Hot dip aluminizing is one of the most effective methods of surface protection for steels and is gradually gaining popularity.Although the pulling speed is one of the most important parameters to control the coating t...Hot dip aluminizing is one of the most effective methods of surface protection for steels and is gradually gaining popularity.Although the pulling speed is one of the most important parameters to control the coating thickness of aluminizing products,however,there are few publications on the mathematical modeling of pulling speed during the hot dip process.In order to describe the correlation among the pulling speed,coating thickness and solidification time,the principle of mass and heat transfer during the aluminizing process is investigated in this paper.The mathematical models are based on Navier-Stokes equation and heat transfer analysis.Experiments using the self-designed equipment are carried out to validate the mathematical models.Specifically,aluminum melt is purified at 730 ℃.The Cook-Norteman method is used for the pretreatment of Q235 steel plates.The temperature of hot dip aluminizing is set to 690 ℃ and thedipping time is set to 3 min.A direct current motor with stepless speed variation is used to adjust the pulling speed.The temperature change of the coating is recorded by an infrared thermometer,and the coating thickness is measured by using image analysis.The validate experiment results indicate that the coating thickness is proportional to the square root of pulling speed for the Q235 steel plate,and that there is a linear relationship between coating thickness and solidification time when the pulling speed is lower than 0.11 m/s.The prediction of the proposed model fits well with the experimental observations of the coating thickness.展开更多
Large and uniform tetrapod-like ZnO whiskers （T-ZnO） were prepared from waste hot dipping zinc by vapor oxidation and examined by means of X-ray diffraction and ICP-AES analysis and scanning electron microscope. The...Large and uniform tetrapod-like ZnO whiskers （T-ZnO） were prepared from waste hot dipping zinc by vapor oxidation and examined by means of X-ray diffraction and ICP-AES analysis and scanning electron microscope. The products are pure hexagonal wurtzite crystals with tetrapod shape and edge size of center body 56 μm and needle length of 100130 μm. The size and shape of ZnO particles are fully controlled by the growth conditions and T-ZnO can be obtained only at 8501 000 ℃ and total gas flow rate ranging from 40 to 250 L·h-1 in which the size of the T-ZnO particles varies slightly with temperature. The process of the formation of T-ZnO is that T-ZnO may nucleate at the initial stage with a complete tetrapod shape and develop to the large size, but not the process of （preferential） growth of octahedral nuclei and subsequent growth of the needles. The experiment presents a new method to prepare T-ZnO economically by using the waste hot dipping zinc.展开更多
The effect of the content of rare-earth La on the microstructure and corrosion-resistance of hot-dipped aluminum was investigated in this paper. The results show that, under the same technology conditions, the thickne...The effect of the content of rare-earth La on the microstructure and corrosion-resistance of hot-dipped aluminum was investigated in this paper. The results show that, under the same technology conditions, the thickness of hot-dipped aluminizing layer by adding the appropriate content of rare-earth La is about 2～3 times as much as that without rare-earth La, and the microstructure of hot-dipped aluminizing layer has also greatly changed ,and a great deal of phase Fe3Al was precipitated along the boundary of α phase. The corrosion resistance of the hot-dipped layer with rare-earth is greatly increased.展开更多
The RE-aluminized coating and pure aluminized coating on 20 carbons steel were prepared by hot dip aluminizing method at 740℃. After diffusion treatment at 850℃for 4 h, the distribution of aluminum and lanthanum ele...The RE-aluminized coating and pure aluminized coating on 20 carbons steel were prepared by hot dip aluminizing method at 740℃. After diffusion treatment at 850℃for 4 h, the distribution of aluminum and lanthanum elements in the coating was analyzed with energy disperse spectroscopy(EDS) and electron probe microanalyses(EPMA), and the lattice parameter ofα-Fe in the matrix of the coating was measured precisely by X-ray diffractometer(XRD). The results show that RE permeates into the aluminized coating, leads to lattice disturbance and increases the depth of the aluminized coating. On the basis of the results, the expression of the diffusion coefficient of Al atoms is derived from the diffusion flow, and the effect of the high vacancy concentration and high concentration gradient of vacancies on the diffusion of Al atoms was analyzed by establishing the kinetics model of the vacancy mechanism of diffusion. The results show that the high vacancy concentration and high concentration gradient of vacancies in the RE-aluminized processes are the main reason why the diffusion coefficient of Al atoms in RE-aluminizing is bigger than that in pure aluminizing.展开更多
Firstly, an aluminum coating was produced metallurgically on mild steel by hot-dipping, then an aluminum oxide coating was formed self-growingly from the aluminum coating by micro-arc oxidation treatment. The structur...Firstly, an aluminum coating was produced metallurgically on mild steel by hot-dipping, then an aluminum oxide coating was formed self-growingly from the aluminum coating by micro-arc oxidation treatment. The structures of the composite coatings were investigated by means of SEM, TEM and XRD. The results show that the composite coating consists of three layers which are Fe-Al alloy, aluminum coating and aluminum oxide orderly outward from the steel substrate. There are amorphous phases, k-Al2O3 and θ-Al2O3 mainly in the aluminum oxide.展开更多
