The gut-liver axis plays a crucial role in the development and progression of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD).Key metabolites,including lipopolysaccharides,short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs...The gut-liver axis plays a crucial role in the development and progression of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD).Key metabolites,including lipopolysaccharides,short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs),bile acids,and beneficial gut bacteria such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus,are pivotal in this process.Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1 RAs)show promise in managing MASLD by promoting weight loss,enhancing insulin secretion,and improving liver health.They restore gut-liver axis functionality,and their effects are amplified through dietary modifications and gut microbiometargeted therapies.Emerging research highlights the interplay between GLP-1 RAs and gut microbiota,indicating that the gut microbiome significantly influences therapeutic outcomes.Metabolites produced by gut bacteria,can stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1)secretion,further improving metabolic health.Integrating dietary interventions with GLP-1 RA treatment may enhance liver health by modulating the gut microbiota-SCFAs-GLP-1 pathway.Future research is needed to understand personalized effects,with prebiotics and probiotics offering treatment avenues for MASLD.展开更多
Sarcopenia and metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD)are closely intertwined.Sarcopenia,traditionally a disease of the older adult and chronic disease population,has been closely studied as on...Sarcopenia and metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD)are closely intertwined.Sarcopenia,traditionally a disease of the older adult and chronic disease population,has been closely studied as one of the pathophysiologic conditions at play in the development of MASLD.They share similar risk factors of insulin resistance and physical inactivity.Given similar pathophysiology along the liver-muscle axis,sarcopenia has been studied as a risk factor for MASLD,and vice versa.Current research suggests a bidirectional relationship.Given the chronicity of MASLD as a chronic inflammatory liver disease,it can break down muscle mass and lead to sarcopenia,while sarcopenia promotes intramuscular lipid accumulation that releases cytokines that can aggravate inflammation in the liver.However,for the longest time,a lack of consensus definition for MASLD and sarcopenia made it difficult to study their relationship and outcomes.A recent nomenclature update to diagnosing MASLD has made it easier for researchers to identify cohorts for study.However,no gold standard technique to measure muscle mass or consensus sarcopenia definition has been identified yet.Future studies are needed to reach a consensus and reduce diagnostic variation.With similar pathophysiology and shared risk factors between the two diseases,future research may also identify potential therapeutic targets along the liver-muscle axis that would benefit both sarcopenia and MASLD in order to maximize their outcomes.展开更多
The effects of stocking density on the growth and metabolism of Amur sturgeon were assessed. Amur sturgeon were grown for 70 days at three dif ferent stocking densities(low stocking density, LSD: 5.5 kg/m^3; medium st...The effects of stocking density on the growth and metabolism of Amur sturgeon were assessed. Amur sturgeon were grown for 70 days at three dif ferent stocking densities(low stocking density, LSD: 5.5 kg/m^3; medium stocking density, MSD: 8.0 kg/m^3; and high stocking density, HSD: 11.0 kg/m^3), and the biometric index, muscle composition, and serum biochemical parameters were evaluated. In addition, pituitary, liver, and muscle samples were collected for gene cloning and expression analyses. After 70 days of growth, the fish maintained at HSD had significantly lower fi nal body weight and specifi c growth rate, and a higher feed conversion ratio than those of the fish in the MSD and LSD groups. The HSD group had the lowest lipid and protein concentrations in serum and muscle. The serum cortisol concentration increased significantly in the HSD group, indicating that the stress-response system was activated in these fish. There was no change in the concentration of serum insulin-like growth factor 2(IGF-2), while the concentrations of serum growth hormone(GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1) decreased in the HSD group. The full-length cDNAs of G H and IGF-2 genes(995-bp and 1 207-bp long, respectively), were cloned and analyzed. In the HSD group, the expressions of GH in the pituitary and growth hormone receptor( GHR) and IGF-1 in the liver were down-regulated at the end of the 70-day experiment. In the HSD group, the transcript level of IGF-2 significantly decreased in the liver, but did not change in muscle. Overall, our results indicated that a HSD negatively af fects the growth performance and leads to changes in lipid and protein metabolism in Amur sturgeon. The down-regulated expression of genes related to the GH/IGF axis may be responsible for the poor growth performance of Amur sturgeon under crowding stress.展开更多
