Knowledge of Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs) among Medical Students in a Tertiary Hospital in Jos North Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria

Background: Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs) remain a common cause of death, functional disability, emotional suffering and economic burden among hospitalized patients. Knowledge of HAIs is important in its prevention and control. This study seeks to assess the knowledge of Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs) among medical students in a Tertiary Hospital in Jos North Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study done in October 2019 among clinical medical students using a Multistage sampling technique. Data was collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire and analyzed using the IBM SPSS 20 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). Ethical approval was granted by Bingham University Teaching Hospital, Ethics Committee, Jos, Plateau State. Results: A total of 219 students in the clinical arm of the College of Medicine and Health Sciences were selected. A higher proportion (97.7%) of respondents knew about Hospital Acquired Infections and 85.4% knew that Hospital Acquired infections occur in the hospital, and (86.3%) considered patients contagious with half (58.9%) considered patients as the most important source of HAIs, followed by care givers (13.2%), then doctors including medical students and interns (10.0%) and lastly nurses (8.7%). The majority of respondents (70.8%) considered Surgical Wound Infections to be the most commonly occurring HAI, followed by UTIs (69.9%), RTIs (61.2%), BSIs (37.0%) and others (0.9%). The clinical thermometer was the instrument that most commonly transmits HAIs (82.6%), then followed by stethoscope (62.1%), white coats (53.9%), and blood pressure cuff (51.1%). Most respondents knew the infectious substances, like blood (96.3%), nasal discharge (82.6%), saliva (85.3%), and faeces (79.4%) transmitted HAIs, 72.6% of the respondents said that they were aware of the recommended hand washing techniques by WHO. Conclusion: The majority of students 91.3% had good knowledge while 8.7% had poor knowledge of HAIs. Lower classes had more respondents with poor knowledge. This finding was statistically significant (p = 0.002, Chi-square 12.819). Students are encouraged to keep up the level of knowledge they have about HAIs. These students can help improve the knowledge of those whose knowledge level is low. Government and NGOs should support sponsorship for capacity-building events targeted at HAIs for healthcare workers and medical students.

Strategy and technology to prevent hospital-acquired infections:Lessons from SARS,Ebola,and MERS in Asia and West Africa

Hospital-acquired infections(HAIs) are serious problems for healthcare systems, especially in developing countries where public health infrastructure and technology for infection preventions remain undeveloped. Here, we characterized how strategy and technology could be mobilized to improve the effectiveness of infection prevention and control in hospitals during the outbreaks of Ebola, Middle East respiratory syndrome(MERS), and severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS) in Asia and West Africa. Published literature on the hospital-borne outbreaks of SARS, Ebola, and MERS in Asia and West Africa was comprehensively reviewed. The results showed that healthcare systems and hospital management in affected healthcare facilities had poor strategies and inadequate technologies and human resources for the prevention and control of HAIs, which led to increased morbidity, mortality, and unnecessary costs. We recommend that governments worldwide enforce disaster risk management, even when no outbreaks are imminent. Quarantine and ventilation functions should be taken into consideration in architectural design of hospitals and healthcare facilities. We also recommend that health authorities invest in training healthcare workers for disease outbreak response, as their preparedness is essential to reducing disaster risk.

Importance of Bacteriophage in Combating Hospital-Acquired Infection (HAI)

Bacteriophages have a potentially important role to play in reducing the global incidence of Hospital Acquired Infection (HAI). Their use should be focused on reducing the use and over-use of antibiotics as part of integrated control measures in conjunction with various vaccination, sanitation procedures and prophylactic and treatment regimens. Bacteriophages offer exquisite specificity and efficacy in killing target bacterial strains, a phenomenon known for almost 100 years. However, their efficacy with respect to broad-spectrum antibiotics is poor due to the highly strain-selective nature of their killing and their rapid elimination from the body. Bacteriophage killing is a naturally-occurring process capable of limiting and eliminating bacterial populations in humans. This is achieved through exponential amplification of their number, if and when, they encounter a target bacterium. Unfortunately, processes employed for their commercial production today do not meet the same rigour as dictated for pharmaceutical products. Batch-to-batch reproducibility and molecular definition of target and phage strains must be demanded before their clinical use can become widespread. Elsewhere, historical data have demonstrated safety in humans beyond any doubt. Because patients continue to die in our healthcare centers internationally, the use of bacteriophage to help fight HAI should be reassessed. Here, relevant literature is reviewed.

