Three anti-inflammatory polysaccharides from Lonicera japonica Thunb.:insights into the structure-function relationships

This study demonstrates the feasibility of producing three polysaccharides(neutral LJP-1,acidic LJP-2 and acidic LJP-3)with significant in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities from the flowers of Lonicera japonica.The three polysaccharides differed in chemical composition,molecular weight(Mw)distribution,glycosidic linkage pattern,functional groups and morphology.They exhibited excellent protective effects(in a dose-dependent manner)in lipopolysaccharide-injured RAW264.7 macrophages and Cu SO4-damaged zebrafish via reducing NO production and inhibiting the overexpressions of inflammation-related transcription factors,inflammatory proteins and cytokines in the NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways.Their antiinflammatory effects varied owing to their different molecular characteristics and chemical compositions.Overall,LJP-2 at 400μg/m L was the most effective.LJP-2 consisted mainly of→5)-α-L-Araf(1→,→4)-α-LGalp A(1→and→2)-α-L-Rhap(1→residues with terminal T-β-D-Glcp.Thus,honeysuckle flowers are good sources of anti-inflammatory polysaccharides,and precise fractionation enables the production of potent antiinflammatory agents for the development of functional foods and healthcare products.

A Study on Honeysuckle Pattern in Yungang Grottoes From the Perspective of Semiotics

Buddhism was introduced to China during the Han Dynasty and took root in China,integrating with local culture.The classic pattern of honeysuckle in Buddhism,as a type of border decoration,was also introduced to China with the eastward advancement of Buddhism.This article aims to conduct a semiotic study on the patterns of honeysuckle patterns in the Yungang Grottoes.Firstly,the concept of honeysuckle patterns was explained,and typical honeysuckle patterns that appeared in the Yungang Grottoes were systematically organized and classified.Then,with the help of semiotic principles,the production of symbols for honeysuckle patterns in the Yungang Grottoes was analyzed from a semiotic perspective.Based on this,the semiotic characteristics of honeysuckle patterns in the Yungang Grottoes and their signifier and referent systems were analyzed in depth.Finally,the shape and connotation of honeysuckle patterns in their evolution and development were summarized.The honeysuckle pattern occupies an important position in the history of traditional patterns in China,so the honeysuckle pattern in Yungang Grottoes,as a decorative theme,not only has important research significance,but its semiotic value is also worth exploring and studying.

Brand Construction of Characteristic Agricultural Products in Ethnic Regions under the Background of Rural Revitalization:A Case Study of Honeysuckle Industry of Mashan County

The brand construction of agricultural products is a necessary path for agricultural development and an effective way to enhance the added value and market competitiveness of agricultural products.How to do a good job in building agricultural product brands under the background of rural revitalization?This paper takes the honeysuckle industry in Mashan County,Nanning as a case study for comprehensive analysis,forming a driving force for the high-quality development of characteristic agricultural industries.

Establishment of Characteristic Chromatogram of Honeysuckle Stem Formula Granules Based on the Concept of Whole Process Quality Control

[Objectives]To establish a HPLC characteristic spectrum of honeysuckle stem formula granules,and to evaluate the quality consistency based on the standard decoction.[Methods]Using Agilent ZORBAX SB-C_(18)(5μm,250 mm×4.6 mm)chromatographic column;gradient elution with acetonitrile-0.4%phosphoric acid solution(0.2:99.8,V/V),column temperature at 25℃;detection wavelength at 236 nm;flow rate 1.0 mL/min;using"Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of Traditional Chinese Medicine",to evaluate the similarity of the characteristic chromatogram of crude drug,standard decoction and formula granules of honeysuckle stem.[Results]The similarity of characteristic chromatogram was higher than 0.94,and 6 components were identified from 10 characteristic peaks.[Conclusions]The established method can more comprehensively reflect the overall appearance of the chemical substances in the honeysuckle stem and the transmission law,and can provide an experimental basis for the consistency of the quality of the honeysuckle stem formula granules.

Influence of Different Processing Methods on Honeysuckle Quality

Processing method is one of the maln factors affecting the quality of hon-eysuckIe herbs, which is directIy reIated to economic benefits of farmers. This paper compares various processing methods of honeysuckIe to provide some references for deveIoping a suitabIe processing procedure that can be used in Iarge-scale pro-duction and improve herb quality.

