Due Diligence in Mergers and Acquisitions in Emerging Markets： Evaluated Risk Factors From the Academic and Practical View

The obviously ever increasing number of corporate acquisitions in recent decades has improved the general knowledge and awareness of due diligence for both the industry and research. In the current challenging business environment, acquisitions face a higher degree of risk profiles, especially cross-border acquisitions in the emerging markets. Conducting a thorough due diligence investigation in the context of an acquisition is more important now than ever. In a broad analysis, this paper researches the key risk factors in the acquisition process and their assessment within a due diligence audit in the acquisition phase. The task of this paper is to match the academic and practical view in order to give a more complete understanding of risk factors to be covered in due diligence audit. The starting point is the research of academic findings which basically concentrate on common approaches considering financial, legal, commercial, and some other issues in domestic acquisitions and in developed countries. In contrast, this paper considers risk factors in cross-border and emerging markets transactions. In addition, a number of business consultants publish studies based on surveys on this topic which reflect typical risk factors based on experience of their customers being involved in cross-border acquisitions. Their risk assessment consists of specific regulatory, political, and other factors, which may lead to commercial and reputational impediments in cross-border acquisitions. The outcome of the comparison is a comprehended list of evaluated risk factors, whereby the academic findings are complemented and supported by the practical experience in the business consultant＇s studies. Moreover, the practical approach points to the fact that due diligence scope needs to be suited to the dynamics of the markets. The comparison and the comprehended list of evaluated risk factors call for a more integrated system of due diligence and show herein the research deficit. Hence, the novelty is the compendium of evaluated risk factors which should be assessed in the pre-acquisition phase. The originality of the paper is given by a unique analysis of academic work about acquisition due diligence literature and consultant studies from anonymized practical experience based on insider information.

Modeling the factors that influence knowledge transfer in mergers and acquisitions

This paper constructs a model on the factors that influence knowledge transfer in mergers and acquisitions(M&A) and validates it via questionnaire surveys. Using 125valid collected questionnaires, multiple linear regression analysis and hierarchical regression analysis showed that five out of the ten factors had a positive effect on knowledge transfer effect. The ranking of factor importance, from high to low, was knowledge explicitness, relationship quality, learning intent, advanced transfer activities, and learning capability, which is fairly consistent with positive factors observed in other interorganizational knowledge transfer researches. Our results also showed that one of the control variables(size of acquired firm) had neither a direct or indirect effect on knowledge transfer in M&A. Additionally, our research found that knowledge distance and degree of M&A integration had a positive influence on knowledge transfer effect at the early stage after M&A, but had a negative influence at the late stage. Based on this research, several suggestions for knowledge transfer in M&A are proposed.

The Efficient Market Theory and Mergers and Acquisitions （M＆As） Puzzle： Evidence From Italy

The efficient market theory is a central point in finance. If the capital market is competitive, the investors cannot expect superior gains from their investment strategies with respect to the risk profile. Event studies are an approach to verify the impact of the information on the stock prices. In an efficient market, stock prices should fully, promptly, and quickly capture all the information. Instead, the market shows phenomena of an under-reaction and over-reaction for both the short and the long run. The mergers and acquisitions （M＆As） are examples of anomalies. Often, the bidder companies record the negative abnormal returns for both the short and the long run. In contrast to the efficient market theory, the empirical evidence shows that this phenomenon is widespread in all （or most of） the countries of the world. This work examines the long-run performance in M＆As. For this purpose, 40 bidders were observed in Italy during the period of 1994-2008 among listed companies. The buy and hold abnormal returns （BHARs） methodology was used, with which it was possible to observe the returns for three years following the deal.

Effect of Cross-Border Acquisitions on Businesses Performance of Slovak Acquiring Companies

Currently, businesses or companies apply various tools of financial engineering on improvement of their performance. One of such tools refers to acquisitions through which companies can profit from synergic effects, reduce operating cost and tax expenses, and improve their market position. This paper is aimed at examining the effect of cross-border acquisitions made by Slovak companies in order to improve their performance. Authors applied the method of simultaneous equation model to examine this relation. The result confirmed the hypothesis that cross-border acquisitions positively influence a company performance.