Hospital Acquired Infections in Low and Middle Income Countries: Root Cause Analysis and the Development of Infection Control Practices in Bangladesh

Nosocomial or hospital acquired infections are a major challenge for low and middle income countries (LMICs) which have limited healthcare resources. Risk factors include the lack of appropriate hospital facilities such as isolation units, bed space, and sinks;inadequate waste management, contaminated equipment, inappropriate use of antibiotics and transmission of infection from the hands of healthcare workers and family caretakers due to inadequate hand washing. Nosocomial infections increase the costs of healthcare due to added antimicrobial treatment and prolonged hospitalization. Since the prevalence of nosocomial infections is generally higher in developing countries with limited resources, the socio-economic burden is even more severe in these countries. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the risks of hospital acquired infections and summarizes current recommendations for the development of hospital infrastructure and the institution of protocols to reduce these infections in LMICs such as Bangladesh.

Prevalence and Potential Risk Factors of Hospital Acquired Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase—Producing <i>Proteus</i>Species

Background: Multidrug resistance and production of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) by a large group of bacterial agents in hospitals are to be a matter of scientific concern. Objective: This cross-sectional study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of ESBL producing Proteus species and risk factors associated with hospital acquired infection in addition to study the antibiotics susceptibility patterns of all bacterial isolates from inpatients of four Yemeni general hospitals. Methods: A total of 740 consecutive non-repeat culture isolates were obtained from admitted patients of Al-Kuwait University Hospital, Al-Thowra General Hospital, Al-Jumhori Teaching Hospital, and Military General Hospitals Sana’a city. We used Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method to detect antimicrobial susceptibility and establish the presence of ESBLs-producing bacteria according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Results: Out of 740 isolate, 233 (31.5%) were Escherichia coli followed by Staphylococcus aureus 188 (25.4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 149 (20.1%), Klebsiella sp. 107 (14.5%), Enterococcus faecalis 25 (3.4%) and Proteus spp. 38 (5.1%). The highest frequencies of ESBLs producing among Proteus sp. were Proteus mirabilis 26 out 38 (68.4%) and Proteus vulgaris 12 out 38 (31.6%). The most effective of antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among Proteus spp. were Imipenem (100%) followed by Pipracillin-Tazobactam (92.3%) for P. mirabilis and (83.3%) for P. vulgaris, while the Amikacin (80.8%) for P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris with (91.7%). Amoxicillin and Cefotaxime were the highest for both species (100%). Conclusion: The prevalence of ESBL-producing Proteus spp. detected in this study is of great concern for public health authorities and a strict adherence of infection control policies and procedures with continuous antibiotics resistance surveillance including antimicrobial management and routine detection of ESBL-producing isolates are very important to prevent nosocomial infections.

Predictors of Clostridium difficile infection severity in patients hospitalised in medical intensive care

AIM:To describe and analyse factors associated with Clostridium difficile infection(CDI)severity in hospitalised medical intensive care unit patients.METHODS:We performed a retrospective cohort study of 40 patients with CDI in a medical intensive care unit(MICU)at a French university hospital.We include patients hospitalised between January 1,2007and December 31,2011.Data on demographics characteristics,past medical history,CDI description was collected.Exposure to risk factors associated with CDI within 8 wk before CDI was recorded,including previous hospitalisation,nursing home residency,antibiotics,antisecretory drugs,and surgical procedures.RESULTS:All included cases had their first episode of CDI.The mean incidence rate was 12.94 cases/1000admitted patients,and 14.93,8.52,13.24,19.70,and8.31 respectively per 1000 admitted patients annually from 2007 to 2011.Median age was 62.9[interquartile range(IQR)55.4-72.40]years,and 13(32.5%)were women.Median length of MICU stay was 14.0d(IQR 5.0-22.8).In addition to diarrhoea,the clinical symptoms of CDI were fever(>38℃)in 23 patients,abdominal pain in 15 patients,and ileus in 1 patient.The duration of diarrhoea was 13.0(8.0-19.5)d.In addition to diarrhoea,the clinical symptoms of CDI were fever(>38℃)in 23 patients,abdominal pain in 15 patients,and ileus in 1 patient.Prior to CDI,38patients(95.0%)were exposed to antibiotics,and 12(30%)received at least 4 antibiotics.Fluoroquinolones,3rdgeneration cephalosporins,coamoxiclav and tazocillin were prescribed most frequently(65%,55%,40%and 37.5%,respectively).The majority of cases were hospital-acquired(n=36,90%),with 5 cases(13.9%)being MICU-acquired.Fifteen patients had severe CDI.The crude mortality rate within 30 d after diagnosis was 40%(n=16),with 9 deaths(9 over 16;56.3%)related to CDI.Of our 40 patients,15(37.5%)had severe CDI.Multivariate logistic regression showed that male gender[odds ratio(OR):8.45;95%CI:1.06-67.16,P=0.044],rising serum C-reactive protein levels(OR=1.11;95%CI:1.02-1.21,P=0.021),and previous exposure to fluoroquinolones(OR=9.29;95%CI:1.16-74.284,P=0.036)were independently associated with severe CDI.CONCLUSION:We report predictors of severe CDI not dependent on time of assessment.Such factors could help in the development of a quantitative score in ICU’s patients.

