Host-guest interaction of β-cyclodextrin with isomeric ursolic acid and oleanolic acid:physicochemical characterization and molecular modeling study

Ursolic acid(UA) and oleanolic acid(OA) are insoluble drugs. The objective of this study was to encapsulate them into β-cyclodextrin(β-CD) and compare the solubility and intermolecular force of β-CD with the two isomeric triterpenic acids. The host-guest interaction was explored in liquid and solid state by ultraviolet-visible absorption,1H NMR, phase solubility analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffractometry, and molecular modeling studies. Both experimental and theoretical studies revealed that β-CD formed 1: 1 water soluble inclusion complexes and the complexation process was naturally favorable. In addition, the overall results suggested that ring E with a carboxyl group of the drug was encapsulated into the hydrophobic CD nanocavity. Therefore, a clear different inclusion behavior was observed, and UA exhibited better affinity to β-CD compared with OA in various media due to little steric interference, which was beneficial to form stable inclusion complex with β-CD and increase its water solubility effectively.

Interaction between Hosts and Guests of Rural Tourism in Northeast China Based on Symbolic Interaction Theory

With constant economic development and continuous improvement of living standards in Northeast China,rural tourism,as a new type of tourism,is increasingly favored. From the perspective of symbolic interaction theory,taking the current situation of rural tourism in Northeast China as an example,this paper explained the semiotic significance between hosts and guests in rural tourism. It established the evaluation indicators for authentic symbolic perception of rural tourism. Also,combined with the theories of sociology and anthropology,it studied the interaction between hosts and tourists of rural tourism in Northeast China.

New insights of Helicobacter pylori host-pathogen interactions: The triangle of virulence factors, epigenetic modifications and non-coding RNAs

Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) is a model organism for understanding host-pathogen interactions and infection-mediated carcinogenesis. Gastric cancer and H. pylori colonization indicates the strong correlation. The progression and exacerbation of H. pylori infection are influenced by some factors of pathogen and host. Several virulence factors involved in the proper adherence and attenuation of immune defense to contribute the risk of emerging gastric cancer, therefore analysis of them is very important. H. pylori also modulates inflammatory and autophagy process to intensify its pathogenicity. From the host regard, different genetic factors particularly affect the development of gastric cancer. Indeed, epigenetic modifications, Micro RNA and long non-coding RNA received more attention. Generally, various factors related to pathogen and host that modulate gastric cancer development in response to H. pylori need more attention due to develop an efficacious therapeutic intervention. Therefore, this paper will present a brief overview of host-pathogen interaction especially emphases on bacterial virulence factors, interruption of host cellular signaling, the role of epigenetic modifications and non-coding RNAs.

Golden Promise barley(Hordeum vulgare) is a suitable candidate model host for investigation interaction with Heterodera avenae

Heterodera avenae （cereal cyst nematode, CCN） infects many cereal crops and causes serious yield losses worldwide. Interaction studies investigating H. avenae and its hosts are still in their infancy. In this study, a barley model plant, the Hordeum vulgare cultivar Golden Promise, was investigated for its potential as a candidate model host to study its inter- action with H. avenae. CCN-infective juveniles were attracted by the root tips and gathered around the root elongation zones of Golden Promise on 0.7% water agar plates. The juveniles invaded the roots and developed successfully until maturation at 40 days after inoculation in sterile sand soil. The cryotomy and syncytium measurements indicated that the syncytia enlarged gradually throughout the development of the nematodes and caused the corresponding root regions to swell obviously. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the down-regulation of defence-related barley genes and up-regulation Of development-related barley ger^es contribute to the understanding of compatible interaction between H. avenae and Golden Promise. Barley stripe mosaic virus （BSMV） virus-induced gene silencing （VIGS） can be used in the roots of Golden Promise. In conclusion, the Hordeum vulgare cultivar Golden Promise is a suitable candidate model host for interaction studies with Heterodera avenae. The studies presented above document the first CCN host that no.t only has published genome context but also be compatible to BSMV VIGS.