Alzheimer’s disease not only affects the brain,but also induces metabolic dysfunction in peripheral organs and alters the gut microbiota.The aim of this study was to investigate systemic changes that occur in Alzhei...Alzheimer’s disease not only affects the brain,but also induces metabolic dysfunction in peripheral organs and alters the gut microbiota.The aim of this study was to investigate systemic changes that occur in Alzheimer’s disease,in particular the association between changes in peripheral organ metabolism,changes in gut microbial composition,and Alzheimer’s disease development.To do this,we analyzed peripheral organ metabolism and the gut microbiota in amyloid precursor protein-presenilin 1(APP/PS1)transgenic and control mice at 3,6,9,and 12 months of age.Twelve-month-old APP/PS1 mice exhibited cognitive impairment,Alzheimer’s disease-related brain changes,distinctive metabolic disturbances in peripheral organs and fecal samples(as detected by untargeted metabolomics sequencing),and substantial changes in gut microbial composition compared with younger APP/PS1 mice.Notably,a strong correlation emerged between the gut microbiota and kidney metabolism in APP/PS1 mice.These findings suggest that alterations in peripheral organ metabolism and the gut microbiota are closely related to Alzheimer’s disease development,indicating potential new directions for therapeutic strategies.展开更多
Data indicate that perinatal nutritional insults not onlyhave short-term consequences on the growth velocity of the fetus/neonate but also sensitize to the development of metabolic adult diseases.The pathophysiologica...Data indicate that perinatal nutritional insults not onlyhave short-term consequences on the growth velocity of the fetus/neonate but also sensitize to the development of metabolic adult diseases.The pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the so-called "Developmental Origin of Health and Adult Diseases" are still largely unknown and depend on the type of alteration (nutritional,psychological,endocrine disruptors,etc.),its intensity and duration,species,sex and the time during which it is applied.Perinatal stress,via disturbances of both hy-pothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathoadrenal-system (SAS),as well as brain-adipose axis and pancreas alterations could play a crucial role.Interestingly,it has been demonstrated that perinatal insults may be transmitted transgenerationally,suggesting that these long-term consequences may be inherited via epigenetic mechanisms.Finally,since the placenta has been demonstrated to be sensitive to perinatal nutritional manipulations,the identification of placental markers may thus represent an important new avenue to identify the more susceptible babies prone to developing meta-bolic diseases.展开更多
The metabolic syndrome(MS)has become one of the main problems in public health.Tea polyphenols(TPs),the main bioactive components of tea,has been claimed to have the potential to regulate metabolism and effectively pr...The metabolic syndrome(MS)has become one of the main problems in public health.Tea polyphenols(TPs),the main bioactive components of tea,has been claimed to have the potential to regulate metabolism and effectively prevent or mitigate the MS.However,many studies into the effects of TPs on MS have provided conflicting findings and the underlying mechanism has been elusive.The predominant TPs in unfermentedand and fermented tea are catechins and oxidized polyphenols(theaflavins and thearubigins),both of which have low bioavailability and reach the colon where most gut microbes inhabit.Gut microbiota has been demonstrated to be tightly associated with host metabolism.The interactions between TPs and gut microbiota will lead to the alterations of gut microbiota composition and the production of metabolites including short chain fatty acids,bile acids,amino acids and TPs derived metabolites,accordingly exerting their biological effects both locally and systemically.This review highlighted the contribution of metabolites and specific gut bacteria in the process of TPs intervention on the MS and further discuss how TPs impact the MS via gut microbiota from the viewpoint of gut organ/tissue axis.展开更多