Status and Progress in the Control of Infection in Chinese Hospitals

This paper summarizes the characteristics and control of hospital-wide infections as identified by domestic surveys and research studies. This review also provides references to establish the basis for the control and management of hospital-acquired infection. Hospitalacquired infections are mainly initiated by Gram-negative bacteria and mainly localize in the lower respiratory tracts of patients. The intensive care unit has the highest infection rate among all hospital departments. Infants and the elderly are the most susceptible groups of patients to infection. Hands are an important route of pathogen transmission. The abuse of antibacterial drugs is an important factor of hospital-acquired infection. To control hospital-acquired infections, a sound management system should be established. In addition, medical staff, especially newcomers and interns, must receive strengthened training to improve their knowledge of hospital-acquired infection. Hand hygiene and the rational use of antibacterial drugs should be emphasized.

Knowledge Attitude and Practice towards Infection Control Measures amongst Medical Students in a Medical Teaching Tertiary Care Hospital

Introduction: Health care associated infections (HAIs) are likely to be the most common complication of hospital care. World Health Organization (WHO) estimates these infections to occur among 7% - 12% of the hospitalized patients globally, with more than 1.4 million people suffering from infectious complications acquired in the hospital at any time. Keeping this in mind, the present study was conducted to delineate the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) for the use of proper disinfection procedures among the final year undergraduate medical students in a tertiary care hospital and teaching institute. Methodology: Present study was conducted at Government Medical College, Surat, a tertiary care hospital and teaching institute. The participants who gave consent were provided with a pre-tested questionnaire that included several questions on knowledge attitude and practices on hospital acquired infections and its control practices. Analysis of the answers was done based on KAP score. Result: 80 students who consented were included in the study. 75% of the study population had correct knowledge about the most common health care associated infections (HAIs), being infection of venous access, urinary tract infection, respiratory infections and surgical site infections, based on their current knowledge on hospital acquired infections. Majority of study participants agreed with the fact that the inappropriate application of disinfection procedures increases the risk for a health care worker of either acquiring or transmitting a HAI from/to a patient. >90% participants had a good attitude towards risk of getting or transmitting any infectious disease by a Health care worker (HCW) while working and the utility of the application of disinfection procedures during work would reduce the rates of HAI. Practices of the students towards disinfection during performance of certain medical procedures ranged from 10% to 88% of the times showing poor practices of the medical students in following disinfection practices. Conclusion: In the present study the knowledge of medical students for the most common cause of hospital acquired infection was satisfactory. The overall attitude of the students was satisfactory as the mean score was 8. The practices of the students for the application of disinfection during performance of certain medical procedures were also satisfactory, although time to time training and tutorials of these students can help in increasing their knowledge, attitude and practices.

Nosocomial infections:Epidemiology,prevention,control and surveillance

Nosocomial infections or healthcare associated infections occur in patients under medical care.These infections occur worldwide both in developed and developing countries.Nosocomial infections accounts for 7% in developed and 10% in developing countries.As these infections occur during hospital stay,they cause prolonged stay,disability,and economic burden.Frequently prevalent infections include central line-associated bloodstream infections,catheter-associated urinary tract infections,surgical site infections and ventilator-associated pneumonia.Nosocomial pathogens include bacteria,viruses and fungal parasites.According to WHO estimates,approximately 15% of all hospitalized patients suffer from these infections.During hospitalization,patient is exposed to pathogens through different sources environment,healthcare staff,and other infected patients.Transmission of these infections should be restricted for prevention.Hospital waste serves as potential source of pathogens and about 20%–25% of hospital waste is termed as hazardous.Nosocomial infections can be controlled by practicing infection control programs,keep check on antimicrobial use and its resistance,adopting antibiotic control policy.Efficient surveillance system can play its part at national and international level.Efforts are required by all stakeholders to prevent and control nosocomial infections.

