Research into magnetic guidance technology for directional drilling in SAGD horizontal wells

SAGD horizontal wells are used to enhance oil recovery from heavy oil reservoirs.This technology requires precise separation between the production well and the injection well to ensure the efficient drainage of the reservoir.By studying the attitude of the downhole probe tube and the production well trajectory,an algorithm is proposed for eliminating ferromagnetic interference while drilling injection wells.A high accuracy filter circuit has been designed to correct the detected magnetic signals,which are ultra-weak,frequency-instable,and narrow-band.The directional drilling magnetic guidance system（DD-MGS） has been developed by integrating these advanced techniques.It contains a sub-system for the ranging calculation software,a magnetic source,a downhole probe tube and a sub-system for collecting ＆ processing the detected signals.The DD-MGS has succeeded in oilfield applications.It can guide the directional drilling trajectory not only in the horizontal section but also in the build section of horizontal injection wells.This new technology has broad potential applications.

Using cyclic alternating water injection to enhance oil recovery for carbonate reservoirs developed by linear horizontal well pattern

In view of high water cut and low oil recovery caused by the unidirectional flow in linear pattern of horizontal wells for the carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East,this paper provides a novel approach to improve oil recovery by converting linear water injection to cyclic alternating water injection patterns including cyclic alternating water injection with apparent inverted seven-spot pattern or apparent five-spot pattern and cyclic differential alternating water injection.The main advantage of using this strategy is that the swept efficiency is improved by changing injection-production streamlines and displacement directions,which means displacement from two different direction for the same region during a complete cycle.This technology is effective in increasing the swept efficiency and tapping the remaining oil,thus resulting in higher oil recovery.Field application with three new patterns in a carbonate reservoir in the Middle East is successful.By optimizing injection and production parameters based on the cyclic alternating well pattern,the test well group had a maximum increase of daily oil production per well of 23.84 m^(3) and maximum water cut drop of 18%.By further optimizing the distance(keep a long distance)between the heels of injection and production wells,the waterflooding performance could be better with water cut decreasing and oil production increasing.

Application and development of numerical simulation for under- ground horizontal directional drilling

In coalmines of China, horizontal directional drilling （HDD） is an increasingly popular method for underground in-seam gas drainage. Numerical simulation, especially finite element analysis, is often used as an effective method to improve HDD operation. These improvements focus on rock-breaking efficiency, directional precision, stability of the borehole wall, and reliability of the drill equipment. On the basis of underground drilling characteristics, typical numerical simulation exam- ples in drilling techniques and equipment are summarized and analyzed. In the end, the future development trends of numerical simulation in underground in-seam drilling are proposed.

Research on Horizontal Vibration of Heavy-Weight Drill Pipes in Directional Drilling

The mode of load and deformation of directional drilling string and the expression of trigonometric series of deflection equation are established by means of elastic deformation energy and of the vertical and horizontal bending. A calculation formula for natural frequency of horizontal resonance and rotational speed is derived based on the calculation method by Ritz, with which analysis is made for the cause and affecting factors of the excessive abrasion of heavy-weight drill pipe in high-angle holes so as to provide reference and basis for rational selection of drilling parameters and drilling tools in the future high-angle directional drilling.

Microstructure characteristics of Ni-43Ti-4Al-2Nb-2Hf alloy prepared by conventional casting and directional solidification

To further investigate the microstructure characteristic and solidification mechanism, so as to provide knowledge for the microstructure control of a NiTi-AI based high-temperature structural material, the microstructure of Ni-43Ti-4AI-2Nb-2Hf （at.%） alloy ingots prepared by conventional casting （arc-melting） and directional solidification （DS） at various drawing velocities （2 mm.min-＇, 18 mm.min-1, 30 mm-min-＇ and 60 mmmin~, respectively） was investigated by means of electron probe microanalyses. Experimental results reveal that the microstructures are composed of NiTi matrix phase,/3-Nb phase and Ti2Ni phase for samples obtained by both conventional casting and DS. Conventional casting has an equiaxial structure, while DS has a slender and acicular cellular structure which grows along the [001] orientation preferentially. Small amounts of white/3-Nb phase and black Ti2Ni phase co-exist at the grain boundaries or intercellular regions. With an increase in drawing velocity, the NiTi matrix phase is inclined to grow along （100） and （200） crystallographic planes, and the cellular arm spacing reduce gradually, but the directionality of the solidified structure weakens significantly. The homogeneous dispersion of,8-Nb phase and the decrease of Ti2Ni phase in DS samples are beneficial to improving the mechanical properties. Solidification mechanism analysis indicates that the dark grey NiTi matrix phase initially precipitates from the liquid phase, and then the divorced eutectic reaction takes place, which produces the light gray matrix phase and/^-Nb phase. Finally, the peritectic reaction happens, which generates the black Ti2Ni phase.

