Research Progress of Selenium-enriched Agricultural Crops and Horticultural Crops in China

Selenium（Se） is one of the essential trace elements required by humans and animals. It will cause diseases for humans and animals when Se is excessive or lack in the environment.The research status of selenium-enriched agricultural crops and selenium-enriched horticultural crops, functional mechanism and application status of selenium, and the latest progress in the study of selenium enrichment were summarized in this paper.

Nanotechnology-Based Advancements in Postharvest Management of Horticultural Crops

Horticulture is a branch of Agricultural science where it is defined as the science and art of cultivating and handling fruits,vegetables,ornamental plants and several plants having unique medicinal and aromatic values.Horticultural crops provide farmers with high income and have good export quality,but they have a concern about postharvest losses.Hence,increasing productivity and decreasing post-harvest losses by using scientific studies and techniques like biotechnology and nanotechnology could be the simplest possible solution to the above-mentioned problems.Using nanotechnology which is having the characteristics of nanoparticles is proven to be very useful in science and technological applications.Nanotechnology-based formulations increase the product quality and the shelf life of horticultural products and provide multiple ways of inhibiting the growth and development of microorganisms.It is precisely a new edible packaging coverage(film)that controls the exchange of gases and prevents damage from harmful rays such as ultraviolet radiation to a greater extent.Increasing strength by using nano biosensors for labeling products is considered a fundamental process to automated control of storage products.Postharvest rotting of vegetables is recognized to be an oxidative reaction and microbial deterioration as well.This review will address all such nanotechnology-based advancements for minimizing post-harvest losses of horticultural crops and enhancing the socio-economical progress of growers in particular.

Integrated Control of Diseases and Pests of Horticultural Crops

In view of the occurrence and aggravation of diseases and pests of horticultural crops,the management process should follow the basic policy of"prevention first,comprehensive control".Starting from the ecological system,agricultural,biological,physical and chemical means should be comprehensively applied to control diseases and pests below the economic injury level.

Genome Editing as A Versatile Tool to Improve Horticultural Crop Qualities

The quality traits of horticultural crops,including the accumulation of nutrients and flavor substances,morphology,and texture,affect the palatability and nutritional value.For many years,efforts have been made to improve the quality of horticultural crops.The recent establishment of gene editing technology,with its potential applications in horticultural crops,provides a strategy for achieving this goal in a rapid and efficient manner.Here,we summarize research efforts aimed at improving horticultural crop quality through genome editing.We describe specific genome editing systems that have been used and traits that have been targeted in these efforts.Additionally,we discuss limiting factors and future perspectives of genome editing technology in improving horticultural crop qualities in both research and plant breeding.In summary,genome editing technology is emerging as a powerful tool for efficiently and rapidly improving horticultural crop quality,and we believe that the cautious application of genome editing in horticultural crops will generate new germplasms with improved quality in the near future.

Light regulation of horticultural crop nutrient uptake and utilization

Plants demonstrate dynamic changes in molecular structures under fluctuating light conditions.Accumulating evidence suggests that light plays a vital role in plant growth and morphogenesis.In particular,light has a role in the absorption and utilization of nutrients in plants.Despite significant progress in understanding the mechanism of nutrient acquisition and assimilation,how light affects and regulates ion uptake remains a question.Studies in model plants,Arabidopsis thaliana,suggest that light affects the nutrient utilization in roots through a complex regulatory network;nonetheless,the molecular mechanisms underlying the various effects of light on these processes in crop plants remain fragmentary.In this review,we discuss the light effects(light quality,light intensity,and photoperiod)on nutrient uptake and utilization in horticultural crops for optimizing crop productivity and increasing fertilizer use efficiency.

Smart horticulture as an emerging interdisciplinary field combining novel solutions:Past development,current challenges,and future perspectives

Horticultural products such as fruits,vegetables,and tea offer a range of important nutrients such as protein,carbohydrates,vitamins and lipids.However,the present yield and quality do not meet the requirements of the rapid population growth associated with global climate change,the decline in horticultural practitioners,poor automation,and epidemic diseases such as COVID-19.In this context,smart horticulture is expected to greatly improve the land output rates,resource-use efficiency,and productivity,all of which should facilitate the sustainable development of the horticulture industry.Emerging technologies,such as artificial intelligence,big data,the Internet of Things,and cloud computing,play an important role.This paper reviews past developments and current challenges,offering future perspectives for horticultural chain management.We expect that the horticulture industry would benefit from integration with smart technologies.This requires the use of novel solutions to build a new advanced system encompassing smart breeding,smart cultivation,smart transportation,and smart sales.Finally,a new development approach combining precise perception,smart operation,and smart control should be instituted in the horticulture industry.Within 30 years,we expect that the industry will embrace mechanical,automatic,and informational production to transform into a smart industry.