Determination of chlorogenic acid by flow injection irreversible biamperometry

A flow injection irreversible biamperometric method for the determination of chlorogenic acid is described. The proposed method is based on the electrochemical oxidation of chlorogenic acid at pretreated platinum electrode and the reduction of permanganate at another electrode to form an irreversible biamperometric detection system. Under the external potential difference （z^v） of 0 V, in the 0.05 mol/L sulfuric acid, chlorogenic acid can be determined over the range 0.8-120 mg/L with a sample measurement frequency of 80 samples/h. The detection limit is 0.18 mg/L. The proposed method exhibits the satisfactory reproducibility with a relative standard derivation （R.S.D.） of 2.21% for 19 successive determinations of 40 mg/L.

Research Progress of Active Ingredients and Pharmacological Action of Honeysuckle

Honeysuckle, the dry flower bud or with open flower of Lonicerajaponica in caprifoliaceae, has been touted as a cure-all for heat-clearing and detoxifying effect. Honeysuckle contains abundant components such as volatile oil, flavonoids and organic acids, playing the role of antibiosis, antivirus, antiphlogosis, immunopotenfiation and antioxidation. The active ingredients and pharmacological action of honeysuckle are reviewed in the paper, so as to lay the foundation for further application of honeysuckle in veterinary clinic.

Regeneration of Blue Honeysuckle via Dormant Axillary Buds

The optimum medium for dormant axillary buds culture of blue honeysuckle was screened according to the growth rate and elongation rate by inoculating the buds on culture medium with various 6-BA and iron-salt concentration. About 35 days, the stretched stem buds were divided into strong root system after inoculated on 1/2 MS＋1.0 mg·L^-1 IBA rooting medium. Amount of qualified tissue-cultured young plants could be obtained by the stretched stem buds reproduction.

Research Progress on Lonicera japonica Thunb.Affected by Environmental Stress

Lonicera japonica Thunb.is widely distributed in China.It has strong adaptability to the environment and can maintain normal growth and development under a variety of stress conditions.It is commonly used as a medicine with its dry flower buds or newly opened flowers,named honeysuckle,and with both economic value and ecological application value.The research progress of L.japonica Thunb.under stress conditions such as temperature,drought,light,salt,heavy metals and diseases,pests and endophytic bacteria was reviewed,and the current research situation of the physiological and biochemical response mechanism,changes of photosynthetic fluorescence and accumulation of secondary metabolites of honeysuckle under different stresses was discussed,so as to provide a reference for deep-level exploring the resistance mechanism of L.japonica Thunb.in the future and lay a theoretical foundation for the high-quality authentic ecological cultivation of L.japonica Thunb.

A new PAT application: Optimization of processing methods for honeysuckle flower (Lonicerae Japonicae Flos) and wild honeysuckle flower (Lonicerae Flos)

Objective:A novel processing analytical framework of Chinese Material Medica (CMM) includes breeding process analysis,planting process analysis,producing process analysis and manufacture process analysis.In order to study this framework,we used quality control of honeysuckle flower (Lonicerae japonicae Flos) including diploid and tetraploid Lonicera japonica,and wild honeysuckle flower (Lonicerae Flos) including Lonicerae hypoglauca,Lonicerae confusa,Lonicerae fulvotomentosa and Lonicerae macranthoides as an example.Methods:A total of 360 samples were analyzed from three variables including species,growing areas,and optimization of processing methods.For quantitative analysis,chlorogenic acid (CA),isochlorogenic acid A (3,5-DCA),and isochlorogenic acid C (4,5-DCA) were measured with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Results:The three organic acids contents are higher in wild honeysuckle flower than honeysuckle flower;L.japonica (tetraploid) is higher than L.japonica (diploid).Modern processing methods (kill-enzyme torrefaction and fixing machine drying) are popular in growing areas and are superior to traditional methods (sun and shade drying).Conclusions:Novel process analysis concepts in processing analytical technology (PAT) enriched the Chinese MateHal Medica contents.