Stress Analysis of Buried Pipeline Installed by Horizontal Directional Drilling Using ANSYS Finite Element Software

In designing a horizontal directional drilling (HDD) pipeline project, designers face the challenge of determining the regions of maximum and minimum stresses on pipelines, ensuring the stability of the bore-hole from collapse and minimizing the stresses induced on the pipeline due to the bore-profile. This study analyses the stress induced on an HDD pipeline system using the ANSYS Version 18, mechanical APDL finite element (FE) software. The pipeline used as the case study was a gas transmission pipeline installed in south-west Nigeria. A macro-file for ANSYS Version 18, mechanical APDL used to model the pipeline was developed. The results showed that the maximum and minimum stresses induced on the HDD pipeline were at the top and bottom of the pipe, respectively;while the stresses on the sides were uniform (≈888 kg/cm2) all through the pipeline, irrespective of element number. The maximum stress occurred at the curvature point with the highest entry angle (10°), resulting in a maximum deflection at this point. The model stress validation performed by comparing results with theoretical solutions, both with respect to radius of curvature and internal pressure, showed percentage difference (errors) less than 10%. The cross sectional area validation showed a percentage difference of 0.059%.

RIGID-PLASTIC MECHANICAL MODEL FOR THE FORGING METHOD WITH HORIZONTAL V-SHAPED ANVIL

In order to decrease the anisotropy of mechanical properties, the rigid-plastic mechanical model for the forging method with horizontal V-shaped anvil is presented. The forging method, through the change of anvils shape, is able to control fibrous tissue direction, to improve the anisotropy of mechanical properties of axial forgings, to realize uniform forging. Therefore, the forging method can overcome the defect that conventional forging methods produce. The mechanism of the forging method with horizontal V-shaped anvil and the process of metal deformation are analyzed. The agreement of theoretical analysis with experimental study verifies the fact that the forging method with horizontal V-shaped anvil can control effectively the mechanical properties of axial forgings.

Gradient principle of horizontal stress inducing rock burst in coal mine

Based on the stress distribution characteristics of rock burst multiple sites, the criterion of horizontal stress inducing layer dislocation rock burst was established. Accordingly, the influencing factors were analyzed. The analysis results indicate that the stress condition, edge of etastic zone depth, supporting strength, and the friction angle and cohesion among coal stratum, roof and floor are sensitive factors. By introducing double-couple model, the layer dislocation rock burst was explained and the energy radiation characteristics were analyzed. The SOS micro-seismic monitoring system was applied to observe the rock burst hazards about a mining face. The results show that P- and S-wave energy radiations produced by rock burst have directional characteristics. The energy radiation characteristics of the 22 rock bursts occurring on 79Z6 long-wall face are basically the same as theoretical results, that is, the ratio of S-wave energy of sensor 4 to 6 is about 1.5 and that of P-wave is smaller than 0.5. The consistency of the monitored characteristics of the energy radiation theoretically increases with the total energy increasing.

Endoscopic lithotripsy with peroral direct cholangioscopy using a conventional endoscope

Recently,peroral direct cholangioscopy(PDCS) using an ultra-slim endoscope has come into the spotlight.However,the working channel is too small to use various devices for lithotripsy.We report a case of endoscopic lithotripsy with PDCS using a conventional endoscope as a cholangioscope.Computed tomography scan on an 80-year-old female who was admitted with acute cholangitis showed two large stones in the bile duct.Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was attempted first.However,mechanical lithotripsy failed because the stone was too large for the basket catheter.Finally,electric hydraulic lithotripsy with PDCS using a conventional endoscope was performed allowed the stones to be cleared completely.In conclusion,PDCS using a conventional endoscope can be an alternative solution for endoscopic lithotripsy for patients with large stones in the dilated bile duct.

Influence of Atmospheric Refraction on Horizontal Angle Surveying

Side-refraction is the main error source of horizontal angle surveying, but it has little influence on the sides by analyzing the influence of atmospheric-infraction on the ultrahigh-precision side and angle surveying. Choosing oriented direction is crucial to distance and angle measurement in triangulateration network. How to select the oriented direction during angle measurement is presented, and the means to check the quality of auto-surveying with Georobot is brought forward as well. At last some solutions to reduce the influence of side-refraction while disposing and surveying ultrahigh-precision triangulateration network are put forward.

Effect of low frequency electromagnetic field on microstructures and macrosegregation of horizontal direct chill casting aluminum alloy

The influences of low frequency electromagnetic field on cast surface, microstructures and macrosegregation in horizontal direct chill(HDC) casting process were investigated experimentally. The cast surfaces, microstructures and macrosegregation of the ingots manufactured by conventional HDC and low frequency electromagnetic HDC casting were compared. The results show that low frequency electromagnetic field significantly improves the surface quality, refines the microstructures and reduces macrosegregation. Further more, increasing electromagnetic intensity or decreasing frequency is beneficial to the improvement. In the range of ampere-turns and frequency employed in the experiments, the optimum ampere-turns is found to be 10 000 A·turn and the frequency to be 30 Hz.

