Selection of Judging Indicators for Surface Morphology of Soil Crack under Different Development Degrees in Yuanmou Arid-Hot Valley Region

Quantification of complicated surface morphology of soil crack is a prerequisite and key to soil crack study. This paper takes soil crack quads in Yuanmou arid-hot valley region as examples, selecting several morphological indicators, and analyzes the soil crack＇s morphological features under various development degrees. By statistic analysis, three quantitative indicators for surface morphology are selected, namely soil crack area density, area weighted mean fractal dimension and connectivity index R, which can not only express the development intensity of soil cracks, but also effectively describe its morphological complexity and connectivity. The research results set a good base for the establishment of soil crack assessment system in Yuanmou arid-hot valley region.

Regional Variability of Climate Change Hot-Spots in East Asia

The regional climate change index （RCCI） is employed to investigate hot-spots under 21st century global warming over East Asia. The RCCI is calculated on a 1-degree resolution grid from the ensemble of CMIP3 simulations for the B1, AIB, and A2 IPCC emission scenarios. The RCCI over East Asia exhibits marked sub-regional variability. Five sub-regional hot-spots are identified over the area of investigation： three in the northern regions （Northeast China, Mongolia, and Northwest China）, one in eastern China, and one over the Tibetan Plateau. Contributions from different factors to the RCCI are discussed for the sub-regions. Analysis of the temporal evolution of the hot-spots throughout the 21st century shows different speeds of response time to global warming for the different sub-regions. Hot-spots firstly emerge in Northwest China and Mongolia. The Northeast China hot-spot becomes evident by the mid of the 21st century and it is the most prominent by the end of the century. While hot-spots are generally evident in all the 5 sub-regions for the A1B and A2 scenarios, only the Tibetan Plateau and Northwest China hot-spots emerge in the B1 scenario, which has the lowest greenhouse gas （GHG） concentrations. Our analysis indicates that subregional hot-spots show a rather complex spatial and temporal dependency on the GHG concentration and on the different factors contributing to the RCCI.

Investigation of the Effects of Glazed Balconies uponThermal Comfort in Hot Tropical Region

The balcony is responsible to a series of effects on the environmental behavior of a building,mainly in relation of thermal comfort and air distribution to their indoor spaces.Currently a very common practice in several metropolitan areas is the closing with retractable glass panels in balcony openings.This work analyzed the effects of glazed balconies upon thermal comfort in a hot tropical region.Environmental parameters were carried out in a flat alternating the conditions of retractable glass panels to balconies.Thermal simulations were performed considering closing or not the glass door that divides the balcony room;the building material used on the balcony sill;and the use of curtains or shading devices.The results show the maximum mean hourly temperatures recorded on the balcony during the period when the retractable glass panels were closed,reaching peaks between 31.7 and 39.2°C,above the comfort range recommended by ASHRAE 55.All situations simulated show the thermal discomfort prevails in the use of the closed glass panels reaching DhTD of 94.55°C/day.Thus,this practice of using most of the closed retractable glass panels in the balconies presents disadvantages and inefficiencies especially in hot and humid tropical climate regions.

Application of natural ventilation of residential buildings in hot-humid regions

The current ventilation condition of the hot and humid regions was analyzed through on-site investigation. It is found that residents in this region expect to improve indoor thermal environment through natural ventilation as much as possible. Then,it comes to a conclusion by the field test that natural ventilation has certain practical effect on improving indoor thermal environment. CFD simulation software is employed to verify the test result. Based on PMV modified model,and according to norms,geography and climate combined with the measured and simulated results,the application of the time and effectiveness of natural ventilation in hot and humid region were analyzed,to some extent,providing a basis for reducing the air-conditioner's runtime with natural ventilation.

Research on Passive Design Optimization about an Experimental Rural Residence in Hot Summer and Cold Winter Region of China

In China, rural residential environment under the poor construction measures has not been satisfactory due to the backward infrastructure of countryside and the lacking of professional planning, which will result in considerable amount of energy consumption in the future. The economy of rural residences in the hot summer and cold winter region of China is relative developed, but the indoor thermal environmental quality is not so good. In this paper, the design strategies directed by passive design ideas for a small experimental rural residential building located in Hangzhou city was introduced and researched in response to hot summer and cold winter climate. Through modeling solution undertaken by Ecotect software, the building performance was simulated and analyzed for the optimization of design factors, such as shape, roof angle, insulation system, shading devices, as well as day-lighting system. Based on the above study, a set of appropriate energy-saving technologies were provided for improving the new rural residences construction in Hangzhou, which should also be recommended to other projects constructed in the same climate region.