Microhabitat use by white-footed mice Peromyscus leucopus in forested and old-field habitats occupied by Morrow's honeysuckle Lonicera morrowii

We quantified microhabitat use by white-footed mice Peromyscus leucopus in forest and old-field habitats occupied by Morrow＇ s honeysuckle Lonicera morrowii, an invasive exotic shrub imported from Japan. Microhabitat characteristics were compared between trails used by mice （ n = 124） and randomly selected trails （ n = 127） in 4 study plots located at Fort Necessity National Battlefield, Farmington, Pennsylvania, USA. We compared 10 mierohabitat variables between used and random trails using non-metric multidimensional scaling （NMDS） and classification and regression tree （CART） analysis. Trails used by mice were statistically different from randomly selected trails in both forested plots （ P 〈 0. 008） and old-field plots （ P 〈 0. 001 ）. In the forested plots, trails of white-footed mice were more often associated with a greater percent cover （% cover） of coarse woody debris （CWD） than were randomly selected trails. In the old-field plots, mouse trails were commonly characterized by having a lower % cover of exotic herbaceous vegetation, a greater % cover of shrubs, and a greater % cover of Morrow＇ s honeysuckle than randomly selected trails. Our study indicates that white-footed mice do not move randomly and prefer areas of high structural complexity, thereby showing significant microhabitat preference. The preference of white-footed mice for areas with a relatively high percent cover of Morrow＇s honeysuckle could 1 ） be a factor in the aggressive nature of the exotic honeysuckle shrub＇s spread throughout the Battlefield or 2） cause the shrub to spread even faster into adjacent areas not yet occupied by Morrow＇ s honeysuckle

Compound-honeysuckle-induced drug eruption with special manifestations:A case report

BACKGROUND The clinical manifestations of drug eruption are complex and diverse,which can lead to missed diagnosis or misdiagnosis.The clinical manifestations of drug eruption caused by compound honeysuckle have not been reported.CASE SUMMARY A 20-year-old man was admitted to our department of dermatology due to erythema and papules on the chest and abdomen with pruritus for 3 d.The next day after taking compound honeysuckle granules,the patient suddenly developed a rash and intense itching on his chest and abdomen.Physical examination revealed diffuse red needle-cap size macules and papules with welldefined borders on the chest and abdomen,and discoloration after finger pressure.No abnormality was observed in other areas of the skin.Back skin scratch was positive.White blood cells,eosinophil count and eosinophil ratio were higher than normal.Histopathological examination of the skin lesions on the left abdomen revealed intercellular edema,blurred focal basal cell layers,and focal lymphocyte infiltration in the superficial dermis and perivascular areas.Immunohistochemistry showed CD3+,CD4+and CD8+T lymphocytes.The diagnosis was drug eruption with special manifestations induced by compound honeysuckle.The skin lesions completely subsided without pruritus after 2 wk of antihistamine and hormone therapy.Follow-up for>1 mo showed no recurrence.CONCLUSION Chinese patent medicine compound honeysuckle granules can induce allergic reaction and rare skin damage.

Chinese Patent, A Tentative Explanation of Various Strategies of Patenting

The recent increase in patent granted in China prompts for an analysis of the various strategies which are certainly developed by Chinese applicants in that field. An analysis （APA Automatic Patent Analysis） has been done in several fields which have different impacts on the Chinese economy. We chose four different subjects： solar panels; photovoltaic panels; fireworks; and honeysuckle. These areas go from deep international concern to only Chinese interest. We analyzed in the different ratios between Chinese priority patents, Chinese patents extended to other countries, Patent extended from other countries to China and Chinese utility models. The results show clearly that various directions are followed depending on the economic importance of the field and also the pressure of the competition inside and outside China. In this context the strategic dependence （number of patents extended to China by other countries） was examined for each of the fields. We also show that in the domain where the man power is important such as fireworks the number of utility models is important. This suggests that utility models are used to spread in that field minor innovations. In the fields such as honeysuckle many applicants are the same that the inventors and the involvement of universities larger than in other fields. These two fields more or less centered on Chinese domestic aspects only a few patents （not for Honeysuckle） are extended to other countries. The impact of foreign patents in these two fields is quasi nil. In other domains such as photovoltaic panel the triadic patents （extension to US JP EP） are examined its show that if some Chinese patents are extended to other countries there are also an important numbers of foreign patents extended to China. This also suggests that in these most critical subjects, China develops a sort of technological protection barrier from domestic patents. This underlines a strategy on attack and defense in that field.

