lineages, and understand their underlying mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the available research on homeobox genes and present their potential value for the prediction of prognosis in GI cancers.

Role of Hox genes in stem cell differentiation

Hox genes are an evolutionary highly conserved gene family. They determine the anterior-posterior body axis in bilateral organisms and influence the developmental fate of cells. Embryonic stem cells are usually devoidof any Hox gene expression, but these transcription factors are activated in varying spatial and temporal patterns defining the development of various body regions. In the adult body, Hox genes are among others responsible for driving the differentiation of tissue stem cells towards their respective lineages in order to repair and maintain the correct function of tissues and organs. Due to their involvement in the embryonic and adult body, they have been suggested to be useable for improving stem cell differentiations in vitro and in vivo. In many studies Hox genes have been found as driving factors in stem cell differentiation towards adipogenesis, in lineages involved in bone and joint formation, mainly chondrogenesis and osteogenesis, in cardiovascular lineages including endothelial and smooth muscle cell differentiations, and in neurogenesis. As life expectancy is rising, the demand for tissue reconstruction continues to increase. Stem cells have become an increasingly popular choice for creating therapies in regenerative medicine due to their self-renewal and differentiation potential. Especially mesenchymal stem cells are used more and more frequently due to their easy handling and accessibility, combined with a low tumorgenicity and little ethical concerns. This review therefore intends to summarize to date known correlations between natural Hox gene expression patterns in body tissues and during the differentiation of various stem cells towards their respective lineages with a major focus on mesenchymal stem cell differentiations. This overview shall help to understand the complex interactions of Hox genes and differentiation processes all over the body as well as in vitro for further improvement of stem cell treatments in future regenerative medicine approaches.

Homeobox genes for embryo implantation: From mouse to human

The proper development of uterus to a state of receptivity and the attainment of implantation competency for blastocyst are 2 indispensable aspects for implantation,which is considered to be a critical event for successful pregnancy. Like many developmental processes, a large number of transcription factors, such as homeobox genes, have been shown to orchestrate this complicated but highly organized physiological process during implantation. In this review, we focus on progress in studies of the role of homeobox genes, especially the Hox and Msx gene families, during implantation, together with subsequent development of post-implantation uterus and related reproductive defects in both mouse models and humans, that have led to better understanding of how implantation is precisely regulated and provide new insights into infertility.

Identification of methylation profile of HOX genes in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

AIM:To identify methylation profile and novel tumor marker of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma(CCA)with high throughout microarray.METHODS:Differential methylation profile was compared between normal bile duct epithelial cell lines and CCA cell lines by methyl-DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP)microarray.Bisulfite-polymerase chain reaction (BSP)was performed to identify the methylated allels of target genes.Expression of target genes was investigated before and after the treatment with DNA demethylating agent.Expression of candidate genes was also evaluated by immunofluorescence in 30 specimens of CCA tissues and 9 normal bile duct tissues.RESULTS:Methylation profile of CCA was identified with MeDIP microarray in the respects of different gene functions and signaling pathways.Interestingly,97 genes with hypermethylated CpG islands in the promoter region were homeobox genes.The top 5 hypermethylated homeobox genes validated by BSP were HOXA2(94.29%),HOXA5(95.38%),HOXA11 (91.67%),HOXB4(90.56%)and HOXD13(94.38%).Expression of these genes was reactivated with 5’-aza2’-deoxycytidine.Significant expression differences were found between normal bile duct and extrahepatic CCA tissues(66.67%-100%vs 3.33%-10%).CONCLUSION:HOXA2,HOXA5,HOXA11,HOXB4 and HOXD13 may work as differential epigenetic biomarkers between malignant and benign biliary tissues.

Hox genes and study of Hox genes in crustacean

Homeobox genes have been discovered in many species. These genes are known to play a major role in specifying regional identity along the anterior-posterior axis of animals from a wide range of phyla.The products of the homeotic genes are a set of evolutionarily conserved transcription factors that control elaborate developmental processes and specify cell fates in metazoans. Crustacean, presenting a variety of body plans not encountered in any other class or phylum of the Metazoa, has been shown to possess a single set of homologous Hox genes like insect. The ancestral crustacean Hox gene complex comprised ten genes: eight homologous to the hometic Hox genes and two related to nonhomeotic genes presented within the insect Hox complexes. The crustacean in particular exhibits an abundant diversity segment specialization and tagmosis. This morphological diversity relates to the Hox genes. In crustacean body plan, different Hox genes control different segments and tagmosis.