Modelling Visible Foliar Injury Effects on Canopy Photosynthesis and Potential Crop Yield Losses Resulting from Fluoride Exposure

Crop production models are highly developed to account for different nitrogen, light, temperature and water availability conditions and, in some species, disease or air pollutant effects. There is very limited knowledge on responses of many tropical crops, such as oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), to air pollutants although predictions of these effects are essential for industrial planning in several countries. In the absence of limitations due to water supply, the effects of leaf area loss due to necrosis and chlorosis are much more important to canopy photosynthesis than are changes in the physiological attributes that influence the efficiency of light use. Therefore, potential losses of crop production due to air pollutants such as fluoride can be inferred usefully from the extent of visible injury to foliage that may be associated with different levels of pollutant exposure.

Carotenoid Pigment Accumulation in Horticultural Plants

Carotenoids are a group of widely distributed natural pigments.They give many horticultural plants the bright red,orange,and yellow colors,as well as the aroma and flavor.Carotenoids enhance the health value and represent an essential quality trait of horticultural products.Significant efforts have been made to correlate specific carotenoid production with pathway gene expression.Some transcription factors that directly regulate transcription of the pathway genes have been identified.Horticultural crops have evolved with complicated and multifaceted regulatory mechanisms to generate the enormous diversity in carotenoid content and composition.However,the diverse and complex control of carotenoid accumulation is still not well understood.In this review,we depict carotenoid accumulation pathways and highlight the recent progress in the regulatory control of carotenoid accumulation in horticultural plants.Because of the critical roles of chromoplasts for carotenoid hyperproduction,we evaluate chromoplast ultrastructures and carotenoid sequestrations.A perspective on carotenoid research in horticultural crops is provided.

Jordanian Horticultural Export Competitiveness from Water Perspective

The main objective of this paper is to analyze the relationships between the productive process and the commercial trade with water resources used by them. For that the goal is to find out, by means of the estimation of water embodied in the exported crops which have the highest export competitiveness and lower water consumption. The finding contradicts not only the comparative advantages theory but also the resources sustainability logic. This conclusion is derived from the great exports of water via tomatoes and low profitable vegetables from producers＇ perspective but not economical from social perspectives as shown in domestic resource coefficient. The diversion between financial and economic profitability is due to heavily irrigation water subsidy. The results confirm that Jordan utilizes large amounts of water in its exports, and in turn, it does not export goods with low water requirements. The potential saving would be very significant and agricultural sector need to modify the use of water to a great extent in order to reach significant water savings and an environmental sustainability. Jordan has to implement policies that reduced, or even abandoned, the export and the production of water-intensive crops. Therefore, they have to be replaced with either imports or crops that optimize the water resources.

Controlled LED Lighting for Horticulture: A Review

As energy gradually becomes a more valuable commodity, the desire for reduced energy losses strengthens. Lighting is a critical field on this matter, as it accounts for a large percentage of the global electricity consumption and modern lighting systems are greatly more efficient than incandescent, discharge, and fluorescent lights. Previous research has proven that plants do not require the entire visible spectrum but react only to specific wavelengths, making it possible to control their growth and yield via artificial lighting. The flexibility of control of Light Emitting Diode (LED) lights allows for the combination of great energy losses reduction and controlled plant growth, achieving the improvement of two major parameters in a single action. This review paper summarizes the current research on the effect different light wavelengths have on specific plant species and discusses the applications of LED lighting for horticulture, yield storage, and disease protection.