The discovery that small size at birth and during infancy are associated with a higher risk of diabetes and related metabolic disease in later life has pointed to the importance of developmental factors in these condi...The discovery that small size at birth and during infancy are associated with a higher risk of diabetes and related metabolic disease in later life has pointed to the importance of developmental factors in these conditions. The birth size associations are thought to refl ect exposure to adverse environmental factors during early development but the mechanisms involved are still not fully understood. Animal and human work has pointed to the importance of changes in the setpoint of a number of key hormonal systems controlling growth and development. These include the IGF-1/GH axis, gonadal hormones and, in particular, the systems mediating the classical stress response. Several studies show that small size at birth is linked with increased activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathoadrenal system in adult life. More recent human studies have shown associations between specif ic adverse experiences during pregnancy, such as famine or the consumption of adverse diets, and enhanced stress responses many decades later. The mediators of these neuroendocrine responses are biologically potent and are likely to have a direct infl uence on the risk of metabolic disease. These neuroendocrine changes may also have an evolutionary basis being part of broader process, termed phenotypic plasticity, by which adverse environmental cues experienced during development modify the structure and physiology of the adult towards a phenotype adapted for adversity. The changes are clearly advantageous if they lead to a phenotype which is well-adapted for the adult environment, but may lead to disease if there is subsequent overnutrition or other unexpected environmental conditions.展开更多
Metabolically associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a common cause ofchronic liver disease, the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. Despitethe increasing incidence of MAFLD, no effective treatment is avai...Metabolically associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a common cause ofchronic liver disease, the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. Despitethe increasing incidence of MAFLD, no effective treatment is available. Recentresearch indicates a link between the intestinal microbiota and liver diseases suchas MAFLD. The composition and characteristics of the intestinal microbiota andtherapeutic perspectives of MAFLD are reviewed in the current study. Animbalance in the intestinal microbiota increases intestinal permeability andexposure of the liver to adipokines. Furthermore, we focused on reviewing thelatest "gut-liver axis" targeted therapy.展开更多
In this review, the characteristics of gut microbiota changes in 11 metabolic diseases, as well as the research progress on their interventions, are summarized. The gut microbiota contributes to metabolic diseases thr...In this review, the characteristics of gut microbiota changes in 11 metabolic diseases, as well as the research progress on their interventions, are summarized. The gut microbiota contributes to metabolic diseases through intestinal mucosal dysfunction, chronic metabolic inflammatory response, gut brain axis imbalance, gene regulation, insulin resistance, and the action of its metabolites. The researches of cause effect relationship and mechanism are relatively few, need further study, expecting a breakthrough in the future to be a new path in the treatment of some metabolic diseases.展开更多
The gut microbiota-brain axis has emerged as a novel target for Alzheimer's disease(AD),a neurodegenerative disease characterised by behavioural and cognitive impairment.However,most previous microbiome-based inte...The gut microbiota-brain axis has emerged as a novel target for Alzheimer's disease(AD),a neurodegenerative disease characterised by behavioural and cognitive impairment.However,most previous microbiome-based intervention studies have focused on single factors and yielded only modest cognitive improvements.Here,we proposed a multidomain intervention strategy that combined Bifidobacterium breve treatment with environmental enrichment(EE)training.In this study,we found that compared with EE or B.breve treatment alone,B.breve intervention combined with EE amplified its neuroprotective effects on AD mice,as reflected by improved cognition,inhibited neuroinflammation and enhanced synaptic function.Moreover,using microbiome and metabolome profiling,we found that the combination of B.breve and EE treatment restored AD-related gut microbiota dysbiosis and reversed microbial metabolite changes.Finally,by integrating behavioural and neurological data with metabolomic profiles,we revealed that the underlying mechanism may involve the modulation of microbiota-derived glutamine metabolism via gut-brain interactions.Collectively,combined B.breve intervention with EE treatment can alleviate AD-related cognitive impairment and improve brain function by regulating glutamine metabolism of the gut microbiome.Our findings provide a promising multidomain intervention strategy,with a combination of dietary microbiome-based and lifestyle-targeted interventions,to promote brain function and delay the progression of AD.展开更多
