Distribution and tensile strength of Hornbeam(Carpinus betulus) roots growing on slopes of Caspian Forests,Iran

Biomechanical characteristics of the root system of hornbeam(Carpinus betulus) were assessed by measuring Root Area Ratio(RAR) values and tensile strength of root specimens of eight hornbeam trees growing on hilly terrain of Northern Iran.RAR values of the roots were obtained using profile trenching method at soil depth of the top 0.1 m.In total 123 root specimens were analyzed for tensile strength.Results indicate that in general, RAR decreases with depth, following a power function.The RAR values in up and down slopes have no significant statistical differences.In most cases, the maximum RAR values were located in soil depth of the top 0.1 m, with maximum rooting depth at about 0.75 m.The minimum and maximum RAR values along the profiles were 0.004% and 6.431% for down slope and 0.004% and 3.995% for up slope, respectively.The number of roots in the up and down slope trenches was not significantly different.In the same manner as for RAR, number of roots distributing with depth was satisfactorily approximated a power function.The penetration depths of above 90 percent of the roots were at soil depths of 50 cm and 60 cm for up and down slopes, respectively.Results of Spearman's bivariate correlation showed no significant correlation between the RAR value with tree diameter and gradient of slope and number of roots.The mean value of root tensile strength was 31.51 ± 1.05 MPa and root tensile strength decreased with the increase in root diameter, follow-ing a power law equation.Using ANCOVA, we found intraspecies variation of tensile strength.

The Effect of Titanium Nano Oxide and Heat Treatment on Physical Properties of Hornbeam (<i>Carpinus betulus</i>) in Golestan Province

The use of wood has been considered for a long time and to this day, it has a special place in human life. Modification of wood and lignocellulosic materials is done by various methods, including modification of physical, mechanical, chemical and thermal, that as a new technology, it leads to the improvement of their undesirable features. Among these methods, heat correction is a useful method to improve dimensional stability and leads to increased resistance to water absorption and decay. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the titanium Nano oxide and heat treatment on the physical properties of hornbeam species. Samples were saturated with titanium Nano oxide solution at a concentration of 5000 ppm and pressurized 7 times in a pressure tank. The samples were divided into three groups: control, heat and Nano thermal treatment. Heat and saturated samples with titanium Nano oxide were heat treated at three temperature levels of 150℃, 175℃ and 200℃ for 4 and 6 hours. All three groups underwent physical tests. Heat and Nano thermal oxide treatments led to reduced water absorption and thickness swelling. Comparison between heat and Nano thermal treatment showed a further decrease in water absorption and thickness swelling in Nano thermal samples.

Effects of uprooting tree on herbaceous species diversity, woody species regeneration status and soil physical characteristics in a temperate mixed forest of Iran

We conducted a study to examine the pattem of develop- ment of herbaceous plant species, woody species regeneration and soil physical characteristics after tree uprooting in 20-ha areas of Experimen- tal Forest Station of Tarbiat Modares University located in a temperate forest of Mazandaran province in the north of Iran. Soil bulk density, soil texture and moisture from pit and mound （PM） were measured in the laboratory. Results show that the soil bulk density was most in soil deeper layers at mound top, and the soil moisture content was most in soil deeper layers at Pit bottom. Our study supports that the mi- cro-topography of PM （pit and mound） topography will create a mosaic of environmental conditions. This environmental heterogeneity could be responsible for the diversity of herbaceous plant species and regeneration of woody species. It is recommend that the fallen trees with PM structure should remain in the protected area without clearing as the best option for forest restoration. This information can be useful for forest management that attempts to emulate natural processes.

贵阳喀斯特山地云贵鹅耳枥种群动态研究

本文试用空间差异代替时间变化的方法,分析了贵阳喀斯特山地云贵鹅耳枥种群的动态特征。结果表明,随着种群个体的增大和群落的演替进程,种群分布格局由集群型过渡到随机型,种群大小结构由增长型过渡到衰退型,种群密度呈现负增长。云贵鹅耳枥种群的研究有助于探讨喀斯特森林植物种群生态学研究中的一些理论问题,同时,对于喀斯特森林经营管理和保护具有一定的实践意义。

伊朗里海森林山坡上生长的欧洲鹅耳根系分布和抗张强度研究

Biomechanical characteristics of the root system of hornbeam （Carpinus betulus） were assessed by measuring Root Area Ratio （RAR） values and tensile strength of root specimens of eight hornbeam trees growing on hilly terrain of Northern Iran. RAR values of the roots were obtained using profile trenching method at soil depth of the top 0.1 m. In total 123 root specimens were analyzed for tensile strength. Results indicate that in general, RAR decreases with depth, following a power function. The RAR values in up and down slopes have no significant statistical differences. In most cases, the maximum RAR values were located in soil depth of the top 0.1 m, with maximum rooting depth at about 0.75 m. The minimum and maximum RAR values along the profiles were 0.004% and 6.431% for down slope and 0.004% and 3.995% for up slope, respectively. The number of roots in the up and down slope trenches was not significantly different. In the same manner as for RAR, number of roots distributing with depth was satisfactorily approximated a power function. The penetration depths of above 90 percent of the roots were at soil depths of 50 cm and 60 cm for up and down slopes, respectively. Results of Spearman＇s bivariate correlation showed no significant correlation between the RAR value with tree diameter and gradient of slope and number of roots. The mean value of root tensile strength was 31.51 ± 1.05 MPa and root tensile strength decreased with the increase in root diameter, following a power law equation. Using ANCOVA, we found intraspecies variation of tensile strength.