Understanding host-microbial interactions in rumen：searching the best opportunity for microbiota manipulation

Ruminants utilize a wide variety of dietary substrates that are not digestible by the mammals, through microbial fermentation taking place in the rumen. Recent advanced molecular based approaches have allowed the characterization of rumen microbiota and its compositional changes under various treatment conditions.However, the knowledge is still limited on the impacts of variations in the rumen microbiota on host biology and function. This review summarizes the information to date on host-microbial interactions in the rumen and how we can apply such information to seek the opportunities to enhance the animal performance through manipulating the rumen function.

MicroRNA-mediated interactions between host andhepatitis C virus

Micro RNAs(mi RNAs) are small noncoding RNAs. More than 2500 mature mi RNAs are detected in plants, animals and several types of viruses. Hepatitis C virus(HCV), which is a positive-sense, singlestranded RNA virus, does not encode viral mi RNA. However, HCV infection alters the expression of host mi RNAs, either in cell culture or in patients with liver disease progression, such as liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In turn, host mi RNAs regulate HCV life cycle through directly binding to HCV RNAs or indirectly targeting cellular m RNAs. Increasing evidence demonstrates that mi RNAs are one of the centered factors in the interaction network between virus and host. The competitive viral and host RNA hypothesis proposes a latent cross-regulation pattern between host m RNAs and HCV RNAs. High loads of HCV RNA sequester and de-repress host mi RNAs from their normal host targets and thus disturb host gene expression, indicating a means of adaptation for HCV to establish a persistent infection. Some special mi RNAs are closely correlated with liver-specific disease progression and the changed levels of mi RNAs are even higher sensitivity and specificity than those of traditional proteins. Therefore, some of them can serve as novel diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers in HCVinfected patients with liver diseases. They are also attractive therapeutic targets for development of new anti-HCV agents.

Advances on the Molecular Mechanism of the Interaction between Ralstonia solanacearum and Hosts

Ralstonia solanacearum is an important model phytopathogenic bacterium that causes bacterial wilt disease on many plant species and leads to serious economic losses. The interactions between R. solanacearum and host plants have become a model system for the study of plants and pathogens interactions. This paper reviews the advances on the molecular mechanisms between R. solanacearum and hosts interaction including the formation of plant innate immunity, the suppression of plant innate immunity by this pathogen and the activation of effector-triggered immunity. Furthermore, we made a prospect on how to utilize the interaction mechanism between R. solanacearum and hosts to control the disease.

Virus-Encoded MicroRNAs Reveal How Ranavirus Interacts with Amphibian Immune Defense

Ranaviruses are harmful viruses that infect amphibians, fish, and reptiles, and have caused particularly devastating declines in amphibian populations. One particular type of ranavirus, called Frog Virus 3 (FV3), has been extensively studied due to its prevalence and impact on amphibians. Previous research has primarily focused on the virus’s genes, but little attention has been given to the non-coding regions of its genome. This article reviews recent studies that reveal the ability of ranaviruses, including FV3, to encode microRNA (miRNA), a type of regulatory RNA. These viral miRNAs play a crucial role in suppressing frog immune genes, modulating the virus-host interaction, and promoting viral infection. Understanding how ranaviruses use miRNAs to control disease progression is essential for addressing the health threat they pose to wildlife and ecosystems.

Preparation, Characterization and Optical Properties of Host-guest Nanocomposite Material Mordenite-silver Iodide

Silver iodide nanoclusters were successfully prepared in the channels of mordenite by a heat diffusion method. Powder X ray diffraction, adsorption technique and infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the prepared materials, which showed that the guest silver iodide had been encapsulated in the channels of mordenite. The optical properties of the solid phase diffuse reflectance absorption of nanocomposite material NaM AgI were studied, showing that the absorption bands of the diffuse reflectance absorption of the prepared material moved to the region of high energy. The absorption peak of the material prepared shifted to the region of high energy. Namely, blue shift was caused. This has demonstrated the incorporation of silver iodide into the channels of the zeolite. We observed the luminescence and surface photovoltage spectra of NaM AgI sample, proposing the mechanisms of the photoluminescence and photovoltaic responses.