The hot dipping process of pure aluminum on H13 steel substrates followed by plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO) was studied to form alumina ceramic coatings for protective purpose.H13 steel bars were first dipped in p...The hot dipping process of pure aluminum on H13 steel substrates followed by plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO) was studied to form alumina ceramic coatings for protective purpose.H13 steel bars were first dipped in pure aluminum melts,and then,a reactive iron-aluminum intermetallic layer grew at the interface between the melt and the steel substrate.The reactive layer was mainly composed of intermetallic Fe-Al(Fe_2Al_5);the thickness of aluminum layer and Fe-Al intermetallic layer were mainly influenced by dipping time(1.5～12.0 min) and dipping temperature(710～760 ℃).After PEO process,uniform Al_2O_3 ceramic coatings were deposited on the surface of aluminized steel.The element distribution,phase composition and morphology of the aluminized layer,and the ceramic coatings were characterized by SEM/EDS and XRD.The distribution of hardness across the composite coating is demonstrated,and the maximum value reaches 1864 HV.The thermal shock resistance of the coated sample is also well improved.展开更多
Microstructures,high-temperature oxidation and wear resistance of hot dipping Al-Si-Y coating on SCH12 heat resistant cast steel were investigated in this study.The aluminized coating was characterized by scanning ele...Microstructures,high-temperature oxidation and wear resistance of hot dipping Al-Si-Y coating on SCH12 heat resistant cast steel were investigated in this study.The aluminized coating was characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry(EDX)and X-ray diffraction(XRD).The results showed that the coating was composed of the Al-rich outer layer and the intermetallics inner layer.In the Al-rich layer,some Y-rich precipitates and Fe-Al-Si-Cr precipitates could be observed.The intermetallics layer presented three layers induced by the increase of Fe,Cr,Ni content and the corresponding decrease of Al,Si content.The oxidation tests were conducted in still air at 850℃for up to 100 h.After oxidation,a top oxide scale composed of mainlyα-Al2O3,Al5Y3O12 was formed on the steel surface.The intermetallics beneath the oxide scale consisted of mainly FeAl and small amount of Fe2Al5 and Cr3Si phase.The mass gain of the coated and uncoated SCH1steel is 0.45 mg/cm 2 and 0.57 mg/cm 2,respectively.The wear resistance was investigated using a high-temperature pin-on-disc tribometer at 650℃.The wear rate for the coated and uncoated steel is 0.45μm 3 /μm.N and 3.01μm 3 /μm.N,respectively.The high temperature wear tests and oxidation tests results demonstrated that the yttrium-modified aluminized specimen had significantly improved high-temperature wear resistance and equivalent oxidation resistance compared with the original SCH12 specimen.展开更多
基金supported by Guangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 0832001)
文摘Hot dip aluminizing is one of the most effective methods of surface protection for steels and is gradually gaining popularity.Although the pulling speed is one of the most important parameters to control the coating thickness of aluminizing products,however,there are few publications on the mathematical modeling of pulling speed during the hot dip process.In order to describe the correlation among the pulling speed,coating thickness and solidification time,the principle of mass and heat transfer during the aluminizing process is investigated in this paper.The mathematical models are based on Navier-Stokes equation and heat transfer analysis.Experiments using the self-designed equipment are carried out to validate the mathematical models.Specifically,aluminum melt is purified at 730 ℃.The Cook-Norteman method is used for the pretreatment of Q235 steel plates.The temperature of hot dip aluminizing is set to 690 ℃ and thedipping time is set to 3 min.A direct current motor with stepless speed variation is used to adjust the pulling speed.The temperature change of the coating is recorded by an infrared thermometer,and the coating thickness is measured by using image analysis.The validate experiment results indicate that the coating thickness is proportional to the square root of pulling speed for the Q235 steel plate,and that there is a linear relationship between coating thickness and solidification time when the pulling speed is lower than 0.11 m/s.The prediction of the proposed model fits well with the experimental observations of the coating thickness.
文摘Large and uniform tetrapod-like ZnO whiskers （T-ZnO） were prepared from waste hot dipping zinc by vapor oxidation and examined by means of X-ray diffraction and ICP-AES analysis and scanning electron microscope. The products are pure hexagonal wurtzite crystals with tetrapod shape and edge size of center body 56 μm and needle length of 100130 μm. The size and shape of ZnO particles are fully controlled by the growth conditions and T-ZnO can be obtained only at 8501 000 ℃ and total gas flow rate ranging from 40 to 250 L·h-1 in which the size of the T-ZnO particles varies slightly with temperature. The process of the formation of T-ZnO is that T-ZnO may nucleate at the initial stage with a complete tetrapod shape and develop to the large size, but not the process of （preferential） growth of octahedral nuclei and subsequent growth of the needles. The experiment presents a new method to prepare T-ZnO economically by using the waste hot dipping zinc.
