Bulbosum to Go： A Toolbox to Utilize Hordeum vulgarelbulbosum Introgressions for Breeding and Beyond

Hordeum bulbosum L., a wild relative of barley （Hordeum vulgare L.）, has been considered as a valuable source of genetic diversity for barley improvement. Since the 1990s, a considerable number of barley/H, bulbosum introgression lines （IL）s has been generated, with segments introgressed from H. bulbosum harboring a diverse set of desirable traits. However, the efficient utilization of these ILs has been hampered, largely due to the lack of suitable molecular tools for their genetic characterization and highly reduced interspecific recombination frequencies in the region of the introgression. In the present study, we utilized genotyping-by-sequencing for the detailed molecular characterization of 145 ILs. Genotypic information allows the genetic diversity within the set of ILs to be determined and a strategy was outlined to tackle the obstacle of reduced recombination frequencies. Furthermore, we compiled exome capture re-sequencing information of barley and H. bulbosum and designed an integrated barley/ H. bulbosum sequence resource with polymorphism information on interspecific and intraspecific sequence variations of both species. The integrated sequence will be valuable for marker development in barley/H, bulbosum ILs derived from any barley and H. bulbosum donors. This study provides the tools for the widespread utilization of barley/H, bulbosum ILs in applied barley breeding and academic research.

Assessing the product quality and biological activities of barley(Hordeum vulgare L.)grasses at different harvest times

Barley(Hordeum vulgare L.)grasses(BG)have attracted considerable interest due to their multiple physiological activities and health benefits.In this paper,eight BG at four different growth stages were collected:seedling,tillering,stem elongation,and heading,and their product qualities and biological activities were examined and studied.Results demonstrated that harvest time obviously influenced proximate composition,surface color,and amino acid profile.Z21 and Z23 harvested at the seedling and early tillering stages,respectively,had higher total phenolic content(TPC)and total flavonoid content(TFC)than the other BG.Moreover,Z21 and Z23 possessed better DPPH radical-scavenging ability,antioxidant capacity,andα-glucosidase inhibitory activity,which were positively correlated with TPC,TFC,and protein and total amino acid contents.Our findings suggested that the early tillering stages were the preferable harvest times for BG with good product quality and biological properties.

过量施磷下青稞生长发育和磷素利用的变化

为探讨青稞(Hordeum vulgare var.coeleste Linnaeus)新品种和新品系的磷肥施用上限,摸清过量施磷下青稞新品种(系)的生长发育和养分吸收利用特征,试验设置不施磷肥对照(CK)、常规施磷肥处理(P1)和过量施磷肥处理(P2、P3、P4),5个处理的P2O5施用量依次为0、56.2、138.5、220.8、277.0 kg/hm^(2),研究过量施磷下青稞生长发育和磷素吸收利用的变化。结果表明,青稞的最高茎蘖数随着施磷量的增加而增加;施磷可增加青稞成穗数,过量施磷反而会降低青稞成穗数;施用磷肥可增加青稞的株高,施磷量增加到一定程度后,青稞株高增加不显著;施磷肥可提高青稞平均灌浆速率和最大灌浆速率,且随着施磷量的增加先升高后降低;2个青稞品种(系)的磷肥利用率、磷肥农学利用率、磷肥偏生产力、产量均随着施磷量的增加呈递减趋势。以上分析表明,过量施用磷肥会导致青稞成穗数下降,磷肥利用率明显降低。