利用遗传算法实现低倾角卫星星座优化设计

针对热点区域的多重覆盖问题,采用回归圆轨道的共星下点轨迹星座方案,提出基于遗传算法求解单颗卫星轨道参数、利用简单解析公式求解星座轨道参数的方法。首先,建立了回归轨道热点区域多重覆盖模型;其次,以卫星一个回归周期内覆盖时间最长为性能指标,首颗卫星轨道根数利用遗传算法可优化求取;最后,根据星下点轨迹重合这一约束条件设计星座构型,并利用各卫星间几何关系求解各卫星的轨道根数。理论分析和仿真结果表明,该方法简单且易于实现,设计结果正确,可实现回归周期内同一卫星星下点轨迹多次覆盖目标,星座使用卫星少、覆盖频率高,具有较好的工程应用价值。

Quantitative Analysis of the Outdoor Thermal Comfort in the Hot and Humid Summertime of Shenzhen, China

Outdoor thermal comfort has always been a major issue due to its irreplaceable role in maintaining good health and energy use. Thus,quantitative analysis of outdoor thermal comfort and discussions on influential factors seem very necessary to achieve the climate-conscious urban design. Therefore,an outdoor thermal comfort questionnaire survey and the simultaneous field measurement were conducted in six different places during the hot and humid summertime in Shenzhen. The results show that the overall weather conditions during the investigation can be expressed with high temperature and high humidity with strong solar radiation. The micro-meteorological parameters of six test sites vary greatly due to their different regional spatial layouts.Moderate range of air temperature( Ta) is between 28 to 30 ℃ while that of relative humidity( RH) mainly concentrates in 60%-70% with the thermal sensation votes. The main influential factors impacting outdoor thermal comfort are obtained and Tahas the greatest effect. The overall thermal comfortable ranges in Shenzhen are expressed by the range of 28. 14-32. 83 ℃ of PET and 24. 74-30. 45 ℃ of SET*. With the correlation analysis between the characteristic parameters of regional spatial layout and thermal climate and thermal comfort,it reveals that increasing the coverage ratio of water and green space( S) helps lower Taand increase RH. The global solar radiation( G) has a significant negative correlation with the height of buildings( H) and a positive correlation with sky view factor( SVF). Overall,reasonable configuration of the regional spatial layout contributes to providing a thermal comfortable environment.

干热区海拔梯度对咖啡叶锈病的影响

为明确干热区咖啡叶锈病的危害症状和周年动态及不同海拔梯度对咖啡叶锈病和重寄生菌的影响,对咖啡叶锈病症状进行田间观察和周年动态监测,并对700~1 500 m共9个海拔梯度的咖啡叶锈病及重寄生真菌发生情况开展调查。结果显示,在干热区,咖啡叶锈病全年发生,有3个危害高峰期,分别为12月、2月和4月,其中12月的危害最严重。咖啡叶锈病危害与海拔高度呈显著相关,海拔1 500 m的咖啡叶锈病危害显著高于700~1 400 m的8个海拔梯度的;海拔1 400~1 500 m的咖啡叶锈病全年均有发生。在11月至次年6月发现了咖啡叶锈病的重寄生现象,寄生率有2个高峰期,即1月和3月,重寄生率分别为(20.19±5.44)%和(25.70±5.72)%;重寄生率与海拔高度成正比,海拔1 400 m和1 500 m的重寄生率显著高于800~1 300 m的7个海拔梯度的。以上结果表明,在干热区,海拔梯度对咖啡叶锈病产生了显著性影响,重寄生与咖啡叶锈病发生具明显迟滞性,在高海拔地区咖啡叶锈病的重寄生率超过20%。

基于VOSviewer的区域生态系统演变影响因素的研究趋势与热点分析

区域生态系统演变影响因素研究是近几十年来新兴的热点领域,对于实现人与自然和谐共生和可持续发展具有重要意义.基于VOSviewer软件,通过关键词共现分析、聚类分析、趋势与热点分析等手段,对中国知网(CNKI)和Web of Science平台的文献进行计可视化计算与分析.研究结果显示:(1)根据文献的时间分布,可以将研究分为摸索发展阶段(1999—2009年)、初步发展阶段(2010—2020年)、快速发展阶段(2021年至今)3个阶段;(2)高产作者少,需要加强合作交流;(3)陆地生态系统、流域生态系统、生境质量、生态系统服务价值、城市群等为当前研究的热点话题,其演变进程与政策的制定具有较强的耦合性.分析结果表明,未来的研究趋势应注重长时间尺度的分析和利用更全面的分析模型.在加强对生态系统演变影响因素的定量分析的基础上,注重多个学科的交融,共同推动该领域的发展.