Quantitative prediction of the bitterness of atomoxetine hydrochloride and taste-masked using hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin:A biosensor evaluation and interaction study

The bitterness of a drug is a major challenge for patient acceptability and compliance,especially for children.Due to the toxicity of medication,a human taste panel test has certain limitations.Atomoxetine hydrochloride(HCl),which is used for the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD),has an extremely bitter taste.The aim of this work is to quantitatively predict the bitterness of atomoxetine HCl by a biosensor system.Based on the mechanism of detection of the electronic tongue(Etongue),the bitterness of atomoxetine HCl was evaluated,and it was found that its bitterness was similar to that of quinine HCl.The bitterness threshold of atomoxetine HCl was 8.61μg/ml based on the Change of membrane Potential caused by Adsorption(CPA)value of the BT0 sensor.In this study,the taste-masking efficiency of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin(HP-β-CyD)was assessed by Euclidean distances on a principle component analysis(PCA)map with the SA402B Taste Sensing System,and the host–guest interactions were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),powder X-ray diffraction(XRD),nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Biosensor evaluation and characterization of the inclusion complex indicated that atomoxetine HCl could actively react with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin.

Vaccine by Chicken Line Interaction Alters the Protective Efficacy against Challenge with a Very Virulent plus Strain of Marek’s Disease Virus in White Leghorn Chickens

Marek’s disease (MD) is a lymphoproliferative disease of domestic chickens caused by Marek’s disease virus (MDV), an oncogenic and highly contagious α-herpesvirus. MD has been controlled by vaccination but sporadic outbreaks of MD still occur in some parts of the world. Efforts to improve vaccine efficacy have continued in both research communities and vaccine industries. We reported the host genetic variation affecting Marek’s disease vaccine-induced immunity in chickens earlier. In this study, we evaluated chicken lines, vaccines, and line by vaccine interaction on the protective efficacy of vaccination against MD. Specific pathogen free chickens from the relatively resistant line 63 and the highly susceptible line 72 were primarily used to evaluate the protection by three kinds of vaccines (rMd5ΔMeq, CVI988/Rispens, and HVT) upon challenge with a very virulent plus strain of MDV, vv+648A. Our data confirmed that both the chicken line and the vaccine significantly affected the protective efficacy of vaccination and showed that a chicken line by vaccine interaction, in most of the trials, also altered vaccine protective efficacy. More interestingly, although the protective index of all vaccine strains was higher in resistant than in susceptible line of chickens, the difference for HVT protection was striking and warrants further study. The findings may have important implications for vaccine development as well as for selective use of particular vaccines in specific lines of chickens to achieve maximum protection at minimized costs.

Lattice dynamics study of low energy guest-host coupling in clathrate hydrate

Our lattice dynamics simulation of Xe-hydrate with four-site TIP4P oxygen-shell model can accurately reproduce each peak position in the inelastic incoherent neutron scattering spectrum at the acoustic band （below 15 meV） and yield correct relative intensity. Based on the results, the uncertain profile at ～6 meV is assigned to anharmonic guest modes coupled strongly to small cages. Blue shift is proposed in phonon dispersion sheet in the case of anticrossing and found to be an evident signal for guest-host coupling that explains the anomalous thermal conductivity of clathrate hydrate.

Highly Luminescent Host-Guest Systems Based on Zeolite L and Lanthanide Complexes

Supramolecular incorporation of lanthanide complex has been obtained by loading of organic ligand into Eu3+-exchanged zeolite L. This was achieved by a two-step procedure: (1) zeolite L was ion-exchanged with Eu(Ⅲ) ions; (2) organic ligand was then loaded into the channels of the Eu3+-exchanged zeolite by gas diffusion procedure. Loading of ligand into the channels of zeolite L was confirmed by element analysis. Luminescence spectroscopy has confirmed that lanthanide complex are formed in the nanochannels of zeolite L crystals. In addition to the sharp emissions of lanthanide ions, broad band ranged from 350～500 nm can also be observed. This study provides alternative method for fabricating full-color display materials.