Effects of Phenylacetate on Cell Proliferation and Homeobox Genes Expression in the HCT-8 Colorectal Carcinoma Cell Line

To study the effects of phenylacetate （PA） on cell proliferation and homeobox （HOX） genes expression in the colorectal carcinoma HCT-8 cell line, HCT-8 cells were grown in the presence or absence of PA. The cellular proliferation inhibition was evaluated by the MTT assay. Twenty-two HOX genes were divided into three groups （ P1, P2, P3） according to their primer sequences, and the samples of cells were analyzed for the HOX genes＇ mRNA expression by means of the semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）. The level of the HOX genes＇ expression was expressed as the ratio expression rate of HOX gene to the β-actin. HCT-8 cells were treated with 1.0-5.0 mmol/L PA for 24-72 h. With the increase of the PA concentration or the prolongation of the treating time, the cell proliferation is inhibited in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The P1 group mRNA＊ expression（0. 5781 ±0. 0836） is significantly lower than that of the untreated group （0. 7701 ± 0. 0883 ） in HCT-8 cells （p 〈 0. 001 ）. Both the mRNA expressions of groups P2 （0. 3941 ± 0. 0819） and P3 （0. 5601 ± 0. 0736） in the PA treated group are significantly higher than those of the untreated groups P2（0. 1221±0. 0782） and P3 （0. 1806 ± 0. 0811 ） in HCT-8 cells（p 〈 0. 001）. PA could effectively inhibit cell proliferation by regulating the HOX genes expression and the mechanisms of the PA action are correlated with the transcription process in HCT-8 cells.

VitA对小鼠胚胎组织Hox gene蛋白表达的影响

目的 从发育基因角度探讨维生素A(VA)缺乏导致先天畸形的机理。方法 通过建立小鼠VA缺乏模型 ,用免疫组织化学等方法研究VA缺乏对小鼠胚胎组织Hoxgene蛋白表达水平的影响。结果 维生素A缺乏使胎鼠的Hoxgene蛋白表达明显低于正常对照组 (P <0 0 5 )。VA补充组明显高于VA缺乏组 ,但仍比正常对照组低。

低剂量CT结合SHOX2、RASSF1A甲基化在肺癌早期预警中的应用

目的探讨低剂量CT结合Ras相关区域家族蛋白1A(RASSF1A)、矮小同源盒基因2(SHOX2)甲基化在肺癌早期预测中的应用价值。方法选取2021年1月~2023年1月我院90例拟行肺结节手术患者,根据手术病理学分为肺良性结节组和肺癌组。2组均于术前行低剂量CT检查、SHOX2、RASSF1A甲基化检测,采用Kappa指数分析上述检查结果与手术病理学一致性,分析低剂量CT、SHOX2、RASSF1A甲基化与血清肿瘤标志物[癌胚抗原(CEA)、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、鳞状细胞癌抗原(SCC-Ag)、细胞角蛋白19片段(CYFRA21)]对肺癌诊断效能,采用Spearman低剂量CT检查、SHOX2、RASSF1A甲基化与临床病理特征相关性。结果低剂量CT、SHOX2、RASSF1甲基化及三者联合分别确定40例、43例、46例、58例肺癌,三者联合与手术病理学诊断肺癌效能一致性Kappa值为0.951;三者联合诊断肺癌敏感度96.67%、准确度97.78%均高于三者单一诊断效能(P<0.05);肺癌患者血清CEA、SCC、NSE、CYFRA21水平均高于肺良性结节患者(P<0.05);低剂量CT联合SHOX2、RASSF1甲基化诊断肺癌效能的AUC为0.983,近似于四种血清肿瘤标志物诊断肺癌效能的AUC 0.933;不同肿瘤直径、临床分期、组织学分化肺癌患者低剂量CT检出率及SHOX2、RASSF1A甲基化阳性率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);肺癌患者低剂量CT检出率、SHOX2及RASSF1A甲基化阳性率与肿瘤直径、临床分期呈正相关,与组织学分化呈负相关(P<0.05)。结论低剂量CT联合SHOX2及RASSF1A甲基化可用于肺癌早期预警中,临床可通过其进行早期诊断、评估病情进展程度,以针对性展开后续治疗,改善预后。