Fault－weakening effect of reservoir temperature of hot spring and its influence on seismic activities

In this paper, the reservoir temperatures of 14 hot spring samples collected from the northern segment of theRed River Fault are calculated by using the mixing-model of SiO2-geothermometer. Based on the features ofreservoir temperatures and densities of hot springs, the northern segment of the Red River Fault is furtherdivided into 4 sub-segments. The influence of weakening effect of water on seismic activities is discussed fromthe view point of fault-weakening effect of water. It is suggested that the difference in seismic activity between various sub-segments is principally caused by the difference in intensity of the fault-weakening effect ofwater of these sub-segments. The Eryuan sub-segment where the reservoir temperatures are high and the hotsprings are dense corresponds to a slipped region, however, the Jianchuan and Midu sub-segments where thereservoir temperatures are lower and the hot springs are fewer as well as the Dan sub-segment where the hotspring are very few all correspond to locked regions. It is suggested that Dan sub-segment is the riskiest region for strong earthquake preparation, while the possibility for strong earthquake preparation is very little inthe Eryuan sub-segment.

城市社区的语言表征——基于北京市“月亮河休闲小镇”的分析

社区参与了城市的空间构成,与安排社会活动的空间相比较,是典型的私人空间。但从私人空间走向公共空间,或从公共空间返回私人空间,城市生活寓于其中。空间的转换构成了城市社区的基本特征。两种空间的嵌套、连接,形成城市社区前台和后台的关系。语言景观外显出这样的空间关系,同时又为两种空间的转换提供了向导。语言景观表征空间关系、空间功能以及空间活动,区分出“冷”代码和“热”代码,发挥着象征功能和信息功能,分别成为前台和后台的语言标志。

怒江干热河谷木棉种子大小的变异格局

为揭示怒江干热河谷木棉种子大小的变异格局,在该气候区的不同生境采集木棉种子,测定种子生物量、直径用于量化种子大小,并借助回归模型分析种子大小随环境梯度的变化。结果显示:(1)在怒江干热河谷,木棉种子大小呈正态分布;(2)在不同干热区,种子大小依次为轻度干热区﹥中度干热区﹥重度干热区;(3)木棉种子随海拔升高而呈变小的趋势;(4)木棉种子大小的变异性随海拔(或干旱强度)上升不断减小。结论表明,木棉种子大小受到水热条件的选择压力,在稳定的水热环境中木棉种子更大,其大小的变异性也更高。

夏热冬冷地区养老院老年人冬季室外热舒适性探究

养老院室外空间是机构养老人群的主要室外活动场所,室外空间的热舒适性对老年人身心健康具有重要影响。为营造健康、舒适的室外热环境,文章以上海Q养老院为例,通过对养老院室外热环境实测和老年人室外热舒适问卷调查,分析老年人室外热舒适与热感觉关系,研究热环境因素对老年人冬季室外热舒适的影响,从热中性生理等效温度、热中性生理等效温度范围、满足90%热可接受率的生理等效温度范围和热偏好生理等效温度等4个方面,确定老年人冬季热舒适性评价基准;最后基于研究结果,从自然环境和建筑环境两方面提出养老院冬季室外热环境优化设计建议,为夏热冬冷地区养老院室外热环境改善提供参考。

被动式绿色建筑设计技术研究与实践——以夏热冬冷地区绿色公共建筑为例

随着绿色建筑技术的不断进步,将绿色建筑理念与创意构思相结合的被动式绿色设计技术,仍然是绿色建筑设计的基础。绿色建筑应以建筑师为主导,利用被动绿色设计技术作为主要手段来应对室外不良气候,辅以机电设备的主动调节,旨在营造节能、减排、舒适且健康的建筑环境。通过探讨被动式设计技术在场地设计、建筑空间、建筑形态和外遮阳设计中的关键应用,以及对夏热冬冷地区相关案例的分析,旨在探索以被动式设计策略为基础的绿色建筑设计理念,为未来的绿色建筑设计实践提供参考和指导。

新疆巴州地区小麦干热风时空变化特征及风险区划

掌握巴州地区小麦干热风灾害的发生发展规律,有针对性地采取防御措施,对于保障当地粮食安全具有重要意义。选取若羌县、轮台县和焉耆县作为代表地,根据不同地区干热风对小麦的影响,参照小麦干热风气象行业标准,利用1981—2023年5—6月巴州地区9个国家级气象站及农区114区域自动站逐日气象观测数据、农业气象观测站小麦发育期数据及地理基础信息等资料,结合ArcGIS10.8作图,分析巴州地区小麦干热风日数和过程的时空变化特征,并进行风险区划与评估。结果表明,近43 a来巴州地区干热风整体呈波动上升趋势,趋势倾向率分别为2.2 d/10a、1.2次/10a。20世纪80年代减少较为明显,20世纪90年代、21世纪10年代呈增多趋势,2011年后明显增多,具有时间阶段性特征,其中2017、2022年为干热风高发年份。从3种不同等级的干热风占比来看,轻型>中型>重型。研究发现,巴州地区小麦干热风高风险区主要分布在塔里木盆地南缘且末、若羌沿车尔臣河以南小麦种植区域,塔里木盆地东南部的若羌、铁干里克一带以及尉犁县沿塔里木河北部的部分地区,低风险区主要分布在焉耆盆地平原农区大部,库尔勒东部、轮台县西部等地,其余区域为较重及中度风险区。根据不同风险区,可因地制宜采取不同的灾害防御措施。