百度试验确定干燥基准在铁木上的应用

根据百度试验法,结合铁木自身易开裂的特性,试确定出适合铁木的干燥基准。此基准基本可以避免铁木干燥过程中的各种开裂现象,提高了干燥质量,而且操作方便。

贵阳喀斯特山地云贵鹅耳枥种群结构和动态初探

本文对贵阳喀斯特山地云贵鹅耳枥种群结构和动态进行了探讨。结果表明:(1)云贵鹅耳枥种群大小结构分初始增长型、增长型、稳定型、始衰型、中衰型、老衰型和偏途顶极型等7种类型,并呈现由初始增长型过渡到老衰型的变化;(2)云贵鹅耳枥种群分布格局呈集群型和随机型,分布格局的变化有一定的规律性,即种群在其散布和发展阶段多趋于集群型,而在其衰退阶段趋于随机型;(3)云贵鹅耳枥种群密度随时间变化呈现负增长;(4)云贵鹅耳枥种群是先锋种群,但在裸岩陡坡等特殊生境中亦能形成稳定的群落。

云贵鹅耳枥群落演替中乔木树种间协变的研究

采用Ｓｐｅａｒｍａｎ秩相关系数探讨了贵阳喀斯特山地云贵鹅耳枥群落演替中１６种常见乔木树种间的协变，并对这些乔木树种间的协变关系及其对群落的性质、结构和动态的影响进行了分析。

黔灵山云贵鹅耳枥种群结构和动态初探

本文对黔灵山云贵鹅耳枥种群结构和动态进行了探讨。结果表明:(1)云贵鹅耳枥种群大小结构分为初始增长型、增长型、稳定型和衰退型4种类型;(2)云贵鹅耳枥种群分布格局呈集群型和随机型;(3)云贵鹅耳枥种群密度随着时间的变化呈现负增长;(4)云贵鹅耳枥种群是先锋种群,但在裸岩陡坡等特殊生境中亦能形成稳定的群落。

栖息地条件对白杨与枫树林群落中高山天南星的丰富度和选定个体特征的影响

本研究于2020至2021年在西喀尔巴阡山脉的山麓地区进行,研究了高山天南星(Arum alpinum)的物种数量和选定特征的空间-时间变异。调查分别在4个永久样地中进行(Patch Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ)。Patch Ⅰ和Patch Ⅲ位于以低矮植被为主的枫树-鹅耳枥林(Tilio cordatae-Carpinetum betuli)林地中,而Patch Ⅱ和Patch Ⅳ位于以阔叶物种为主的白杨(Populetum albae)河滩林中。调查结果表明,高山天南星最丰富种群出现在Patch Ⅰ,但Patch Ⅱ和Patch Ⅳ中也存在大量的营养体和繁殖个体。个体性状的时间变异性在Patch Ⅳ最低,其次是Patch Ⅰ和Patch Ⅱ,在Patch Ⅲ最高。所有种群中均发现叶柄长度与叶片尺寸以及有性茎长度与果序特征之间的关系显著呈正相关,这一发现证实了先前的研究。这些研究结果表明,高山天南星与特定的森林群落没有密切关联。充足的遮荫和湿润富养分的土壤对该物种有利,而干燥的土壤和过多的日照可能会限制其个体的开花与结果。

Downed logs improve soil properties in old-growth temperate forests of northern Iran

Dead trees, particularly downed logs, play an important role in the dynamics of forest ecosystem. Contribution of decaying wood to C and nutrient pools of forest soils depends on the tree species and degree of wood decay. However, the extent to which the downed logs affect the soil properties of temperate forests has rarely been evaluated. In this study, a mixed beech forest was selected in Liresar region of Mazandaran Province, northern Iran, to investigate if and how the presence of downed logs affected soil quality and function by comparing soils underneath degraded logs and nearby soils of the two dominant tree species(beech and hornbeam). We then explored how these effects occurred as downed logs decomposed by comparing the woods of both tree species at four degrees of decomposition. Degree of decay of downed logs was classified into four classes(DC1–DC4). Eight dead trees of each tree species were selected at the center of each sample plot. Three composite soil samples underneath each decaying log and 100 cm away from a decaying log were collected at two soil depths(0–15 and 15–30 cm) to analyze soil main physicochemical properties and microbial activity. The results revealed that downed logs affected soil physical(5% wetter than control soils), chemical(2% lower pH, 100% increase in organic C and total N in the case of hornbeam, and 2% increase in P), and biological characteristics(soil microbial respiration enhanced by 10%, and microbial biomass C 620 and 351.5 mg kg-1 and microbial biomass N 66.47 and 32.18 mg kg-1, respectively, in the cases of beech and hornbeam), thus resulting in significantly different soil microsites from those without downed logs. Presence of downed logs increased soil microbial activity and soil fertility as wood decayed. Thus, the presence of downed logs is an important factor influencing forest soils and should be taken into consideration in forest management practices.