不同硅处理方式对干旱胁迫下大麦萌发的影响

【目的】研究不同处理方式下不同浓度的硅对干旱胁迫下大麦萌发的影响,综合评价各处理下大麦幼苗的抗旱性,确定最佳处理。【方法】分别在种子发芽前使用硅溶液浸种(A处理)和在种子发芽的培养过程中向发芽盒里加硅培养液(B处理)两种方式处理新啤6号大麦种子,两种方式均设置0.0、0.5、1.0、1.5和2.0 mmol/L Na_(2) SiO_(3)·9H_(2)O浓度水平,研究对干旱胁迫下大麦发芽指标、形态指标和生长量的影响。【结果】A处理下随着硅浓度的增加发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、根长、芽长、芽鞘长、根数、根和芽的鲜重与干重均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,而根芽比呈先降低后增加的趋势,发芽率无显著变化。B处理下0.0和0.5 mmol/L Na_(2) SiO_(3)·9H_(2)O浓度下各指标均无显著差异,1.0~2.0浓度区间内根芽比随硅浓度增加呈降低趋势,其他各指标随硅浓度增加而增加。【结论】1.0 mmol/L Na_(2) SiO_(3)·9H_(2)O浸种处理的大麦幼苗抗旱性最佳。

云南省啤酒大麦新品系适应性评价

为筛选适宜云南省种植的啤酒大麦(Hordeum vulgare L.)新品系,以云南省啤酒大麦区试品种S500为对照,对新选育的11个啤酒大麦新品系进行产量、农艺性状和抗逆性评价。结果表明,20YD(二)-3产量居第一位,抗逆性好,综合性状优,可以推荐进入啤酒大麦区域试验,并可作为优良亲本进一步加强利用。

青藏高原种植业碳排放量测度——以青海省青稞种植业为例

为研究青藏高原种植业碳排放量测度问题,以青海省青稞(Hordeum vulgare L.var.nudum Hook.f.)种植业产生的碳排放量、碳排放强度、碳成本为测算目标进行测定。通过对青海省1997—2019年的碳排放总量和农业碳排放量现状进行分析,发现青海省碳排放总量仍居高不下,农业碳排放量也始终处于较高水平。基于1997—2019年青海省农业碳排放数据,使用Matlab软件中GUI工具箱搭建非线性次回归神经网络模型,并使用神经网络时序工具对青海省农业2020—2026年碳排放进行多步预测,结果显示2020—2026年青海省农业碳排放量仍呈高位波动增长的趋势,迫切需要开展“双碳”减排。依据青稞种植业碳排放来源,建立了农用柴油、人工、化肥、农药、农膜、N2O排放6个测算指标。并基于2015—2020年各测算指标的数据建立IPCC清单估算模型,最终测得青海省青稞种植业2015—2020年碳排放总量、碳排放强度和碳成本,结果显示,2015—2020年青海省青稞种植业碳排放总量并未随着青稞种植面积的增大而出现大幅度增长,而青稞种植业碳排放强度和碳成本随着青稞种植面积的增大而有所降低。

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Analysis of Barley Landraces from Shanghai Region Using Genotyping-by-Sequencing

Barley(Hordeum vulgare L.)is an important economic crop for food,feed and industrial raw materials.In the present research,112 barley landraces from the Shanghai region were genotyped using genotyping-by-sequencing(GBS),and the genetic diversity and population structure were analyzed.The results showed that 210,268 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms(SNPs)were present in total,and the average poly-morphism information content(PIC)was 0.1642.Genetic diversity and population structure analyses suggested that these barley landraces were differentiated and could be divided into three sub-groups,with morphological traits of row-type and adherence of the hulls the main distinguishing factors between groups.Genotypes with similar or duplicated names were also investigated according to their genetic backgrounds and seed appearances.This study provided valuable information on barley landraces from the Shanghai region,and showed that all these barley landraces should be protected and used for future breeding programs.