Chromatin boundary elements organize genomic architecture and developmental gene regulation in Drosophila Hox clusters

The three-dimensional(3D) organization of the eukaryotic genome is critical for its proper function. Evidence suggests that extensive chromatin loops form the building blocks of the genomic architecture, separating genes and gene clusters into distinct functional domains. These loops are anchored in part by a special type of DNA elements called chromatin boundary elements(CBEs). CBEs were originally found to insulate neighboring genes by blocking influences of transcriptional enhancers or the spread of silent chromatin. However, recent results show that chromatin loops can also play a positive role in gene regulation by looping out intervening DNA and "delivering" remote enhancers to gene promoters. In addition, studies from human and model organisms indicate that the configuration of chromatin loops, many of which are tethered by CBEs, is dynamically regulated during cell differentiation. In particular, a recent work by Li et al has shown that the SF1 boundary, located in the Drosophila Hox cluster, regulates local genes by tethering different subsets of chromatin loops: One subset enclose a neighboring gene ftz, limiting its access by the surrounding Scr enhancers and restrict the spread of repressive histones during early embryogenesis; and the other loops subdivide the Scr regulatory region into independent domains of enhancer accessibility. The enhancer-blocking activity of these CBE elements varies greatly in strength and tissue distribution. Further, tandem pairing of SF1 and SF2 facilitate the bypass of distal enhancers in transgenic flies, providing a mechanism for endogenous enhancers to circumvent genomic interruptions resulting from chromosomal rearrangement. This study demonstrates how a network of chromatin boundaries, centrally organized by SF1, can remodel the 3D genome to facilitate gene regulation during development.

Comprehensive analysis of distal-less homeobox family gene expression in colon cancer

BACKGROUND The distal-less homeobox(DLX)gene family plays an important role in the development of several tumors.However,the expression pattern,prognostic and diagnostic value,possible regulatory mechanisms,and the relationship between DLX family genes and immune infiltration in colon cancer have not been systematically reported.AIM We aimed to comprehensively analyze the biological role of the DLX gene family in the pathogenesis of colon cancer.METHODS Colon cancer tissue and normal colon tissue samples were collected from the Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases.Wilcoxon rank sum test and t-test were used to assess DLX gene family expression between colon cancer tissue and unpaired normal colon tissue.cBioPortal was used to analyze DLX gene family variants.R software was used to analyze DLX gene expression in colon cancer and the relationship between DLX gene family expression and clinical features and correlation heat map.The survival package and Cox regression module were used to assess the prognostic value of the DLX gene family.The pROC package was used to analyze the diagnostic value of the DLX gene family.R software was used to analyze the possible regulatory mechanisms of DLX gene family members and related genes.The GSVA package was used to analyze the relationship between the DLX gene family and immune infiltration.The ggplot2,the survminer package,and the clusterProfiler package were used for visualization.RESULTS DLX1/2/3/4/5 were significantly aberrantly expressed in colon cancer patients.The expression of DLX genes were associated with M stage,pathologic stage,primary therapy outcome,residual tumor,lymphatic invasion,T stage,N stage,age,perineural invasion,and history of colon polyps.DLX5 was independently correlated with the prognosis of colon cancer in multivariate analysis.DLX1/2/3/4/5/6 were involved in the development and progression of colon cancer by participating in immune infiltration and associated pathways,including the Hippo signaling pathway,the Wnt signaling pathway,several signaling pathways regulating the pluripotency of stem cells,and Staphylococcus aureus infection.CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest a possible role for the DLX gene family as potential diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in colon cancer.