Effects of low-frequency magnetic field on grain boundary segregation in horizontal direct chill casting of 2024 aluminum alloy

Effects of low frequency electromagnetic field on grain boundary segregation in horizontal direct chill (HDC) casting process was investigated experimentally. The grain boundary segregation and microstructures of the ingots, which manufactured by conventional HDC casting and low frequency electromagnetic HDC casting were compared. Results show that low frequency electromagnetic field significantly refines the microstructures and reduces grain boundary segregation. Decreasing electromagnetic frequency or increasing electromagnetic intensity has great effects in reducing grain boundary segregation. Meanwhile, the governing mechanisms were discussed.

Effect of Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field on Macrosegregation of Horizontal Direct Chill Casting Aluminum Alloys

The horizontal direct chill (HDC) casting process is a well-established production route for aluminum alloy ingot but the ingot may suffer from macrosegregation sometimes. In order to control the defect, a low frequency electromagnetic field has been applied in HDC casting process and the relevant influence has been studied. The results show that application of low frequency electromagnetic field can reduce macrosegregation in HDC casting process; and two main parameters of electromagnetic field density and frequency, have great influences on the solution distribution along the diameter of ingot. Moreover, the mechanisms of reduction of macrosegregation by electromagnetic field have been discussed.

Optimum Design of Tilt Angle and Horizontal Direction of Solar Collectors under Obstacle’s Shadow for Building Applications

Solar collectors can provide clean, renewable, and domestic energy. The tilt angle and horizontal direction of solar collectors significantly affect its efficiency. There are many good methods to search the optimum tilt angle and horizontal direction to realize the maximum total radiation on the solar collector within a particular day or a specific period. However, it is hard to realize it when solar collectors are placed under obstacle’s shadows;especially when some obstacles, such as trees, have irregular shapes. This paper presents algorithms to achieve the best tilt angle and horizontal direction for solar collector’s performance under the free-form surfaces 3D obstacle’s shadow. The solution process is composed of 4 steps. First, it creates a 3D scene, in which a unique color is given to the solar collector. Second, it employs orthographic projection from the point of view to get an image of the scene. Third, the number of pixels is used to represent the efficiency of the solar collector by counting the pixels of the unique color. Fourth, the efficiency of solar collector in each direction in a period of time is calculated with many images to further select the best direction.

煤系水平井定向射孔压裂裂缝扩展机制

复杂含煤地层顶板水平井射孔压裂是增加煤层透气性、提升瓦斯抽采效率的关键,而地层结构和射孔位置影响裂缝扩展形态。考虑地层结构特征及射孔位置,建立压裂工程地质模型;基于有限元方法构建数值模型,研究射孔位置、地层条件、垂向应力与水平应力差对裂缝扩展的影响,并进行工程验证,提出施工建议。结果表明:射孔孔眼位置存在全部位于煤层中、全部位于顶板岩层中和部分位于顶板部分位于煤层3种情况。孔眼位于煤层中,裂缝受到界面的“阻隔”作用,对煤层改造有利;孔眼位于顶板,当顶板层理发育,垂向应力与最小水平主应力差大于2MPa时裂缝能够穿越层理和界面进入煤层,而顶板完整时,应力差大于-2MPa裂缝即可在孔眼诱导作用下进入煤层,顶板层理和界面对裂缝垂向扩展具有“阻挡”作用,结构完整地层有利于裂缝的垂向穿层扩展;孔眼部分进入煤层,对裂缝起裂、扩展产生明显诱导作用,形成沿界面的水平缝和进入煤层的垂直缝,无论顶板是否完整,都能形成有效改造裂缝。当射孔孔眼距煤层较远、孔眼与煤层间弱面发育、水平应力大于垂向应力或压裂施工规模不足时,建议采用深穿透射孔、分支孔等能够沟通煤层的工程措施,以保证压裂效果。研究结果在陕西韩城某煤矿的井下分段压裂施工中进行了应用,试验孔瓦斯抽采效果良好,可为类似地质、工程条件下的压裂施工提供借鉴。

Gnomon Assessment for Geographic Coordinate, Solar Horizontal &Equatorial Coordinates, Time of Local Sunrise, Noon, Sunset, Direction of Qibla, Size of Earth &Sun for Lahore Pakistan

This study was an effort to calculate geographic coordinates, solar horizontal and equatorial cooridnates, direction of Qibla, sizes of Earth and Sun through gnomon (a vertical stick casting shadow). Gnomon has been used in history for remote navigations, astronomical and geodetic measurements. Geographic coordinates were found out with accuracy of less than 0.19 decimal degree from gnomon. Sun’s horizontal and equatorial coordinates were calculated and analyzed with US Navy Observatory and NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory. These coordinates were less than 0.01 decimal degree different from coordinates provided by US Navy and following same daily trend with time. Through spherical triangle, direction of Qibla was found out. And it came out less than 0.18 decimal degree different from its value, used in Lahore. Radius of the earth measured from gnomon using concepts of Al Buruni was 1.45 km different from its true value. Using geometrical technique of similar and concurrent triangles, size of the sun was calculated and it was 1,651,088.776 km. Investigation of systematic and random errors in each calculation was the part of this research.