大麦种子萌发lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA差异表达分析及ceRNA调控网络构建

为解析长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)、microRNA(miRNA)和mRNA如何在ceRNA互作模式下调控大麦种子萌发,揭示大麦(Hordeum vulgare L.)种子萌发转录水平分子调控机制,基于大麦种子萌发相关的RNA-Seq数据,共鉴定出6447个差异表达的mRNA,661个差异表达的lncRNA,310个差异表达的miRNA;对差异表达的mRNA和lncRNA进行加权基因共表达网络(WGCNA)分析,各鉴定到1个与大麦种子萌发高度相关的共表达模块。模块内相关基因涉及水分响应、胚发育等生物学过程,以及MAPK信号转导、植物激素信号转导等信号通路。通过对lncRNA/mRNA和miRNA进行靶基因预测,得到168个miRNA-mRNA靶基因对以及310个miRNA-lncRNA靶基因对,进而构建了包含2个子网络的ceRNA调控网络,发现有16个miRNA、38个lncRNA以及18个mRNA可能具有ceRNA功能。最后,利用qRT-PCR验证了2个关系对:HORVU0Hr1G039470-miR2611-MSTRG.21252以及HORVU6Hr1G031480-miR1858-MSTRG.23227。

湖北省大麦产量进展及提升路径研究

湖北省是中国主要的冬大麦(Hordeum vulgare L.)产区。分析了2006—2020年湖北省大麦产量变化特点和育种进展,发现每穗粒数的增加是产量提高的主要因素,而逆境是制约稳产的关键因子,从而提出未来改良湖北省大麦产量仍需以提高穗粒数为主,同时要提高品种对低温、干旱和湿渍等逆境的耐抗性。

青稞HvnPHO1;2基因克隆、亚细胞定位和表达模式分析

PHO1是一种具有长距离磷转运功能的磷转运蛋白。采用同源克隆方法从青稞‘昆仑14’中获得HvnPHO1;2 cDNA和启动子区域序列。采用生物信息学软件对HvnPHO1;2基因结构、启动子区域元件以及蛋白理化性质、跨膜结构、信号肽、二、三级结构、同源蛋白序列特点和系统进化树进行分析。此外还对HvnPHO1;2的亚细胞定位以及表达模式进行了研究。生物信息学分析结果表明,HvnPHO1;2基因有15个外显子和14个内含子,启动子区域有大量的茉莉酸和脱落酸相关的顺式作用元件。HvnPHO1;2蛋白共有799个氨基酸,分子质量为90365.42 u,总原子数为12735,亲水系数为-0.069,理论等电点为9.33,不稳定指数40.18,脂溶性指数为87.08。HvnPHO1;2具有6个跨膜结构,不具有信号肽。HvnPHO1;2中α螺旋、延长链、β转角、无规则卷曲所占比例分别为55.94%、8.14%、3.13%、32.79%。HvnPHO1;2和其他物种的同源蛋白都有SPX和EXS结构域,青稞HvnPHO1;2和与山羊草AtsPHO1;2亲缘关系最近。亚细胞定位结果表明HvnPHO1;2定位于细胞膜。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,HvnPHO1;2在青稞茎秆和灌浆籽粒中表达量较高,并受低磷、NaCl胁迫、茉莉酸甲酯和脱落酸诱导表达。

播期对青贮大麦产量和青贮品质的影响

为探究新疆北部地区播期对青贮大麦产量、青贮原料品质和青贮品质的影响,以3个大麦品种(系)(垦啤麦13、P13-3和甘啤4号)为材料,分别于3月18日、4月2日、4月17日播种,对其青贮农艺性状、干草产量、青贮原料营养成分和青贮品质进行分析。结果表明,随着播期的推迟,青贮大麦生育期大幅度缩短,4月17日播种时生育期较3月18日缩短22~23 d。晚播会显著降低大麦干草产量,晚播(4月17日)时3个品种(系)干草产量比早播(3月18日)降低15.2%~24.2%,其中垦啤麦13降幅最大。推迟播种使垦啤麦13和甘啤4号茎、穗的干物质分配比例下降,叶的干物质分配比例上升。晚播使P13-3和甘啤4号洗涤纤维含量(中性和酸性)和粗脂肪含量分别显著上升和下降,显著降低P13-3的粗蛋白含量,提高甘啤4号可溶性碳水化合物含量。播期对青贮品质影响因品种(系)而异,晚播降低了甘啤4号青贮的pH值、氨态氮含量,提高乳酸含量,对其他品种(系)无显著性影响。总体来看,新疆青贮大麦在外界条件允许的条件下,应适当早播。