园艺作物育种学(双语)课程探究式教学模式的探索与实践

育种是作物生产中最为重要的一个环节,园艺作物育种学也是园艺专业本科生的必修课之一。传统的园艺作物育种学教学模式存在着学生主动学习意识较弱、知识掌握牢固度不高、授课方式单一、考核方式简单化等问题,学生学习积极性与学习效果不够理想。近年来,笔者所在教学团队通过明确课程要求、融入思政元素、梳理和拓展授课内容、转变授课方式以及丰富考核机制等途径,开展探究式教学实践,提升了园艺作物育种学(双语)教学效果,整体教学质量、学生的满意度和专业认知度得到有效提高,这也为双语类课程的开展提供了参考。

对流层臭氧污染对植物生理影响的研究进展

对流层臭氧是一种存在于近地面、对动植物有害的光化学污染物,定量评估和研究其对植物生理的影响和机制对保障全球粮食安全和人体健康具有至关重要的作用.由于过去三十年的快速工业化和城市化,对流层臭氧浓度正以每年约0.5%~2%的速度上升.针对当前臭氧污染加剧的情况,根据前人的基础理论研究和实验探索,本文就臭氧对植物表观、花粉和光合作用的影响特征及机制进行了总结和分析,得到以下认识:(1)臭氧污染下植物叶片受损、光合速率和固碳能力下降,影响干物质的积累与分配,是造成作物减产的主要原因;(2)臭氧污染导致花粉细胞膜受损,细胞脂质过氧化,改变了过敏原蛋白质的结构,增加了人体呼吸道过敏的风险.受损的化石花粉在沉积物中也有发现,通常与大规模生物灭绝同时期,推测与火山爆发或全球快速变暖导致的臭氧浓度增加有关.这些发现表明应加强自然环境下臭氧对植物生态习性的影响研究,重视植物地下生态过程的影响,开展缓解臭氧对作物影响和耐臭氧品种选育的研究.

园艺作物果实β-半乳糖苷酶研究进展

β-半乳糖苷酶属于糖苷水解酶GH35家族,参与了植物不同生长阶段细胞壁的合成与修饰,尤其对肉质水果发育和成熟过程中多糖的裂解具有重要作用。文章概述了β-半乳糖苷酶的蛋白功能、不同亚型、亚细胞定位和活性规律,重点阐述了该基因家族在园艺作物果实质地变化中的作用及相关研究进展。

光温因子驱动的园艺作物叶龄模型模拟精度比较

为了提高光温因子驱动的园艺作物通用性叶龄模拟模型的模拟精度,以黄瓜、芹菜、菠菜、小香芹、郁金香和茶叶为供试材料,进行了7年(2016—2022年)的分期播种试验,依据作物生长发育与关键气象因子(辐射和温度)的关系,采用4类建模方法(温差法、积温法、生理发育时间法和辐热积法)构建了园艺作物叶龄模拟模型,并以6种方式(平均值、最值均值、中值、逐步回归、BP神经网络和Elman神经网络)和2种集成逻辑(直接和分步)集成模拟结果,最终优化模型模拟精度。结果表明:1)2种集成逻辑下模型模拟精度均较高,且分步集成逻辑优于直接集成逻辑,平均绝对误差(mean absolute error,MAE)差值为0.31 d,平均相对误差(mean relative error,MRE)差值为0.33%,均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)差值为0.40 d,归一化均方根误差(normalized root mean square error,NRMSE)差值为0.46%;2)2种集成逻辑下模型最优时间尺度为逐时尺度,最优作物类型为茶叶,最优建模方法为Elman神经网络集成模拟模型。研究结果可为园艺作物智慧生产管理和可视化提供理论依据和技术支撑。

气候变化对园艺作物生产的影响

近年来随着极端天气事件频率和强度的增加,对园艺作物的生长、产量和品质都造成了不同程度的影响。该文通过综述和分析文献资料,基于气候变化中气温升高、降水变化、极端天气事件增加等情况,探讨相关因素对园艺作物的生长发育和产量稳定性的影响,以及气候变化对园艺作物生长环境中土壤水分、温度、光照等因素的变化对不同作物的适应性和产量的影响及当前研究的不足,总结应对气候变化的关键策略并提出未来研究的方向,如优化种植结构、调整栽培措施、采用抗逆性强的品种、改善耕作管理等措施,以提高园艺作物对气候变化的适应能力和生产稳定性,并不断开发更加适应性强的新品种、建立全面有效的气候调控技术体系等,通过综合利用技术手段和管理措施,可以有效减轻极端天气对园艺作物生产的影响,保障农业生产的稳定性和可持续发展。

Bringing CAM photosynthesis to the table:Paving the way for resilient and productive agricultural systems in a changing climate