Introducing Stakeholder-Based Frameworks for Post-merger Integration （PMI） Success

The importance of stakeholder relationship management for successful integration in post-merger management is not doubted. The establishment of a new powerful trend in investments produces strategic shifts in strategic management. Shareholder wealth maximization way of thinking is changing to stakeholder wealth maximization where a company＇s value management system is based not only on economic profit maximization, but also on environmental, social, and governance （ESG） maximization. There is especially a high need for a management system that can be used by mergers and acquisitions （M＆A） practitioners during integration process. There is a critical need for metrics which can trace the interests of all stakeholders, because to achieve success in integration, it is no longer acceptable for management to focus solely on the needs of one or two stakeholder groups. In this article, the authors have introduced two frameworks： sun cube and stakeholder relationship matrix. These tools can be useful in mergers and acquisitions （M＆A） process for conducting a stakeholder analysis.

基于EEMD模型的我国跨境并购宏观经济动因分析

以2008~2018我国A股上市公司实施的跨境并购交易为样本,运用EEMD模型从短期和长期两个时间尺度考察了宏观经济环境与跨境并购的关系.结果表明:近些年,我国宏观经济的持续高速发展是引发跨境并购长期波动的主要原因,国内经济政策不确定性上升也会对其产生促进作用;股票市场的短期波动和经济政策调整是驱动跨境并购短期波动的重要因素;无论长、短期,经济预期都对跨境并购波动起反向抑制作用.当国内股票市场指数居于高位、未来经济预期变差或经济政策不确定性上升时,我国企业越有可能进行跨境并购.

跨国并购估价实例分析——联想与IBM并购研究

运用并购估价的自由现金流法对联想集团与国际商用机器公司(以下简称IBM)个人电脑事业部(PCD)的并购价格进行分析,为类似国内企业的跨国并购活动提供并购财务分析应用实例。自由现金流法对企业未来持续经营所得和现金流的预测存在误差和偶然性,如何降低误差和偶然性,提高自由现金流法在实际应用中的估价准确度,是一个长期的话题,值得深入研究。

CROSS-BORDER MERGER AND ACQUISITION OF CHINESE DOMESTIC LISTED COMPANIES

China＇s reform of state-owned enterprises （SOEs） and share trading plays an essential role in cross-border mergers and acquisitions （M＆A）. Considering most of the public listed companies enjoying abundant domestic resources as an outcome of SOEs reform, as well as the new capital and innovative managerial conceptions that foreign M＆A brings in, the SOEs and share-trading reforms are undoubtedly mutually beneficial. As the reforms deepen, rules are established that state-owned shares cannot be traded, given potential loss of state-owned assets, which creates a great plight tbr foreign M＆A through directly purchasing tradable shares within China＇s A share market. Therefore, share-trading reform progressed so as to convert non-tradable shares to tradable ones, which indeed provides many opportunities for foreign M＆A. This article adopts case study and related empirical analysis methods. After systematic research on the cases of foreign M＆A of listed companies in China that were transacted between 1995 and November 2012, and analyzing each respectively under the framework of the existing sixteen models in China, those models can be further classified into three categories concerning the unique share structure as well as the legal environment in China.

Cultural Integration in M&A Enterprise

This thesis aims at studying the cultural integration of M&A enterprises,mainly involved with the manifesta-tion,process,type,method,risk and countermeasures of cultural integration in M&A enterprises.It intends to provide a complete set of management and operation sys-tem on cultural integration for M&A enterprises.Keywords:cultural integration,M&A(merger and acquisi-tion).

Mergers and Acquisitions in Ownership Restructuring of Chinese Firms

This paper investigates mergers and acquisitions （M＆A） in the context of firm ownership restructuring in China, via several theoretical lenses including organizational learning and population ecology theories. It highlights the effect of organizational learning on the choice of M＆A in ownership restructuring, based on the assumption that the choice might be favored by poor-performing firms. By employing a hierarchical linear regression model, this article examines the cross-level moderating effects of the density of ownership restructuring patterns on the performance-M＆A relationship. Several key findings have been revealed. At the individual firm level, performance is negatively related to its choice of M＆A. The ownership restructuring pattern that firms adopted is positively associated with its choice of M＆A. Moreover, at the industry level, the density of patterns in an industry positively moderates the performance-M＆A relationship.