富氢水对干旱胁迫下大麦种子萌发的影响

【目的】研究富氢水对干旱胁迫下大麦种子萌发的影响,分析富氢水在干旱应答中的作用。【方法】以大麦品种新啤6号为试材,采用不同浓度(0、25%、50%、75%、100%)富氢水浸种处理,测定半致死聚乙二醇-6000浓度下大麦种子发芽特性、渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化酶活性及丙二醛含量变化。【结果】25%及50%富氢水浸种能明显改善干旱胁迫下大麦种子萌发质量。富氢水处理下,种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数显著增加;可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及游离脯氨酸含量均有不同程度提升;丙二醛积累量显著下降;超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性明显增强。【结论】适宜浓度的富氢水能够通过提升渗透调节能力和抗氧化能力的途径增强大麦种子对干旱胁迫的耐受性。

青稞产量性状的基因型与环境互作分析

对不同海拔青稞(Hordeum vulgare L.)产量性状相关数据进行分析,分别计算不同品种产量性状的平均值及差异显著性水平;计算不同地区产量性状的平均值,并进行多重比较;估算其遗传方差,环境方差及遗传环境互作方差,比较遗传及环境对青稞产量性状的影响。结果表明,青稞的实粒数、千粒重在每个品种中差异都明显;玉龙地区的环境更有利于有效穗和产量的增加;千粒重主要受遗传控制,其次受基因与环境互作影响较大,环境影响最小。有效穗、实粒数、产量等产量性状受环境影响较大。

2,4-表芸苔素内酯浸种对干旱胁迫下大麦种子萌发期淀粉代谢的影响

为研究2,4-表芸苔素内酯对干旱胁迫下大麦种子萌发期淀粉代谢的影响,将新啤6号大麦种子用不同浓度芸苔素内酯浸种处理,在质量分数23%聚乙二醇-6000溶液中进行培养。在种子萌发72 h时,统计发芽率和幼苗生长指标,并在12、24、36、48、60、72 h测定种子的淀粉酶活性和淀粉、可溶性总糖、蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖含量。结果表明:干旱胁迫会显著抑制种子萌发,也会降低萌发过程中的淀粉酶活性,提高淀粉含量,降低可溶性糖含量;与单独干旱胁迫相比,适宜浓度(5、25μg·L^(-1))的芸苔素内酯可显著提高种子的发芽率、根长、芽长和胚芽鞘长,使萌发种子内的淀粉酶活性不断增强,淀粉含量持续降低。25μg·L^(-1)芸苔素内酯处理的大麦种子可溶性总糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖和果糖含量显著提高,而较高浓度(200μg·L^(-1))芸苔素内酯对上述指标表现出抑制作用。综上,适宜浓度的芸苔素内酯可通过提高干旱胁迫下种子的淀粉代谢速率来促进种子萌发和幼苗生长。