架空层形式对围合型实验楼自然通风影响研究

以杭州地区单侧架空的围合型实验楼为研究对象,通过实地调研获取典型模型,并应用CFD技术模拟室内自然通风情况,同时通过实验验证模拟的准确性。在此基础上,以不同来流风向与底层架空层的相对位置作为变量,模拟了不同来流风向下室内风场的变化情况,以获得最佳室内风环境的来流风向。结果表明,底层单侧架空的围合型实验楼在各风向角下均符合GB/T 50378—2019《绿色建筑评价标准》;各房间的通风状况随通风角度的变化而发生变化,当来流风向角度与法线夹角为120°~240°时,越靠近来流风方向的房间,通风效果越佳。研究结果可为实验楼室内风环境的优化设计提供理论依据。

夏热冬暖地区住宅建筑运行阶段碳排放分析

随着“双碳”目标的提出,国家对建筑业的碳排放提出了更高的要求。由于住宅建筑的碳排放量占整个建筑业的48%左右,因此其相关研究对于我国“双碳”目标的实现以及人民生活和社会发展有着重要的现实意义。以夏热冬暖地区住宅小区调查数据为基础,分析影响住宅建筑碳排放的主要因素,并采用SPSS 25对碳排放数据进行偏相关分析和岭回归分析,建立夏热冬暖地区住宅建筑运行阶段碳排放的回归模型。结果表明:回归方程预测得出的小区住宅年平均碳排取量与实测数值差值为3.4%;夏热冬暖地区住宅建筑运行阶段对碳排放影响最大的是户内人口数,其次是建筑面积,建筑朝向对碳排放的影响较小;在过渡季节住宅建筑碳排放量相对较低,炎热的夏季是夏热冬暖地区碳排放的高峰。对夏热冬暖地区住宅建筑碳排放现状的研究可为该区域住宅建筑提供设计方案和运行指导,同时也可为该区域住宅建筑碳排放评估提供参考依据。

香格里拉地区温泉水化学特征及成因分析

为了解香格里拉地区的地热资源状况,以天生桥温泉和下给温泉为研究对象,利用水化学分析法、氢氧同位素分析法以及地热温标法,对天生桥温泉和下给温泉地热系统的水化学特征、地下水补给来源以及热储温度进行了分析。结果表明:天生桥温泉水化学类型为HCO_(3)-Ca·Na和HCO_(3)-Na·Ca型,下给温泉为HCO_(3)·Na和HCO_(3)-Na·Ca型;天生桥温泉和下给温泉均来源于大气降水,且存在^(18)O漂移现象,其补给高程分别为3710 m和3842 m,位于温泉东南方向的刺那一带,补给温度分别为-11.98℃和-12.91℃,均为未成熟水;天生桥温泉和下给温泉混合的冷水比例分别为52%和72%,利用SiO_(2)地热温标法计算得到热储温度分别为98℃和160℃。

严寒地区地铁站冬季热湿环境实测研究

地铁站是城市公共交通的重要组成部分,对市民出行质量和体验有着重要影响。以哈尔滨地铁2号线为代表,选取五个代表车站研究严寒地区冬季地铁站公共区域的热湿环境与热舒适性,采用现场实测和问卷调查的方法进行分析与评价,并基于HDR指标对哈尔滨地铁站各公共区域的热环境进行评估。研究表明地铁站公共区域的95%情况下符合对温湿度的要求,能够满足对地铁站的基本要求。根据投票结果得出,地铁站公共区域热环境与湿环境80%以上的乘客可以接受且HDR值在冬季规定舒适范围内,满足热舒适的要求。该研究可为严寒地区地铁站冬季通风运行提供理论参考,有利于营造良好的热湿环境。

金沙江干热河谷地区生产建设项目中表土的剥离、防护及利用--以旭龙水电站为例

在金沙江干热河谷地区的生产建设项目中,缺少以保护表土资源为目的的生产建设项目保护措施体系。本文在总结金沙江干热河谷地区生产建设项目施工实践经验及相关文献的基础上,根据旭龙水电站工程建设区的土壤类型及剖面层次特点,阐述在当地开展生态恢复工作的艰巨性、就地保护表土资源的必要性及困难性,归纳金沙江干热河谷地区的基本流程,汇总金沙江干热河谷地区表土资源的完整保护措施,包括表土剥离、防护与利用措施的适用范围、原则、工艺及重要参数等内容,以期为金沙江干热河谷地区生产建设项目中的表土资源保护工作提供参考和借鉴。