基于ARMA预测方法的中国石油企业跨国并购价格风险分析

以WTI原油现货价格为基本分析变量,基于ARMA预测方法衡量了中国石油企业在进行海外并购时面临的价格风险。得出结论:在97.6%的置信水平下,预测期内的VaR预测值比实际值要大得多,并且大多数情况下预测值是实际值的1-2倍。这说明我国石油企业在进行跨国并购时面临着极大的风险。最后,从加强东道国市场风险的评估、降低利率和汇率风险、谨慎确定并购类型、建立跨国战略联盟、战略性地选择并购地区等方面,探讨了降低中国石油企业跨国并购市场风险的建议。

资本市场开放对企业并购融资的影响研究——基于“陆港通”多期双重差分的经验证据

“陆港通”政策是中国资本市场开放的重要举措。利用这一外生事件,以2010—2019年中国沪深A股并购事件为样本,运用多期双重差分模型检验“陆港通”对企业并购融资的影响,研究结果表明:“陆港通”实施可以降低并购的股权融资成本和债务融资成本,扩大并购的外部融资规模,缓解并购的融资约束程度,并且这种作用在非多元化和非关联企业并购中更加显著。进一步地探究“陆港通”对并购融资的影响机制,可以发现该政策通过改善信息环境和加强治理效应两种途径缓解企业的并购融资问题。因此,并购企业应积极响应“陆港通”政策,从而引入更多成熟的境外投资者,达到提高并购效率、提升并购效果的目的。

数字并购情境下目标方留任数字背景高管如何影响并购方数字创新绩效?

数字人才已经成为企业实现数字化转型和数字创新的关键资源,也是数字并购中并购方重点吸收和保留的数字资源。在数字并购情境下,以新一代信息技术企业为研究对象,基于资源基础理论,将目标方留任数字背景高管视为一种数字资源。将数字化转型划分为数字技术集成和数字技术应用两个维度,考察了目标方留任数字背景高管、并购方数字化转型和并购方数字创新绩效三者的作用机制,并以数字并购事件为研究样本,利用回归分析方法进行了实证检验。研究发现:目标方留任数字背景高管对数字创新短期绩效和长期绩效均具有正向影响;数字技术集成和数字技术应用发挥双重中介效应。在目标方留任数字背景高管与数字创新短期绩效关系中,数字技术集成发挥的中介效应大于数字技术应用;在目标方留任数字背景高管与数字创新长期绩效关系中,数字技术应用发挥的中介效应大于数字技术集成。研究有助于明晰数字并购情境下的数字创新绩效实现机制,帮助企业实现数字化转型和数字创新目标。

大数据、有限信息与企业并购

以2007~2021年A股上市公司并购事件为样本,通过年报文本分析法构建并购方“大数据”应用程度的指标,检验并购方大数据应用对并购绩效的影响,研究发现:相对于没有应用大数据的并购方,应用大数据的并购方总体上获得了更高的并购绩效;信息获取是大数据提高并购方并购绩效的主要机制;大数据对并购绩效的提升作用仅限于目标公司为公众公司,当目标公司为非公众公司时,大数据难以显著提高并购方的并购绩效,说明大数据分析只能根据目标公司的公开资料提供有限信息;并购方与目标公司存在董事联结,能够强化大数据对并购绩效的提升作用,尤其强化了目标公司为公众公司时(与目标公司为非公众公司相比)的并购绩效,说明机器的有限“硬信息”与人的“软信息”相结合更能够显著提高并购绩效。因此,“人机协同”或许是数字时代提高并购绩效的有效策略。