Modern agricultural systems are directly threatened by global climate change and the resulting freshwater crisis.A considerable challenge in the coming years will be to develop crops that can cope with the conse-quences of declining freshwater resources and changing temperatures.One approach to meeting this chal-lenge may lie in our understanding of plant photosynthetic adaptations and water use efciency.Plants from various taxa have evolved crassulacean acid metabolism(CAM),a water-conserving adaptation of photosynthetic carbon dioxidexation that enables plants to thrive under semi-arid or seasonally drought-prone conditions.Although past research on CAM has led to a better understanding of the inner workings of plant resilience and adaptation to stress,successful introduction of this pathway into C3 or C4 plants has not been reported.The recent revolution in molecular,systems,and synthetic biology,as well as innovations in high-throughput data generation and mining,creates new opportunities to uncover the minimum genetic tool kit required to introduce CAM traits into drought-sensitive crops.Here,we pro-pose four complementary research avenues to uncover this tool kit.First,genomes and computational methods should be used to improve understanding of the nature of variations that drive CAM evolution.Second,single-cell’omics technologies offer the possibility for in-depth characterization of the mecha-nisms that trigger environmentally controlled CAM induction.Third,the rapid increase in new’omics data enables a comprehensive,multimodal exploration of CAM.Finally,the expansion of functional geno-mics methods is paving the way for integration of CAM into farming systems.

航天诱变育种在园艺作物中的应用进展

该研究叙述了航天诱变育种的起源,以及其如何演变成一种能够有效改良作物品种、增强作物适应性的技术。在简要介绍航天诱变育种的原理的基础上,阐述了航天诱变育种特点,分析了航天诱变育种获得的优质园艺作物,提出了航天诱变育种在园艺作物中的应用展望。

腐殖酸类肥料在园艺作物中应用的研究进展

施用化肥是提高园艺作物产量和品质的重要方式之一,但长期不合理施用化肥将导致土壤质量下降、微生物结构失衡、作物产量和品质降低等问题。以腐殖酸为增效剂的腐殖酸类肥料,在改良土壤以及提高作物产量、品质和抗逆性等方面具有积极作用。为促进腐殖酸类肥料在园艺作物中的推广与应用,从腐殖酸类肥料在改良土壤、提高肥料利用率、促进园艺作物生长、增强园艺作物抗逆性、提高园艺作物产量和品质等方面进行分析和总结,并展望了在可持续发展农业中腐殖酸类肥料未来的应用和研究方向。

园艺作物果实苹果酸代谢与转运及其调控研究进展

番茄、苹果、梨、枣等园艺作物是典型的苹果酸型果实,其果实酸度主要取决于液泡中苹果酸的积累量。苹果酸不仅决定果实的风味品质,还可作为呼吸底物为植物体提供必需的物质和能量,在调节植物细胞渗透势、酸碱平衡、抗逆性等方面起着重要作用。苹果酸代谢途径比较复杂,涉及众多结构催化酶的参与,而苹果酸主要贮存于液泡中,从细胞质向液泡的跨膜运输和储存是复杂的生物学过程,需要多种转运蛋白、质子泵的参与。总结了苹果酸型果实酸度性状遗传研究、转运蛋白及质子泵在苹果酸跨膜转运中的作用,并将转录因子对苹果酸的代谢调控进行了概述,以深入理解苹果酸代谢调控网络,为园艺作物品质育种提供理论基础。

生姜-葡萄立体间作模式对生姜夏季的生长、光合及抗氧化酶的影响

为探究生姜-葡萄立体间作模式对生姜夏季的生长、光合及抗氧化酶系统的影响,为生姜-葡萄立体间作模式推广提供参考。本文于2021年5-8月进行大田试验,设单作生姜(CK)和生姜-葡萄间作(TS)两个处理,比较生姜-葡萄立体间作对生姜夏季的生长、光合及抗氧化酶系统的影响。结果表明同CK相比,TS处理保证了生姜对光照强度的要求,显著降低了植株灼伤率,提高了生姜株高、干鲜重以及产量;同时生姜叶片中叶绿素含量、净光合速率、实际光量子效率也显著升高;生姜叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活性显著升高,过氧化氢(hydrogen peroxide,H_(2)O_(2))、丙二醛(malonaldehyde,MDA)含量显著降低。TS处理可以缓解夏季生姜受到的强光胁迫,降低叶片灼伤率,通过提高抗氧化酶活性,降低了强光造成的叶片氧化损伤,提高了叶绿素含量,减轻了PSⅡ反应中心的破坏程度并提高净光合速率,促进光合产物积累,从而提高生姜产量。