大麦种质资源成株期抗旱性鉴定及抗旱指标筛选

干旱是影响大麦生产的主要因素之一。在鉴定大麦种质资源成株期抗旱性的基础上,筛选抗旱指标,可为培育抗旱品种提供依据。本研究在2016和2017年在大麦生长主要需水期平均降雨量不足40 mm的甘肃省武威市进行田间试验,以30份大麦种质资源为研究对象,设置正常灌水和干旱胁迫处理,测定大麦株高、穗长、分蘖数、单株粒数、单株粒重、穗粒数、千粒重和产量,采用抗旱性度量值(D)、综合抗旱系数(CDC)、加权抗旱系数(WDC)、相关分析、频次分析、主成分分析、灰色关联度分析、隶属函数分析、聚类分析和逐步回归分析相结合的办法,对其进行抗旱性鉴定及抗旱指标的筛选。干旱胁迫对测定的各指标均有极显著影响。频次分析表明,各指标对干旱胁迫反应的敏感程度依次为产量、株高、单株粒重、穗长、单株粒数、分蘖数、穗粒数和千粒重。相关分析表明,产量与株高、穗长、分蘖数、单株粒数和单株粒重呈极显著正相关,与穗粒数呈显著正相关、与千粒重呈不显著正相关。主成分分析表明,5个主成分可以代表大麦抗旱性86.39%的原始数据信息量。基于D值、CDC值和WDC值的大麦种质资源抗旱性排序基本一致。灰色关联度分析表明,各指标单项抗旱系数值与D值间的关联度依次为产量、单株粒重、单株粒数、穗长、株高、分蘖、穗粒数和千粒重,各指标DC值与WDC值间的关联大小依次为单株粒重、产量、单株粒数、分蘖、穗长、穗粒数、株高和千粒重。根据D值进行聚类分析,将供试大麦种质资源依据抗旱性从强到弱分为5个抗旱等级,其中1级5份、2级1份、3级11份、4级10份、5级3份。除分蘖和千粒重外,其余指标的隶属函数值、CDC值、D值和WDC值均随着抗旱级别的升高而增大。回归分析表明,5个测定指标均与D值密切相关。干旱胁迫对大麦种质资源成株期各指标均有极显著影响。确定了D值为适宜的抗旱鉴定指标。筛选出成株期抗旱性强的大麦种质资源甘啤7号、Z06-278-9、MERIT、NEVADA和西藏25,可为大麦抗旱育种、抗旱机制以及干旱调控缓解机制的研究提供技术支持。穗长、单株粒数、单株粒重、穗粒数、产量可作为大麦种质资源成株期简单、直观的抗旱评价指标。

Evaluation of Chlorophyll Content and Fluorescence Parameters as Indicators of Drought Tolerance in Barley

Drought is a major abiotic stress that severely affects food production worldwide. Agronomic and physiological traits associated with drought tolerance are suitable indicators for selection of drought tolerance genotypes to reduce the impact of water deficit on crop yield in breeding program. The objective of this study was to identify indicators related to drought tolerance through analysis of photosynthetic traits in barley （Hordeum vulgare L.）. These traits included chlorophyll content, initial fluorescence （Fo）, maximum primary yield of photochemistry of photosystem Ⅱ （Fv /Fo） and maximum quantum yield of photosystem Ⅱ （Fv/Fm）. Four genotypes （Tadmor, Arta, Morocco9-75 and WI2291） variable in drought tolerance were used to investigate the correlation between these traits and drought tolerance. The results reflected that all of these traits were affected negatively in the four genotypes at different levels of post-anthesis drought stress, but the decrease in drought tolerant genotypes was much less than that of drought sensitive genotypes. The results further revealed that the components of the photosynthetic apparatus could be damaged significantly in drought sensitive genotypes, while drought tolerant genotypes were relatively less affected. On the other hand, the values of chlorophyll content, Fo, Fv/Fo and Fv/Fm in drought tolerance genotypes were significantly higher than those in drought sensitive genotypes under drought stress. It was concluded that chlorophyll content, Fo, Fv/Fo and Fv/Fm could be considered as reliable indicators in screening barley germplasm for drought tolerance.