数字化转型对企业并购的影响研究——主并方数字化赋能视角

以沪深A股上市公司为样本,基于主并方数字化赋能视角,实证研究数字化转型对企业并购的影响。研究发现,数字化转型企业发起了更多的并购活动,并取得了更高的并购绩效。进一步研究发现,数字化转型在企业并购中发挥信息效应与治理效应,当信息环境较差时,数字化转型对并购决策和并购绩效影响更强,当并购代理冲突较高时,数字化转型企业取得了更高的并购绩效。此外,数字化转型显著增加并购支付溢价,这是由于数字化转型为并购带来了更多元的融资方式。数字化转型能缩短并购交易时长,提高并购成功率。此外,被并方数字化转型程度越高,发生并购的概率越高且并购绩效越好。研究结论有利于深入理解数字化转型对企业并购的影响,对评估数字化转型经济效益、提高企业并购效率具有重要意义。

技术相关性、并购交易规模与企业创新绩效

以2015—2020年部分上市公司为样本,采用相对应年份相关数据对并购双方技术相关性和企业创新绩效间的关系进行实证分析,并研究并购交易规模的调节作用。研究发现:并购双方技术相似性和技术互补性与企业创新绩效间呈显著倒“U”型关系,技术跨界性对企业创新绩效不具有显著影响;并购交易规模负向调节技术相似性与企业创新绩效间的关系。

企业并购的协同效应分析——以京东物流并购德邦快递为例

近年来受疫情等因素的影响,物流行业的发展面临着巨大挑战,并购成为其发展的有效途径。对京东物流与德邦快递的并购事件进行研究发现,京东物流并购德邦快递通过人力资源整合实现管理协同;并购使京东物流的运输网络、客户结构得到完善,实现了经营协同;通过对并购后的企业盈利、偿债以及运营能力分析发现,并购实现了财务协同效应。因此,物流企业可以根据自身条件和宏观环境适时开展并购应对发展挑战;政府部门要鼓励物流企业通过并购等方式进行资源优化整合,提升物流企业竞争力和一体化供应链综合服务能力。

价值链视角下跨国并购整合:动机、模式与影响因素

跨国并购是企业“走出去”的重要方式,在我国企业战略成长中发挥重要作用。获取资源,实现价值链升级等因素是企业跨国并购的主要原因。企业在跨国并购后需要关注价值链的内部关键节点和外部价值链的整合,以达到价值链扩张和延伸的效果,发挥协同效应。并购双方企业的微观特征、资源差异、文化差异和环境规制都会对价值链整合产生影响。

政治关联、企业并购特征与并购绩效

本文以我国上市公司为研究样本,研究了政治关联对企业并购行为的影响。研究结果表明,中国上市公司的政治关联显著影响了它们的并购行为。政治关联企业实施了更多的并购,并购规模也更大。政治关联对并购的这种影响主要是通过政府对国有企业施加影响实现的。我们同时考察了政治关联对并购绩效的影响,发现无论是以会计业绩还是市场业绩作为衡量指标,政治关联对并购绩效都有着显著的负面影响,其并购绩效显著低于其它公司;并购了国有控股企业的政治关联企业因为并购而遭受的损失最大。上述结果说明,中国上市公司的政治关联在一定程度上导致了资源的错误配置,使得有限的资源浪费在低效甚至是无效的并购行为上。从更深层次的意义上来说,本文的结论为非市场机制的危害性提供了证据。

基于协同效应的海外并购绩效研究——以吉利汽车并购沃尔沃为例

随着跨国资本的流动对全球经济的增长具有愈来愈重的影响,跨国并购投资逐渐演变成了应用最广泛的投资形式。本文对吉利汽车并购沃尔沃事件进行案例研究,首先,从发生背景进行描述,并结合并购整合过程分析此次并购的动机及风险;其次,分别从经营协同、管理协同和财务协同三方面选取指标对并购前后数据进行对比,以检验其是否实现了协同效应;再次,利用EVA模型,对吉利汽车在并购前后EVA增长趋势变化、吉利汽车的EVA与整个汽车制造行业EVA均值对比,分析论证其协同绩效效果,进而得出通过并购实现了吉利汽车协同效应的结论;最后,通过上述分析,针对我国汽车行业在海外并购中如何提升经营、管理和财务能力提出了改进建议与对策。