A Spectrophotometric Study on the Host-Guest Complexation of β-Cyclodextrin with 3-Indolyl Acetate in Dilute Aqueous Solution by Determining Solubility of Guest Substance

3-Indolyl acetate can be soluhilized in dilute aqueous solution of beta cy clodextrin. dueto the formation of host-guest complex through hydrophobic interaction between the indolyl groupand the inside cave of the cyclodextrin molecule. The thermodynamic pararneters of thecomplexing process can be estimated utilizing the spectrophotometric data.

Characteristic Studies of Arylated β-Cyclodextrins in Host-Guest Complexation with Small Molecules

The aryl moiety which was bonded as a functional group on the primary alcohol side ofβ-CD or the secondary alcohol side of β-CD or the secondary alcohol side of β-CD with anethylenediamino chain could show remarkable different molecular recognition abilities in thecomplexation with small molecular guests such as alkanes, cycloketones etc.

Synthesis and Characterization of the Host-Guest NanocompositeMaterial Zeolite Y-Iron Bipyridine

This paper reports the synthesis of host-guest nanocomposite material [Fe(bpy)(3)]Y2+ (where bpy=2,2'-bipyridine) using the flexible ligand method. X-ray diffraction analysis. adsorption technique, and cyclic voltammetry were used to characterize the material. The results show that [Fe(bpy)(3)](2+) has been entrapped in the supercage of zeolite, its electron transfer is realized by electron hopping of [Fe(bpy)(3)](2+) within the supercage of zeolite.

An Investigation into the Role of Capping on Second Harmonic Generation from Nonlinear Organic Polymer and Guest-Host Thin Films by In-Situ Poling

In attempts to fabricate thermally stable second-order nonlinear polymer thin films, we have investigated the second harmonic generation (SHG) from both nonlinear polymer and guest-host thin films. We have also investigated the role of capping on the SHG, temporal stability and relaxation of dipole alignment. Corona poling techniques were employed to orient the dopants into the noncentrosymmetric structure required to obtain the SHG. The effect of capping with a polymeric encapsulant below the glass transition temperature of the polymers on the unpoled and corona poled thin films was studied. Capping of the nonlinear polymer and guest host thin films have resulted in high SHG with good temporal stability. SHG signal falls drastically during the first 8 days after poling while no further significant decay in SHG signal was observed after about 33 days. Our investigations have identified the characteristics required for a good encapsulant on a non-con-ductive surface.