Analysis of the Hox epigenetic code

Archetypes of histone modifications associated with diverse chromosomal states that regulate access to DNA are leading the hypothesis of the histone code(or epigenetic code). However, it is still not evident how these post-translational modifications of histone tails lead to changes in chromatin structure. Histone modifications are able to activate and/or inactivate several genes and can be transmitted to next generation cells due to an epigenetic memory. The challenging issue is to identify or "decrypt" the code used to transmit these modifications to descent cells. Here, an attempt is made to describe how histone modifications operate as part of histone code that stipulates patterns of gene expression. This papers emphasizes particularly on the correlation between histone modifications and patterns of Hox gene expression in Caenorhabditis elegans. This work serves as an example to illustrate the power of the epigenetic machinery and its use in drug design and discovery.

Overexpression of the Six1 Homeobox Gene Is Associated with Diffuse Peritoneal Spread and Larger Residual Disease after Maximal Cytoreductive Effort in Advanced Ovarian Cancer

Study Design: Between January 2003 and June 2009, we collected fresh tumor and extracted high-quality RNA from the omental/peritoneal metastases of 47 patients with stage IIB-IV ovarian cancer. Clinical data were abstracted from the patients’ medical records. Expression of Six1 level by quantitative RT-PCR was compared with preoperative factors and intraoperative findings using the χ2 test and the Fisher exact test. The effect of Six1 elevation on survival was assessed with the Kaplan/Meier method. Results: The mean age of patients enrolled was 60 (range 33 - 84). The histological subtypes were 77% serous (36/47), 11% endometrioid (5/47), 4% mucinous (2/47), and 4% clear cell (2/47). Eighty-one percent were optimally cytoreduced. Median Six1 expression for the samples was 114 fg/ng 18S rRNA and Six1 overexpression, defined as >300 fg/ng 18S rRNA, was observed in 19% of tumors. Six1 expression above sample median was associated with peritoneal disease (p = 0.049) and inability to optimally cytoreduce (p = 0.02). Six1 overexpression was associated with worsened survival in the high grade serous subgroup (43 months versus 71 months, p = 0.039 Log Rank test). Conclusions: Elevated levels of Six1 predict peritoneal disease and larger residual tumor after maximal cytoreductive effort. Prospective prediction of surgical cytoreduction using a combination of Six1 expression, included with other factors, is currently being evaluated.

Functional Investigation of a Cotton Fiber HOX Gene

Most of the plant homeodomain-containing proteins play important roles in regulating cell differentiation and organ development,and Arabidopsis GLABRA2(GL2),a member of the class IV homeodomain-Leucine zipper(HD-ZIP) proteins,is a trichome and non-root hair cell regulator.We

口腔鳞状细胞癌组织TRIM14和HOXB7蛋白表达与患者临床病理特征及预后的关系

目的 探讨三结构域蛋白14(TRIM14)、同源异型盒基因B7(HOXB7)蛋白在口腔鳞状细胞癌(OSCC)患者癌组织中的表达水平与患者临床病理特征及预后的关系。方法 收集2016年1月至2018年1月行手术治疗的OSCC患者148例的癌组织与癌旁正常组织,免疫组化法分析组织中TRIM14、HOXB7表达情况;Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析OSCC患者癌组织TRIM14、HOXB7表达水平与生存率之间的关系;COX回归分析OSCC患者预后不良的影响因素。结果 OSCC癌组织TRIM14、HOXB7高表达率均高于癌旁正常组织(P<0.05)。OSCC癌组织TRIM14、HOXB7表达与肿瘤T分期、M分期、淋巴结转移、周围组织浸润、分化程度相关(P<0.05)。OSCC患者5年生存率为49.32%(73/148),Kaplan-Meier生存曲线表明TRIM14、HOXB7高表达患者生存率低于TRIM14、HOXB7低表达患者(χ^(2)=14.480、24.841,P<0.001)。多因素COX分析结果显示,T3-T4分期、M1分期、淋巴结转移、周围组织浸润、癌组织TRIM14、HOXB7高表达均是OSCC患者预后不良的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论 OSCC患者癌组织TRIM14与HOXB7蛋白表达水平均上调,其表达与患者临床病理特征和5年生存预后明显相关。