Geographical Indication and Unique Production Technology of Zhengcheng Honeysuckle

The specific production area,unique production environment,rich humanistic history and unique production quality of Zhengcheng honeysuckle,a featured product of Pingyi County,Shandong Province and a national geographic indication agricultural product are described in this article.The unique production method for Zhengcheng honeysuckle is summarized from the aspects of production area selection,variety selection,production management,harvesting,processing and packaging,and corresponding development measures for the industry are proposed,aiming to maintain the Zhengcheng honeysuckle brand to the greatest extent and further increase the popularity of Zhengcheng honeysuckle.

Invertebrate Abundance, Biomass, and Richness Associated with an Exotic Invasive Shrub (Lonicera morrowii A. Gray)

Exotic bush honeysuckles (Lonicera spp.) are becoming increasingly common in the eastern and mid-western United States, but little is known about their impacts on invertebrates. We used a modified leaf vacuum to sample invertebrates in the shrub strata and understory of three shrub types (and open plots in the understory): single Morrow’s honeysuckle (L. morrowii A. Gray) shrubs, single native southern arrowwood (Viburnum recognitum Fernald) shrubs, and dense thickets of Morrow’s honeysuckle, in southwestern PA, USA during 2004 and 2005. We also assessed the degree of herbivory on the two species of shrubs. Within the shrub strata, invertebrate biomass was lower in southern arrowwood shrubs, but there was no difference in invertebrate abundance or family richness. Invertebrate abundance and richness were lowest in August, but there was no difference in biomass among the months. Invertebrate abundance, biomass, and family richness were lowest in the understory below dense thickets of Morrow’s honeysuckle. Overall, the percent cover of herbs was the proximate factor responsible for driving patterns of invertebrate abundance, though ultimately these patterns were being driven by shrub type. Abundance and biomass of larval leaf chewers were highest in the native shrub;Morrow’s honeysuckle had a mean of 29.7 cm2 of leaf area consumed per 1 m2 of leaf area, while the native shrub had a mean of 284.3 cm2 of leaf area consumed. Our results suggest that areas dominated by the exotic shrub negatively impact invertebrate biomass, which may in turn affect organisms at higher trophic levels.

Inhibitory Activity of Honeysuckle Extracts against Influenza A Virus In Vitro and In Vivo

Honeysuckle has been used in the treatment of influenza virus infection for thousands of years in China.However,its main active components and the functional mechanisms remain to be elucidated.Here,four honeysuckle extracts,including acids extract,flavonoids extract,total extract and acids-flavonoids mixture,were prepared to clarify the main active antiviral components.The cytopathic effect reduction assay showed that all the four extracts inhibited the replication of influenza viruses H1N1,H3N2 and the oseltamivir-resistant mutant strain H1N1-H275Y.The acids-flavonoids mixture had the strongest inhibitory effects in vitro with EC_(50) values of 3.8,4.1,and >20 lg/m L against H1N1,H3N2 and H1N1-H275Y,respectively,showing competitive antiviral activity with oseltamivir and ribavirin.Honeysuckle acids extract also showed the most significant antiviral activity in vivo.Oral administration of the acids extract at a dosage of 600 mg/kg/d effectively alleviated viral pneumonia,maintained body weight and improved the survival rate to 30% of the mice infected with a lethal dose of H1N1.The results of time-of-drug addition experiment and neuraminidase (NA) inhibition assay showed that honeysuckle extracts had a broad-spectrum inhibitory effect against influenza virus NAs.The flavonoid extract showed the strongest inhibitory effect on the NA of influenza virus H7N9 with an IC_(50) of 24.7 lg/m L.These results suggested that these extracts might exert their antiviral activity by suppressing the release of influenza viruses.Briefly,our findings demonstrate that acids and flavonoids extracts of honeysuckle are the major antiviral active components,and the acids extract has the potential to be developed into an antiviral agent against influenza virus,especially for oseltamivirresistant viruses.