Microbiological Contamination of Bed Linen and Staff Uniforms in a Hospital

Hospital linen is clearly recognized as a potential reservoir for microorganisms and could be a vector of disease transmission. The aim of this study was to isolate, count and identify fungi and bacteria from different kinds of clean and dirty linen in a hospital. Microbiological samples have been collected on clean bed linen (n = 200), dirty bed linen (n = 192) and staff uniforms (n = 192) by using contact plates. 55% of samples from clean bed linen were contaminated before contact with the patient, with a mean count of 3 cfu/25 cm2 (range: 1-117 cfu) when contaminated. Virtually all samples from dirty bed linen carried microorganisms, with a mean count of 23 cfu/25 cm2 (range 1-191 cfu). In addition, staff hospital uniforms showed the highest contamination rates in the study, with an average of 45 cfu/25 cm2 (range: 1-218 cfu). Microbial species were mostly bacteria commonly found in the environment or on human skin, such as staphylococci or micrococci. Nevertheless, 57% of the identified species may be opportunistic pathogens for humans, representing a risk for people with a deficient or weakened immune system, especially in cases of superinfection. Since contamination of linen seems to occur after washing, actively antimicrobial textiles would represent a valuable measure to prevent textiles from being a vehicle for transfer of microorganisms.

CHS-DRG支付下医院感染患者住院直接经济负担研究

目的借助国家医疗保障疾病诊断相关分组(CHS-DRG)明确医院感染患者的直接经济负担,探索DRG支付在医院感染管理中的应用。方法回顾性整理分析2022年4月至11月首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院按照CHS-DRG结算病例的主要诊断大类和医院感染病例数据。比较医院感染病例和非医院感染病例以及同一主要诊断大类(MDC)中不同部位感染病例在费用和住院时间上的差异。结果在不分组的情况下,感染病例的住院总费用和住院时间分别为44632元和14 d,为非感染病例的4.3倍和3.5倍,医院感染使住院总费用平均增加34189元,延长住院时间10 d。同一诊断大类中,除MDCL外,其余所有感染病例的费用相关指标和住院时间均明显多于非感染病例,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。呼吸系统是医院感染最常见的部位,下呼吸道感染患者的药品、检查、治疗费用均高于上呼吸道感染患者。中枢神经系统感染患者在住院时间和大多数的费用相关指标上均多于呼吸系统和泌尿系统感染患者。结论医院感染将显著增加患者的住院费用和住院时间。在DRG支付政策下,医疗机构工作人员应建立医院感染全流程的主动监测和管理机制,最大限度地降低医院感染的发生率。

Nosocomial infections and their control strategies

Nosocomial infections are also known as hospital-acquired/associated infections. National Healthcare Safety Network along with Centers for Disease Control for surveillance has classified nosocomial infection sites into 13 types with 50 infection sites, which are specific on the basis of biological and clinical criteria. The agents that are usually involved in hospitalacquired infections include Streptococcus spp., Acinetobacter spp., enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Legionella and Enterobacteriaceae family members, namely, Proteus mirablis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens. Nosocomial pathogens can be transmitted through person to person, environment or contaminated water and food, infected individuals, contaminated healthcare personnel's skin or contact via shared items and surfaces. Mainly, multi-drug-resistant nosocomial organisms include methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia, whereas Clostridium difficile shows natural resistance. Excessive and improper use of broadspectrum antibiotics, especially in healthcare settings, is elevating nosocomial infections, which not only becomes a big health care problem but also causes great economic and production loss in the community. Nosocomial infections can be controlled by measuring and comparing the infection rates within healthcare settings and sticking to the best healthcare practices. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provides the methodology for surveillance of nosocomial infections along with investigation of major outbreaks. By means of this surveillance, hospitals can devise a strategy comprising of infection control practices.