文摘The effect of the content of rare-earth La on the microstructure and corrosion-resistance of hot-dipped aluminum was investigated in this paper. The results show that, under the same technology conditions, the thickness of hot-dipped aluminizing layer by adding the appropriate content of rare-earth La is about 2～3 times as much as that without rare-earth La, and the microstructure of hot-dipped aluminizing layer has also greatly changed ,and a great deal of phase Fe3Al was precipitated along the boundary of α phase. The corrosion resistance of the hot-dipped layer with rare-earth is greatly increased.
基金Project(0511021600) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province, China
文摘The RE-aluminized coating and pure aluminized coating on 20 carbons steel were prepared by hot dip aluminizing method at 740℃. After diffusion treatment at 850℃for 4 h, the distribution of aluminum and lanthanum elements in the coating was analyzed with energy disperse spectroscopy(EDS) and electron probe microanalyses(EPMA), and the lattice parameter ofα-Fe in the matrix of the coating was measured precisely by X-ray diffractometer(XRD). The results show that RE permeates into the aluminized coating, leads to lattice disturbance and increases the depth of the aluminized coating. On the basis of the results, the expression of the diffusion coefficient of Al atoms is derived from the diffusion flow, and the effect of the high vacancy concentration and high concentration gradient of vacancies on the diffusion of Al atoms was analyzed by establishing the kinetics model of the vacancy mechanism of diffusion. The results show that the high vacancy concentration and high concentration gradient of vacancies in the RE-aluminized processes are the main reason why the diffusion coefficient of Al atoms in RE-aluminizing is bigger than that in pure aluminizing.
文摘Firstly, an aluminum coating was produced metallurgically on mild steel by hot-dipping, then an aluminum oxide coating was formed self-growingly from the aluminum coating by micro-arc oxidation treatment. The structures of the composite coatings were investigated by means of SEM, TEM and XRD. The results show that the composite coating consists of three layers which are Fe-Al alloy, aluminum coating and aluminum oxide orderly outward from the steel substrate. There are amorphous phases, k-Al2O3 and θ-Al2O3 mainly in the aluminum oxide.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing (No. 2008AA4029)Scientific Research Training Program of Chongqing University
文摘The hot dipping process of pure aluminum on H13 steel substrates followed by plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO) was studied to form alumina ceramic coatings for protective purpose.H13 steel bars were first dipped in pure aluminum melts,and then,a reactive iron-aluminum intermetallic layer grew at the interface between the melt and the steel substrate.The reactive layer was mainly composed of intermetallic Fe-Al(Fe_2Al_5);the thickness of aluminum layer and Fe-Al intermetallic layer were mainly influenced by dipping time(1.5～12.0 min) and dipping temperature(710～760 ℃).After PEO process,uniform Al_2O_3 ceramic coatings were deposited on the surface of aluminized steel.The element distribution,phase composition and morphology of the aluminized layer,and the ceramic coatings were characterized by SEM/EDS and XRD.The distribution of hardness across the composite coating is demonstrated,and the maximum value reaches 1864 HV.The thermal shock resistance of the coated sample is also well improved.
文摘Microstructures,high-temperature oxidation and wear resistance of hot dipping Al-Si-Y coating on SCH12 heat resistant cast steel were investigated in this study.The aluminized coating was characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry(EDX)and X-ray diffraction(XRD).The results showed that the coating was composed of the Al-rich outer layer and the intermetallics inner layer.In the Al-rich layer,some Y-rich precipitates and Fe-Al-Si-Cr precipitates could be observed.The intermetallics layer presented three layers induced by the increase of Fe,Cr,Ni content and the corresponding decrease of Al,Si content.The oxidation tests were conducted in still air at 850℃for up to 100 h.After oxidation,a top oxide scale composed of mainlyα-Al2O3,Al5Y3O12 was formed on the steel surface.The intermetallics beneath the oxide scale consisted of mainly FeAl and small amount of Fe2Al5 and Cr3Si phase.The mass gain of the coated and uncoated SCH1steel is 0.45 mg/cm 2 and 0.57 mg/cm 2,respectively.The wear resistance was investigated using a high-temperature pin-on-disc tribometer at 650℃.The wear rate for the coated and uncoated steel is 0.45μm 3 /μm.N and 3.01μm 3 /μm.N,respectively.The high temperature wear tests and oxidation tests results demonstrated that the yttrium-modified aluminized specimen had significantly improved high-temperature wear resistance and equivalent oxidation resistance compared with the original SCH12 specimen.