With continuous population and economic growth in the 21st century,plastic pollution is a major global issue.However,the health concern of microplastics/nanoplastics(MPs/NPs)decomposed from plastic wastes has drawn pu...With continuous population and economic growth in the 21st century,plastic pollution is a major global issue.However,the health concern of microplastics/nanoplastics(MPs/NPs)decomposed from plastic wastes has drawn public attention only in the recent decade.This article summarizes recent works dedicated to understanding the impact of MPs/NPs on the liver-the largest digestive organ,which is one of the primary routes that MPs/NPs enter human bodies.The interrelated mechanisms including oxidative stress,hepatocyte energy re-distribution,cell death and autophagy,as well as immune responses and inflammation,were also featured.In addition,the disturbance of microbiome and gut-liver axis,and the association with clinical diseases such as metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease,steatohepatitis,liver fibrosis,and cirrhosis were briefly discussed.Finally,we discussed potential directions in regard to this trending topic,highlighted current challenges in research,and proposed possible solutions.展开更多
文摘The gut-liver axis plays a crucial role in the development and progression of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD).Key metabolites,including lipopolysaccharides,short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs),bile acids,and beneficial gut bacteria such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus,are pivotal in this process.Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1 RAs)show promise in managing MASLD by promoting weight loss,enhancing insulin secretion,and improving liver health.They restore gut-liver axis functionality,and their effects are amplified through dietary modifications and gut microbiometargeted therapies.Emerging research highlights the interplay between GLP-1 RAs and gut microbiota,indicating that the gut microbiome significantly influences therapeutic outcomes.Metabolites produced by gut bacteria,can stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1)secretion,further improving metabolic health.Integrating dietary interventions with GLP-1 RA treatment may enhance liver health by modulating the gut microbiota-SCFAs-GLP-1 pathway.Future research is needed to understand personalized effects,with prebiotics and probiotics offering treatment avenues for MASLD.
文摘Sarcopenia and metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD)are closely intertwined.Sarcopenia,traditionally a disease of the older adult and chronic disease population,has been closely studied as one of the pathophysiologic conditions at play in the development of MASLD.They share similar risk factors of insulin resistance and physical inactivity.Given similar pathophysiology along the liver-muscle axis,sarcopenia has been studied as a risk factor for MASLD,and vice versa.Current research suggests a bidirectional relationship.Given the chronicity of MASLD as a chronic inflammatory liver disease,it can break down muscle mass and lead to sarcopenia,while sarcopenia promotes intramuscular lipid accumulation that releases cytokines that can aggravate inflammation in the liver.However,for the longest time,a lack of consensus definition for MASLD and sarcopenia made it difficult to study their relationship and outcomes.A recent nomenclature update to diagnosing MASLD has made it easier for researchers to identify cohorts for study.However,no gold standard technique to measure muscle mass or consensus sarcopenia definition has been identified yet.Future studies are needed to reach a consensus and reduce diagnostic variation.With similar pathophysiology and shared risk factors between the two diseases,future research may also identify potential therapeutic targets along the liver-muscle axis that would benefit both sarcopenia and MASLD in order to maximize their outcomes.
基金Supported by the National Special Research Fund for Non-Profit Sector(Agriculture)(No.201003055)
文摘The effects of stocking density on the growth and metabolism of Amur sturgeon were assessed. Amur sturgeon were grown for 70 days at three dif ferent stocking densities(low stocking density, LSD: 5.5 kg/m^3; medium stocking density, MSD: 8.0 kg/m^3; and high stocking density, HSD: 11.0 kg/m^3), and the biometric index, muscle composition, and serum biochemical parameters were evaluated. In addition, pituitary, liver, and muscle samples were collected for gene cloning and expression analyses. After 70 days of growth, the fish maintained at HSD had significantly lower fi nal body weight and specifi c growth rate, and a higher feed conversion ratio than those of the fish in the MSD and LSD groups. The HSD group had the lowest lipid and protein concentrations in serum and muscle. The serum cortisol concentration increased significantly in the HSD group, indicating that the stress-response system was activated in these fish. There was no change in the concentration of serum insulin-like growth factor 2(IGF-2), while the concentrations of