基于IBM-SPSS与机器学习的logistic回归对院内感染肺炎克雷伯菌发生多重耐药关联因素的分析方法比较

背景 近年来随着人工智能的发展,各种机器学习的模型开始在临床中初步应用。目的 分别使用基于SPSS 26.0的logistic回归与基于机器学习逻辑回归模型(logistic regression,LR)分析院内感染多重耐药肺炎克雷伯菌(multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae,MDR-KPN)的关联因素,比较两种方法的差异。方法 选取2016年1月-2020年12月清华大学附属北京清华长庚医院肺炎克雷伯菌院内感染病例254例,包括MDR-KPN 168例和非MDR-KPN(敏感菌株)86例,用两种不同的logistic回归方法对数据进行处理。结果 基于SPSS 26.0的logistic多因素分析显示,患有肝病、感染前3个月内有胸腔穿刺史、感染前3个月内有动脉穿刺史、感染前3个月内气管插管史是发生MDR-KPN院内感染的独立关联因素。LR模型分析显示,气管插管是发生MDR-KPN院内感染的最主要关联因素,前5位的关联因素为气管插管、基础肝病史、年龄18~49岁的人群、碳青霉烯类药物暴露史、中心静脉置管史。结论 两种分析方法得到的MDR-KPN院内感染关联因素具有一定的吻合度,提示了LR模型应用于MDR-KPN院内感染预测的可行性;此外LR模型有高效、便捷、准确率可量化的优势,在临床诊疗中可能有更广阔的应用前景。

Infection Control Measures among Healthcare Workers: Knowledge, Attitude and Practice

Background: Nosocomial infections are some of public health problems globally and continue to be increased regardless of the hospital’s efforts on infection control measures and are contributing significantly to morbidity, mortality and cost. The absence of infection control policies, guidelines and trained professionals also contributes to the magnitude of the problem. The aim of this study was to assess the Knowledge, attitude and practices towards infection control measures among healthcare workers at Old Mutare Hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was used to acquire information. A purposive sampling method was used to select 22 nurses, 15 nurse Aids and 2 laboratory technicians (Lab Tech). A self-administered questionnaire with four components addressing demographic data, knowledge, attitudes and practices was used to collect data that was completed by a checklist. Results: The study findings revealed a poor knowledge of infection control measures among the nurse’s aide. The attitude and practices among participants were impartially good in all variables. The participants had scored over 50% towards their attitude and their practices on infection control. A significant statistical difference was found between the professional status of the participants and the ability to explain how one can get Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs) and awareness of infection control programs in their hospital (rs = 0.640, 0.645) with P < 0.05 (0.01, 0.01) respectively. Conclusion: Despite of having a fair attitude and practice towards infection control, the participants had presented poor knowledge;therefore, it had been recommended that in service training and workshop should be planned by the administration to update their knowledge and attain full compliance towards their practice.

ICU老年HA-CDI患者的临床特征、肠道菌群状况及干预对策研究

目的研究重症监护病房(intensive care unit,ICU)老年医院获得性艰难梭菌感染(hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infection,HA-CDI)患者的临床特征、肠道菌群情况及干预对策。方法选取2019年3月至2022年3月杭州市第一人民医院城北院区ICU收治的150例老年患者,根据艰难梭菌定性检测结果将其分为HA-CDI组(n=30)和非HA-CDI组(n=120)。比较两组患者的年龄、性别、基础疾病、治疗用药情况、实验室指标、ICU住院时间等临床特征;收集患者的新鲜粪便,接种培养后观察并记录两组患者的肠道菌群情况。结果HA-CDI组患者的糖尿病比例、使用质子泵抑制剂比例、白细胞计数、血钾水平均显著高于非HA-CDI组,白蛋白水平显著低于非HA-CDI组(P<0.05)。HA-CDI组患者的拟杆菌、梭菌菌落数量均显著多于非HA-CDI组,双歧杆菌及肠球菌菌落数量均显著少于非HA-CDI组(P<0.05)。结论ICU老年HA-CDI患者的糖尿病比例、使用质子泵抑制剂比例较高,且存在肠道菌群失衡现象。

重症医学科特殊宿主——器官移植患者的医院感染预防

随着移植技术的普及,越来越多的终末期器官功能衰竭患者接受移植手术,此类患者大多需在重症医学科接受进一步监护治疗。由于器官移植患者存在免疫抑制,其发生医院感染的风险显著升高。因此,对于此类患者,需更严格地落实呼吸机相关性肺炎、导管相关血流感染、导管相关尿路感染、手术部位感染预防的集束化管理措施;同时,需要采用更严格的医院感染制度和人员管理策略。本文结合指南推荐意见及临床经验,围绕器官移植患者的医院感染预防展开论述,以期为重症医学科临床诊疗提供参考和借鉴。