Inhibitory effect of blue honeysuckle extract on high-fat-diet-induced fatty liver in mice

Blue honeysuckle is rich in polyphenols, and recently receiving attention because of its potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease that develops hepatic inflammation and metabolic syndrome. The present study aims to study the effect of blue honeysuckle extract(BHE) on fat deposition and hepatic lipid peroxidation in a high-fat-diet(HFD)-induced mouse model. Mice were fed a normal diet(ND) or a HFD containing 0.5% or 1% of BHE or not for 45 d. Liver sections were stained by hematoxylin-eosin staining.Serum lipids were measured by a clinical analyzer. Insulin was examined by ELISA, and hepatic proteins were detected by Western blotting. Dietary supplementation of BHE dose-dependently suppressed HFD-induced obesity and hepatic fat deposition. Moreover, BHE improved glucose metabolism by increasing insulin sensitivity and attenuated oxidative stress potentially by up-regulating nuclear factor(erythroid-derived 2)-like 2(Nrf2)-mediated pathway.

Anaphylaxis effect and substance basis of honeysuckle extract

Objective:To explore the anaphylaxis effect and anaphylaxis substances of honeysuckle.Methods:Rat peritoneal mast cells(PMC)were separated and purified,the cells were incubated with compound 48/80(0.02 g/L),physiological saline and honeysuckle extract(120 g/L)at 37°C for 0,15,30,45 and 60 min.Degranulation were observed by optical microscope and transmission electron microscope.Annexin V positive cell rate was detected by flow cytometry to reflect the degranulation rate of PMC.SD rats were supplied with honeysuckle extract by intravenous injection at a dose of 2.25 g/L.After administration,different parameters were analyzed,including the symptoms,histamine(HIS)and tryptase(MCT)levels,which were determined to explore the effect of anaphylaxis.Regression analysis was used to calculate the relationships between the peaks and the pharmacological effects to explore potentially anaphylactoid components.Results:The percentage of Annxin V positive cells and the degranulation ratio were markedly elevated in PMC treated with honeysuckle extract for more than 15 min(P<0.05).HIS and MCT level were significantly elevated after injection of honeysuckle extract for more than 15 min.Morphology of PMC and systemic symptoms were also changed compared with the controlled group(P<0.05).Regression analysis was used to calculate the relationship between peaks and pharmacological effects,and to determine peaks 7,10 and 13 as possible anaphylactoid ingredients.Conclusion:This study established a prospective method to clarify the anaphylactoid components of honeysuckle extract,which would provide guidance for screening anaphylactoid components in traditional Chinese medicine injections containing honeysuckle in the prescription.

Degradation kinetics of functional components of honeysuckle flowers during controlled-atmosphere heat pump drying

To investigate the change law of functional components and exterior color of honeysuckle flowers(HF)during controlled-atmosphere heat pump drying,nitrogen was used as drying medium in this study to reduce the oxygen concentration.The influences of drying temperature,HF’s loading amount and oxygen concentration on chlorogenic acid content,cynaroside content and L value(on behalf of browning degree)were explored,and the degradation kinetics models of chlorogenic acid and cynaroside were constructed.The results showed that chlorogenic acid content,cynaroside content and L value decreased with the rise of temperature,HF’s loading amount and oxygen concentration.The degradation kinetics models of chlorogenic acid and cynaroside during the drying process were established through introducing an exponent r related to time t in the first order reaction kinetics equation.The models had good fitting precision and can be used to predict the degradation law of chlorogenic acid and cynaroside.

Synthesis of Chlorogenic Acid Imprinted Chromatographic Packing by Surface-initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization and Its Application

A novel chromatographic packing of chlorogenic acid（CGA） molecularly imprinted polymer（MIP） based on the 5.0 ~tm silica was prepared by surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization（SI-ATRP） with 4-vinylpyridine（4-VP） as functional monomer, ethyl glycol dimethacrylate（EDMA） as cross-linker in the mixture of methanol and water（7：3, volume ratio） under mild reaction conditions. The characteristics of CGA MIP were investi- gated by elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis（TGA）, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry（FTIR） and atomic force microscopy（AFM）. The effects of some chromatographic conditions such as mobile phase composition and temperature on the retention time were investigated. The adsorption capacity of the stationary phase for com- pounds was determined by frontal chromatographic technique. The results show that Freundlich isotherm fits the ex- perimental adsorption isotherm data better than Langmuir model does. The relatively high heterogeneity index values regressed with the Freundlich isotherm suggest the formation of fairly homogeneous MIP. Thermodynamic data（AAH and AAS） obtained by van＇t Hoff plots reveal an entropy-controlled separation. The CGA MIP column was shown to be successful for the separation and purification of chlorogenic acid from the extract of Honeysuckle.