serum growth hormone(GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1) decreased in the HSD group. The full-length cDNAs of G H and IGF-2 genes(995-bp and 1 207-bp long, respectively), were cloned and analyzed. In the HSD group, the expressions of GH in the pituitary and growth hormone receptor( GHR) and IGF-1 in the liver were down-regulated at the end of the 70-day experiment. In the HSD group, the transcript level of IGF-2 significantly decreased in the liver, but did not change in muscle. Overall, our results indicated that a HSD negatively af fects the growth performance and leads to changes in lipid and protein metabolism in Amur sturgeon. The down-regulated expression of genes related to the GH/IGF axis may be responsible for the poor growth performance of Amur sturgeon under crowding stress.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.823 74552 (to WP)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province,No.2022RC1220 (to WP)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province of China,Nos.2020JJ4803 (to WP),2022JJ40723 (to MY)the Scientific Research Launch Project for New Employees of the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University (to MY)
文摘Alzheimer’s disease not only affects the brain,but also induces metabolic dysfunction in peripheral organs and alters the gut microbiota.The aim of this study was to investigate systemic changes that occur in Alzheimer’s disease,in particular the association between changes in peripheral organ metabolism,changes in gut microbial composition,and Alzheimer’s disease development.To do this,we analyzed peripheral organ metabolism and the gut microbiota in amyloid precursor protein-presenilin 1(APP/PS1)transgenic and control mice at 3,6,9,and 12 months of age.Twelve-month-old APP/PS1 mice exhibited cognitive impairment,Alzheimer’s disease-related brain changes,distinctive metabolic disturbances in peripheral organs and fecal samples(as detected by untargeted metabolomics sequencing),and substantial changes in gut microbial composition compared with younger APP/PS1 mice.Notably,a strong correlation emerged between the gut microbiota and kidney metabolism in APP/PS1 mice.These findings suggest that alterations in peripheral organ metabolism and the gut microbiota are closely related to Alzheimer’s disease development,indicating potential new directions for therapeutic strategies.
文摘Data indicate that perinatal nutritional insults not onlyhave short-term consequences on the growth velocity of the fetus/neonate but also sensitize to the development of metabolic adult diseases.The pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the so-called "Developmental Origin of Health and Adult Diseases" are still largely unknown and depend on the type of alteration (nutritional,psychological,endocrine disruptors,etc.),its intensity and duration,species,sex and the time during which it is applied.Perinatal stress,via disturbances of both hy-pothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathoadrenal-system (SAS),as well as brain-adipose axis and pancreas alterations could play a crucial role.Interestingly,it has been demonstrated that perinatal insults may be transmitted transgenerationally,suggesting that these long-term consequences may be inherited via epigenetic mechanisms.Finally,since the placenta has been demonstrated to be sensitive to perinatal nutritional manipulations,the identification of placental markers may thus represent an important new avenue to identify the more susceptible babies prone to developing meta-bolic diseases.
基金financially supported by National Key R&D Program of China(No.2017YFC1600402)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31772095)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Nankai University(No.63191426).
文摘The metabolic syndrome(MS)has become one of the main problems in public health.Tea polyphenols(TPs),the main bioactive components of tea,has been claimed to have the potential to regulate metabolism and effectively prevent or mitigate the MS.However,many studies into the effects of TPs on MS have provided conflicting findings and the underlying mechanism has been elusive.The predominant TPs in unfermentedand and fermented tea are catechins and oxidized polyphenols(theaflavins and thearubigins),both of which have low bioavailability and reach the colon where most gut microbes inhabit.Gut microbiota has been demonstrated to be tightly associated with host metabolism.The interactions between TPs and gut microbiota will lead to the alterations of gut microbiota composition and the production of metabolites including short chain fatty acids,bile acids,amino acids and TPs derived metabolites,accordingly exerting their biological effects both locally and systemically.This review highlighted the contribution of metabolites and specific gut bacteria in the process of TPs intervention on the MS and further discuss how TPs impact the MS via gut microbiota from the viewpoint of gut organ/tissue axis.