出踩与面宽方向柱头科斗栱抗震性能对比试验及数值分析

为研究加载方向对斗栱抗震性能的影响,文章基于地震作用的随机性和斗栱出踩与面宽方向的构造差异,对2个足尺柱头科斗栱分别沿出踩和面宽方向进行拟静力试验,得到斗栱的破坏模式、承载力、刚度与强度退化、耗能和变形能力。结果表明:斗栱在出踩和面宽方向分别加载时,大斗均相对平板枋滑移,馒头榫挤压剪断。出踩方向受力时单昂与桃尖梁相对滑移,面宽方向受力时整体明显转动。相比面宽方向受力的斗栱,出踩方向受力的斗栱具有更高的承载力、初始刚度和耗能能力,而变形能力较差。文章开展柱头科斗栱的数值分析,模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好,研究出踩和面宽不同加载方向、轴压荷载、木构件之间摩擦系数和木材弹性模量对其抗震性能的影响。结果表明:面宽方向是柱头科斗栱的最不利受力方向,其正负向承载力比出踩方向分别低19.21%和17.03%;轴压荷载和木构件之间摩擦系数越大,斗栱承载力越大,而木材顺纹弹性模量和横纹径向弹性模量对斗栱的初始刚度和承载力影响较小。

地下盐岩溶腔储库单井水平溶解建造流体运移研究

为提高水平盐穴储库单井后退式溶腔建腔速率,通过相似模型试验与数值计算开展建腔期注水方向对腔内流体运移规律影响研究。数值模拟结果表明:注入淡水接触腔内卤水后浓度会迅速升高,当浓度达到23%左右变为缓慢升高;上下同时入射有利于快速溶腔,垂直向下入射有利于建造更大腔体。相似模型试验流体运移规律与数值模拟基本一致,证明了数值模型的正确性。试验发现:腔内流体主要分为羽流区、边界溶解区、对流扩散区和底部饱和区4个区域;改变注水方向使羽流区流体浓度和流速改变,进而影响边界溶解区高度,与水平入射相比,垂直向上入射、上下型入射、四周型入射和垂直向下入射高度增加了22.2%、26.9%、51.1%、135.6%;改变注水方向使淡水初始向下流速改变,进而改变底部饱和区高度,与水平入射相比,垂上、四周、上下、垂下入射高度降低0%、12.9%、29.9%、70.1%。

基于超视距的外辐射源信号提取在被动探测中的应用分析

目前外辐射源雷达主要以接收辐射源的直达波信号为主,该方式提取的直达波信号信噪比高,利于后续目标信号检测和处理,但需要收发站通视,对直达波天线架高有要求,这极大地限制了该体制的应用。基于此,文中提出在沿海低海拔条件下,利用超视距侦察截获辐射源信号成为非合作探测的基准信号的思路,分析了其探测机理,和理论误差模型,并结合工程实际,提出了可实现的工程样机,分析了性能指标,给出了仿真结果。结果表明该思路可以应用在后续的工程实践上。

水平定向结晶法生长浓度渐变Yb∶YAG激光晶体及光谱性能研究

本文采用水平定向结晶(HDC)法成功生长出180 mm×81 mm×16 mm的浓度渐变Yb∶YAG激光晶体,从放肩部位和尾部分别获取了尺寸为40 mm×40 mm×7 mm、70 mm×70 mm×7 mm的Yb∶YAG激光晶体板条各两件。采用632 nm激光、偏光应力仪对晶体板条的光学性质进行检测,实验结果发现靠近晶坯自由表面的板条内部通透,无散射光路,应力较小且分布均匀,表明该晶体板条具有优异的光学质量。进一步测试分析了晶体板条不同位置处的吸收光谱,根据935 nm波长处的吸收系数计算出Yb^(3+)的掺杂浓度,发现40 mm×40 mm×7 mm的激光晶体板条中Yb^(3+)掺杂浓度沿晶体生长方向逐步增加,浓度梯度约为0.42%/cm;而70 mm×70 mm×7 mm的激光晶体板条中Yb^(3+)掺杂浓度几乎保持不变,约为4.50%。