Alleviation of Al Toxicity in Barley by Addition of Calcium

The potential mechanism by which Ca alleviates Al toxicity was investigated in barley seedlings. It was found that 100 Al-alone treatment inhibited barley plant growth and thereby reduced shoot height and root length, and dry weights of root, shoot and leaf; promoted Al accumulation but inhibited Ca absorption in plant tissues; and induced an increase in the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, catalase （CAT）, and peroxidase （POD） and in the level of lipid peroxidation （MDA content） in leaves. Except for the increase in Ca concentration in plant tissues, treatment with 0.5 mM Ca in the absence of Al had less effect on the above-mentioned parameters, compared with the control. Addition of Ca efficiently reduced Al toxicity, which is reflected by the promotion of plant growth, reduction in Al concentration and MDA content, increase in Ca concentration and in SOD, POD, and CAT activities compared with the Al-alone-treatment; with increase in Ca level （3.0 raM）, the ameliorative effect became more dominant. This indicated that the alleviation of aluminum toxicity in barley seedlings with Ca supplementation could be associated with less absorption of Al and the enhancement of the protective ability of the cell because of increased activity of the antioxidative enzyme.

Genotypic and Environmental Variations of Arabinoxylan Content and Endoxylanase Activity in Barley Grains

Arabinoxylan （AX） content in barley grains is an important quality determinant when barley is used as raw material of malt or beer production. The cultivar and environmental variations of total arabinoxylan （TAX）, water extractable arabinoxylan （WEAX） and endoxylanase activity （EA） were investigated using eight barley cultivars growing at seven locations with diverse environmental conditions. The results showed that both barley cultivar and location significantly affected the TAX, WEAX and EA levels, but the variations of TAX content and EA were mainly attributed to cultivar, while the impact of location on WEAX content was greater than that of cultivar. Correlation analysis indicated that TAX was significantly correlated to WUAX.

Effects of Waterlogging on Photosynthesis and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities of Six Barley Genotypes with Different Waterlogging Tolerance

A field experiment was carried out to study genotypic difference in the effect of waterlogging on photosynthesis, chlorophyll content and antioxidative enzyme activities in barley. Waterlogging caused a rapid decline in net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (gs), and little change in chlorophyll content during early days of the treatment. A dramatic increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in waterlogged plants in the early days of the experiment was found, indicating the occurrence of oxidative stress in barley plants exposed to waterlogging. There was a highly significant difference in the changed extent of all these parameters among genotypes. Franklin and Yongjiahong Liuleng Damai, which were relatively sensitive to waterlogging in terms of growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll content, accumulated much more MDA than the other two relatively tolerant genotypes (93-3143 and QS). After removal of waterlogging, the genotypic difference became much greater in recovering of these examined parameters. Yongjiahong Liuleng Damai showed higher recovery, while Franklin only recovered to 50% of the control at the 14 day after waterlogging removal. It may be concluded that it is the difference in anti-oxidative stress caused by waterlogging that account for the major difference in photosynthesis among barley genotypes.

Genotypic Difference in Plant Growth and Mineral Composition in Barley Under Aluminum Stress

Four barley genotypes (Tiantaiyangdamai, Xiyin2, Mimaill4 and Tai94-Ce6) were exposed to 0, 50, 100, and 150μM of Al-containing solution with pH 4.5, to determine the differences in growth inhibition , Al concentration and accumulation and mineral composition among genotypes. The results showed that Mimaill4 and Tai94-Ce6 had significantly higher Al concentration and accumulation than Tiantaiyangdami and Xiyin2, especially in roots, and the growth traits including root and shoot dry weights, shoot height, root length and tillers per plant were more inhibited in the former two genotypes. Al treatments caused a significant reduction of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Mn content in both roots and shoots, of Cu in shoots; and a significant increase in Fe and Zn content in both roots and shoots, of Cu in roots. The changed rates of mineral content caused by Al treatments, in terms of the content in 150μM Al divided by the content in the control, differed significantly among four genotypes. Two Al-sensitive genotypes, Mimaill4 and Tai94-Ce6 had much greater changes in mineral content than other two Al-tolerant genotypes Tiantaiyangdamai and Xiyin2 when subjected to Al stress in comparison with the control. It is indicated that the Al-tolerant genotype is characterized by less uptake and accumulation of Al in roots and smaller disorders in mineral metabolism and ion homeostasis.