猪肺炎支原体通过抑制SPLUNC1功能破坏呼吸道炎性反应平衡

【背景】猪肺炎支原体(Mycoplasmahyopneumoniae,Mhp)通过定植猪呼吸道黏膜层,破坏呼吸道炎性反应平衡,引起炎性损伤和持续性感染。短的上腭、肺及鼻咽上皮克隆1蛋白(short palate lung and nasal epithelial clone1,SPLUNC1)是呼吸道黏膜分泌的具有重要抗菌和抗炎功能的蛋白,被认为是呼吸道黏膜面对危险信号时的“信号传感器”。【目的】从Mhp和SPLUNC1相互作用入手,分析Mhp感染对SPLUNC1表达的影响以及SPLUNC1对Mhp引起的炎性反应的调控作用,揭示Mhp引起炎性损伤的新机制,为解决Mhp持续性感染问题提供参考。【方法】利用猪肺炎支原体对猪支气管上皮细胞(porcine bronchial epithelial cells,PBECs)感染模型和猪体感染模型,通过荧光定量PCR、间接免疫荧光和Western-blotting等方法,分别检测Mhp感染后对肺脏中SPLUNC1以及体外PBECs中SPLUNC1转录和表达的影响。克隆并扩增猪源SPLUNC1基因通过酶切鉴定,构建成功SPLUNC1真核和原核表达重组质粒pCDNA3.1-SPLUNC1以及pET28a-SPLUNC1。与此同时,设计靶向SPLUNC1的siRNA干扰片段。利用体外SPLUNC1蛋白孵育、体内呼吸道黏膜SPLUNC1抗体封闭,通过Mhp CCU50检测明确SPLUNC1对Mhp体内外生长的影响。在猪支气管上皮细胞中,通过过表达或siRNA干扰SPLUNC1基因,后感染Mhp,利用Western-blotting、间接免疫荧光以及酶联免疫吸附方法,明确SPLUNC1对Mhp的黏附作用、诱导炎性因子表达以及MAPK信号通路活化的影响。【结果】Mhp感染猪后可引起肺脏实变,主要组织病理表现为肺脏炎性损伤,同时显著上调肺泡灌洗液中趋化因子CXCL8和炎性因子TNFα和IL-1β分泌。Mhp体内外感染后,体内肺脏和体外猪支气管上皮细胞中SPLUNC1的转录和表达均显著下调。以上研究表明,Mhp可诱导肺脏炎性反应,抑制SPLUNC1表达。另一方面,体外PBECs中过表达SPLUNC1后,Mhp感染引起的CXCL8表达显著减少;siRNA干扰SPLUNC1后,Mhp感染引起的CXCL8表达显著增加,表明SPLUNC1负调控Mhp感染引起的CXCL8表达。基于Mhp感染入侵呼吸道过程,本研究进一步解析SPLUNC1负调控CXCL8表达的机制。结果表明:无论是SPLUNC1和Mhp体外孵育,还是SPLUNC1抗体体内封闭,Mhp的体内外生长均未受影响;SPLUNC1的过表达或siRNA干扰对Mhp体外黏附PBECs的能力也无显著影响;过表达SPLUNC1可抑制pERK和IκBα的激活,相反SPLUNC1 siRNA干扰后,可促进pERK和IκBα的激活。以上研究证明SPLUNC1不是通过调控Mhp的生长和黏附,而是通过负调控MAPK-ERK通路的活化来调控CXCL8的表达。【结论】SPLUNC1可通过MAPK-ERK信号通路来调控炎性因子的过度表达,维护宿主炎性平衡;与此同时,Mhp感染后可通过抑制SPLUNC1的表达来破坏宿主炎性反应的平衡调控,进而引起炎性损伤。本研究为解析Mhp感染损伤机制提供依据。

主客共享理念下传统村落公服设施优化探索——以广州黄埔深井村为例

随着传统村落休闲旅游的热度持续提升,居民与游客的主客关系日益复杂,为探索适应人口变化特征和村落自身保护发展需求的公服设施优化发展路径,研究引入“主客共享”理念,运用文献研究、非参与式观察、参与式观察、深入访谈等方法,以广州黄埔深井村展开实证研究,发现村落公服设施配置存在一定失衡,公益性和商业性设施空间分布特征呈现差异,同时主客在设施使用上出现兼容、互斥特征。基于主客需求和村落空间、资源和文化等特征,提出“需求融合、格局传承、情境营造、弹性共享”的公服设施优化策略,以期促进传统村落的保护传承和发展,并为其他传统村落公共服务设施与村落协同发展提供借鉴思路。

大赋用经:主客结构与铺陈考量

《文心雕龙·诠赋》谓“遂客主以首引,极声貌以穷文”,前者是汉大赋主客问答的框架结构,后者则是在此框架结构下预设的铺陈空间,铺陈乃是大赋的主体。主客问答以议论显示讽谏,多用经语。大赋中除直接铺陈仪礼的段落,铺陈则用经为寡。然班固《东都赋》、张衡《东京赋》等则以议论充塞铺陈空间,又大赋短制如扬雄《河东赋》全篇以议论为主,相对于大赋铺陈主体,并用经为多。但大赋绝大部分的铺陈取于六经之外的其他典籍,亦多语词自造。总体而言,汉赋用经为少,而且赋体铺陈所取于六经及其他典籍者,都用以夸饰铺陈,并不保留其在原初文本的意义,故不必说是“经学影响”。