文摘The discovery that small size at birth and during infancy are associated with a higher risk of diabetes and related metabolic disease in later life has pointed to the importance of developmental factors in these conditions. The birth size associations are thought to refl ect exposure to adverse environmental factors during early development but the mechanisms involved are still not fully understood. Animal and human work has pointed to the importance of changes in the setpoint of a number of key hormonal systems controlling growth and development. These include the IGF-1/GH axis, gonadal hormones and, in particular, the systems mediating the classical stress response. Several studies show that small size at birth is linked with increased activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathoadrenal system in adult life. More recent human studies have shown associations between specif ic adverse experiences during pregnancy, such as famine or the consumption of adverse diets, and enhanced stress responses many decades later. The mediators of these neuroendocrine responses are biologically potent and are likely to have a direct infl uence on the risk of metabolic disease. These neuroendocrine changes may also have an evolutionary basis being part of broader process, termed phenotypic plasticity, by which adverse environmental cues experienced during development modify the structure and physiology of the adult towards a phenotype adapted for adversity. The changes are clearly advantageous if they lead to a phenotype which is well-adapted for the adult environment, but may lead to disease if there is subsequent overnutrition or other unexpected environmental conditions.
基金Supported by the Scientific and Technological Achievements Transformation Guidance Special of Shanxi Province in China,No.201904D131030.
文摘Metabolically associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a common cause ofchronic liver disease, the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. Despitethe increasing incidence of MAFLD, no effective treatment is available. Recentresearch indicates a link between the intestinal microbiota and liver diseases suchas MAFLD. The composition and characteristics of the intestinal microbiota andtherapeutic perspectives of MAFLD are reviewed in the current study. Animbalance in the intestinal microbiota increases intestinal permeability andexposure of the liver to adipokines. Furthermore, we focused on reviewing thelatest "gut-liver axis" targeted therapy.
文摘In this review, the characteristics of gut microbiota changes in 11 metabolic diseases, as well as the research progress on their interventions, are summarized. The gut microbiota contributes to metabolic diseases through intestinal mucosal dysfunction, chronic metabolic inflammatory response, gut brain axis imbalance, gene regulation, insulin resistance, and the action of its metabolites. The researches of cause effect relationship and mechanism are relatively few, need further study, expecting a breakthrough in the future to be a new path in the treatment of some metabolic diseases.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31972052,32021005,31820103010)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(JUSRP22006,JUSRP51501)the Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province。
文摘The gut microbiota-brain axis has emerged as a novel target for Alzheimer's disease(AD),a neurodegenerative disease characterised by behavioural and cognitive impairment.However,most previous microbiome-based intervention studies have focused on single factors and yielded only modest cognitive improvements.Here,we proposed a multidomain intervention strategy that combined Bifidobacterium breve treatment with environmental enrichment(EE)training.In this study,we found that compared with EE or B.breve treatment alone,B.breve intervention combined with EE amplified its neuroprotective effects on AD mice,as reflected by improved cognition,inhibited neuroinflammation and enhanced synaptic function.Moreover,using microbiome and metabolome profiling,we found that the combination of B.breve and EE treatment restored AD-related gut microbiota dysbiosis and reversed microbial metabolite changes.Finally,by integrating behavioural and neurological data with metabolomic profiles,we revealed that the underlying mechanism may involve the modulation of microbiota-derived glutamine metabolism via gut-brain interactions.Collectively,combined B.breve intervention with EE treatment can alleviate AD-related cognitive impairment and improve brain function by regulating glutamine metabolism of the gut microbiome.Our findings provide a promising multidomain intervention strategy,with a combination of dietary microbiome-based and lifestyle-targeted interventions,to promote brain function and delay the progression of AD.
文摘With continuous population and economic growth in the 21st century,plastic pollution is a major global issue.However,the health concern of microplastics/nanoplastics(MPs/NPs)decomposed from plastic wastes has drawn public attention only in the recent decade.This article summarizes recent works dedicated to understanding the impact of MPs/NPs on the liver-the largest digestive organ,which is one of the primary routes that MPs/NPs enter human bodies.The interrelated mechanisms including oxidative stress,hepatocyte energy re-distribution,cell death and autophagy,as well as immune responses and inflammation,were also featured.In addition,the disturbance of microbiome and gut-liver axis,and the association with clinical diseases such as metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease,steatohepatitis,liver fibrosis,and cirrhosis were briefly discussed.Finally,we discussed potential directions in regard to this trending topic,highlighted current challenges in research,and proposed possible solutions.