急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿医院感染防控对策研究

目的探讨急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿医院感染的防控对策。方法选取2019年1月至2022年6月该院血液肿瘤科收治的282例急性淋巴细胞白血病住院患儿,将其随机分为对照组(n=138)、观察组(n=144),2组均实施常规治疗及护理措施,观察组增加预防医院感染防控对策,对比2组患儿医院感染率、感染部位及总体健康水平。结果对照组患儿共发生医院感染22例25例次,观察组共发生医院感染10例12例次,对照组、观察组患儿医院感染发生率分别为15.94%、6.94%,对照组、观察组患儿医院感染例次发生率分别为18.12%、8.33%,观察组患儿医院感染发生率、医院感染例次发生率均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);感染主要部位为上呼吸道,革兰阴性菌为主要感染病原菌;观察组生活质量(QOL)评分[(69.87±3.41)分]高于对照组[(63.88±3.09)分],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对急性淋巴细胞白血病采取感染防控对策可有效降低患儿医院感染发生率,提高其总体健康水平,有效缓解负性情绪。

重症医学科医院感染控制原则专家共识(2024)

重症患者是医院感染的高危人群,且医院感染会显著增加重症患者的死亡率和治疗成本,因此,在治疗原发疾病的过程中,严格防控新发医院感染是重症患者救治的重要组成部分。重症患者的救治涉及多个环节,需从理论、管理、教育、规范、监督等多个层面发挥合力作用,才能实现医院感染的有效防控,但目前医院感染防控尚缺乏统一的认识和规范。为此,2024年3月,国内多名重症医学、感染病学及医院感染相关专家共同探讨了重症医学科医院感染控制现状及其问题,并在参考国内外最新循证医学证据的基础上,形成了《重症医学科医院感染控制原则专家共识(2024)》,以期为重症医学科制订医院感染防控策略提供依据。

医院感染与社区获得性感染革兰阴性杆菌耐药性与β-内酰胺酶的分布对比

目的 了解铜陵地区医院感染（HI）和社区获得性感染（CAI）在病原菌分布、细菌的耐药性及产生β-内酰胺酶概率的差异性，以指导抗菌药物的合理使用。方法 收集铜陵地区5所医院2003年10月1日～2004年9月30日。所有临床标本分离的革兰阴性杆菌作为受试菌，药敏试验采用Kirby-Bauer法进行，采用三维试验检测革兰阴性杆菌产ESBLs和AmpC酶。纸片协同法检测MBL。结果 356株革兰阴性杆菌HI267株，占75．0％，CAI89株，占25．0％；HI标本主要来源于痰或气管分泌物（53．9％），CAI标本主要来源于尿液（34．8％）；CAI组敏感率普遍高于HI组，356株革兰阴性杆菌检出产ESBLs和AmpC酶77株，总检出率为21．6％，HI69株，检出率25．8％，CAI8株，检出率9．0％。结论 铜陵地区革兰阴性杆菌耐药性严重，HI组敏感率明显低于CAI组，且产生多种β-内酰胺酶。

神经重症病房疑似耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌感染暴发的调查与控制

目的调查某院神经重症病房一起疑似耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌(CRKP)感染暴发的原因,查找传染源与传播途径,为预防和控制医院感染的发生提供依据。方法对某院神经重症病房2020年8月4日—8月20日发生的4例CRKP感染患者进行流行病学调查以及病房环境卫生学监测,采取综合措施控制暴发流行。结果4例发生CRKP感染的患者均为医院感染,且分离菌株药敏试验结果一致,为相同克隆株。通过环境卫生学监测,分别从病人床旁物品,吸引装置,氧疗仪,医务人员随身用品的标本中检出了相同克隆株,采取综合整改措施后,未再出现新发CRKP感染病例,随后多次进行物表采样,未再分离出CRKP菌株。结论神经重症病房环境物表污染,消毒环节不到位可能是导致此次CRKP疑似感染暴发的主要原因,及时识别暴发,启动暴发应急预案,制定整改措施是控制多重耐药菌医院感染暴发的重中之重。