肝细胞癌组织HOXC9和KIF4A表达及其临床意义探讨

目的探讨肝细胞癌(HCC)患者癌组织同源盒基因C9(HOXC9)和驱动蛋白家族成员4A(KIF4A)蛋白表达及其临床意义。方法2018年1月~2021年1月我院收治的86例HCC患者,行肝叶手术治疗,取癌组织和癌旁肝组织,采用免疫组织化学染色法检测组织HOXC9和KIF4A蛋白表达。随访2年。结果HCC癌组织HOXC9和KIF4A高表达阳性率分别为69.8%和51.2%,均显著高于癌旁肝组织的15.1%和16.3%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);56例肿瘤细胞低/中分化、40例Ⅱb/Ⅲb期TNM分期、38例有肿瘤包膜侵犯和37例微血管侵犯患者癌组织HOXC9蛋白高表达阳性率分别为78.6%、85.0%、71.1%和83.8%,均显著高于30例高分化、46例Ⅰa/Ⅱa期TNM分期、48例无肿瘤包膜侵犯和49例无微血管侵犯患者癌组织(分别为53.3%、56.5%、47.9%和59.2%,P<0.05);肿瘤细胞低/中分化、Ⅱb/Ⅲb期TNM分期、肿瘤包膜侵犯和微血管侵犯患者癌组织KIF4A蛋白高表达阳性率分别为60.7%、80.0%、60.5%和89.2%,也显著高于对应组癌组织表达(分别为33.3%、26.1%、43.8%和22.4%,P<0.05);在随访结束时,86例患者生存38例(44.2%),死亡48例(55.8%);60例癌组织HOXC9蛋白高表达患者生存时间为14.0(7.8,26.7)个月,显著短于26例HOXC9蛋白低表达患者【27.0(18.8,30.5)个月,P<0.05】;44例癌组织KIF4A蛋白高表达患者生存时间为9.0(7.0,26.3)个月,也显著短于42例HOXC9蛋白低表达患者【15.3(26.0,28.8)个月,P<0.05】。结论HCC患者癌组织HOXC9和KIF4A蛋白高表达可能与肿瘤细胞恶性程度相关,并影响肝叶手术治疗后预后,值得深入研究。

PHOX2B在外周神经母细胞性肿瘤4种分型组织中的表达差异

【目的】探讨同源异型盒蛋白2B(PHOX2B)在外周神经母细胞性肿瘤(pNTs)4种分型组织中的表达差异。【方法】回顾性分析2019年1月至2022年12月本院收治的65例pNTs患儿的临床资料,根据免疫组化综合评分方法对pNTs 4种分型中PHOX2B的表达情况进行分析,采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评估PHOX2B免疫组化综合评分预测神经母细胞瘤(NB)、节细胞性神经母细胞瘤(GNB)混杂型(GNBi)、节细胞性神经母细胞瘤结节型(GNBn)和节细胞性神经瘤(GN)的价值。【结果】男、女患儿病例数分别为33例、32例,无明显的性别差异;年龄分布主要为6岁以下患儿,其所占比例为75.38%(49/65);腹膜后为常见原发部位,其次为纵隔和肾上腺。PHOX2B在NB中免疫组化综合评分最高,其次为GNBn,GNBi和GN表达最弱,NB免疫组化综合评分显著高于GNBn、GNBi、GN,GNBn免疫组化综合评分显著高于GNBi、GN,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。ROC曲线结果显示,PHOX2B免疫组化综合评分为5分时可作为诊断NB的参考阈值,PHOX2B免疫组化综合评分为3分可作为诊断GNBn的参考阈值(P<0.05)。【结论】PHOX2B在pNTs不同类型的表达有显著差异,其表达强度可作为pNTs病理分型的依据。

联合SHOX2、RASSF1A及CEA构建的列线图模型对肺癌发生的预测价值

目的 联合矮小同源盒基因2(Short stature homeobox gene 2,SHOX2)、RAS相关结构域家族1亚型A(RAS association domain family 1,isoform A,RASSF1A)及癌胚抗原(Carcinoembryonic antigen,CEA)构建预测肺癌发生的列线图模型,并确定该模型的预测价值。方法 选择2020年1月至2022年12月在新疆医科大学第一附属医院就诊的88例肺癌患者及肺良性肿瘤患者219名。比较两组患者的人口统计学和临床特征信息以及支气管肺泡灌洗液(Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)中SHOX2和RASSF1A基因的甲基化水平。进行单因素分析及多因素Logistic回归分析筛选出影响肺癌发生的变量构建列线图,并评估其预测效能。结果 肺癌患者中SHOX2阳性36例(41.4%),RASSF1A阳性30例(34.5%)。肺癌患者CEA、细胞角蛋白19片段(Cytokeratin 19 fragment,CYFRA21-1)、鳞状上皮细胞癌抗原(Squamous cell carcinoma antigen,SCCA)、胃泌素释放肽前体(Pro-gastrinreleasing peptide,Pro-GRP)水平与肺良性肿瘤患者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,SHOX2、RASSF1A和CEA为肺癌发生的独立危险因素(P<0.05),基于上述独立风险因素所构建的列线图模型显示出良好的区分能力(AUC=0.926),具有较好的一致性且获益良好。结论 联合SHOX2、RASSF1A和CEA构建的列线图模型对肺癌发生具有较高的预测价值,可为肺癌的早期诊断提供依据。

疏肝补肾汤联合腹腔镜手术对难治性多囊卵巢综合征患者卵巢体积、血清HOXA10表达及妊娠率的影响

【目的】探讨疏肝补肾汤联合腹腔镜手术对难治性多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)患者的卵巢体积、血清同源框基因A10(HOXA10)表达及妊娠率的影响。【方法】将80例肝郁肾虚型难治性PCOS患者随机分为观察组和对照组,每组各40例。对照组给予常规腹腔镜手术和常规药物治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上加用疏肝补肾汤治疗,1个月经周期为1个疗程,连续治疗3个疗程。观察2组患者治疗前后中医证候积分、卵巢体积、卵泡直径、血清HOXA10表达及性激素[黄体生成素(LH)、雌二醇(E2)、孕酮(P)、促卵泡生成素(FSH)和睾酮]水平的变化情况,以及2组患者随访半年的妊娠情况。【结果】(1)治疗后,2组患者的卵巢体积均呈现不同程度的缩小(P<0.05),卵泡直径均呈现不同程度的增加(P<0.05),且观察组对卵巢体积的缩小幅度及对卵泡直径的增加幅度均明显优于对照组(P<0.01)。(2)治疗后,2组患者的LH、FSH、睾酮水平均较治疗前明显降低(P<0.05),HOXA10、E2、P水平均较治疗前明显升高(P<0.05),且观察组对LH、FSH、睾酮水平的降低幅度及对HOXA10、E2、P水平的升高幅度均明显优于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。(3)治疗后,2组患者的月经量异常、月经周期异常、腰膝酸软、舌质暗红、脉沉涩等各项中医证候积分及总积分均较治疗前明显降低(P<0.05),且观察组对各项中医证候积分及总积分的降低幅度均明显优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。(4)观察组的妊娠率为55.00%(22/40),明显高于对照组的32.50%(13/40),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。【结论】疏肝补肾汤联合腹腔镜手术治疗肝郁肾虚型难治性PCOS,可有效改善患者的卵巢功能,促进机体性激素水平恢复正常,提高HOXA10表达水平,改善患者的子宫内膜容受性,提高患者的妊娠率。

Hox基因及其对昆虫发育的调控

同源异型基因(Hox)是动物中一类高度保守的转录因子,在动物发育的过程中起着非常重要的调控作用。在昆虫中,Hox基因可以参与调控昆虫躯体模式的形成和形态多样性。理解Hox基因对昆虫附肢和形态发育的调控作用一直是进化和发育生物学研究领域的热点。目前,在模式昆虫中已经有很多关于昆虫Hox基因的研究报道。本文简要介绍了昆虫Hox基因的概况、进化、在昆虫发育中的功能及表达调控,为研究并理解昆虫多样形态的发育及其调控机制提供参考。我们认为未来研究应该更加关注Hox基因对非模式昆虫创新形态结构演化和发育的调控作用。