Preparation and Characterization of Hg_(0.8)Cd_(0.2)Te Epilayers Grown by Hot Wall MOCVD

Hg_(1-x)Cd_xTe(CMT)epilayers with corresponding wavelength of 10.6μm(x=0.2)were reproducibly grown on GaAs substrates in a movable hot wall MOCVD reactor.Rather high uniformity of solid compo- sitions was obtained.X-ray diffraction,TEM,DCXD,FTIR and Van der Pauw technique were employed to determine the crystalline,optical and electrical properties of CMT epilayers,which are effectively im- proved as compared with the previous data.

Micro-Raman Spectroscopy for Stress Evaluation of 3C-SiC Epitaxially Grown on Si Substrate by Hot Wall CVD

A series of cubic SiC single crystals were heteroepitaxially grown by the hot-wall chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using a HMDS-C3H8-H2 system on 2 inch silicon substrates with the orientations of (100), (111), (110) and (211), respectively. Even though an initial carbonization was carried out to reduce the large lattice mismatch, residual stress could not be completely relieved, partly also due to the difference of their thermal expansion coefficients. Raman scattering studies for the specimens were performed to estimate the internal stress in the SiC epilayer and the substrate. Raman spectra were mapped out on the sample surface as well as on the cross section using an automated x-y stage with a spatial resolution capable of 100 nm. For all the samples, two Raman peaks corresponding to the transverse optical (TO) and longitudinal optical (LO) phonon modes were observed, even though the intensity varied with the polarization configurations. In the SiC epilayers, tensile stresses decrease away from the interface, while compressive stresses exist in the substrate, with the magnitudes dependent on the growth orientation. The lattice strains were discussed in terms of the elastic deformation theory for the comparison.

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Research on Microstructural Evolution During Compact Hot Extrusion of Heavy Caliber Thick-Wall Pipe

Compact hot extrusion(CHE) process of heavy caliber thick-wall pipe is a new material-saving production process. In order to reveal the optimum hot extrusion parameters in CHE process, the e ects of the extrusion parameters on the microstructural evolution are investigated systematically. The metadynamic recrystallization(MDRX) kinetic models and grain size models of as-cast P91 steel are established for the first time according to the hot compression tests performed on the Gleeble-3500 thermal-simulation machine. Then a thermal-mechanical and micro-macro coupled hot extrusion finite element(FE) model is established and further developed in DEFORM software. The results indicated that the grain size of the extruded pipe increases with the increasing of initial temperature and extrusion speed, decreases when extrusion ratio increases. Moreover, the grain size is more sensitive to the initial temperature and the extrusion ratio. The optimum hot extrusion parameters are including that, the initial extrusion temperature of 1250 °C, the extrusion ratio of 9 and the extrusion speed of 50 mm/s. Furthermore, in order to verify the simulation precisions, hot extrusion experiment verification on the heavy caliber thick-wall pipe is carried out on the 500 MN vertical hot extrusion equipment. The load–displacement curve of the extrusion process and the grain sizes of the middle part extruded pipe are in good accuracy with the simulation results, which confirms that the hot extrusion FE models of as-cast P91 steel could estimate the hot extrusion behaviors. The proposed hot extrusion FE model can be used to guide the industrial production research of CHE process.

An improved wall shear stress measurement technique using sandwiched hot-film sensors

In this letter we present a novel wall shear stress measurement technique for a turbulent boundary layer using sandwiched hot-film sensors. Under certain conditions, satisfactory results can be obtained using only the heat generated by one of the hot-film and a calibration of the sensors is not required. Two thin Nickel films with the same size were used in this study, separated by an electrical insulating layer. The upper film served as a sensor and the bottom one served as a guard heater. The two Nickel films were operated at a same temperature, so that the Joule heat flux generated by the sensor film transferred to the air with a minimum loss or gain depending on the uncertainties in the film temperature measurements. Analytical solution of the shear stress based on the aforementioned heat flux was obtained. The preliminary results were promising and the estimated wall shear stresses agreed reasonablywell with the directly measured values （with errors less than 20%） in a fully developed turbulent pipe flow. The proposed technique can be improved to further increase precisions.

STUDY ON LOCATION OF HOT SPOT AT TUBE WALL FOR FIRED CYLINDRICAL FURNACE COMBUSTION

Based on the analysis of heat radiation intensity from flame, a new mathematical model ofthe tube-wall temperatmp of heated tubes is developed by taking down-fired, upright-tube cylindricalfurnace for example. The proposed mathematical model can be employed to indicate both the positionand size of the hot spot at fire-facing wall of heated tube of combustion chamber, and is characteristicof simplicity and efficiency If coupled with thermoelectric couple or infrared viewer, the presentedlocation method of combustion hot spot can offer engineers very valuable proposal to keep furnacerunning more safely The same is true for any other type of tubular furnaces.

Suitability and Construction of Self-Insulation Walls in the Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zone of Southern Shaanxi

In this paper, the suitability and construction technology of self-insulation walls were studied under the specific climatic conditions and regional resources of Hanzhong and Ankang in the hot summer and cold winter zone of Southern Shaanxi. Through the calculation of heat transfer coefficient and thermal inertia index, combined with the specifications of the shale hollow brick and aerated concrete block of Hanzhong and Ankang in southern Shaanxi, the thermal performance and suitable thickness of the external wall using self-insulation materials that meet the Design Standard for Energy Efficiency of Residential Buildings(DBJ61-65-2011) in Shaanxi Province were obtained. The results showed that the self-insulation wall had technical suitability in the hot summer and cold winter zone. The research results provide not only a theoretical basis for the external wall insulation design of urban residential buildings in the hot summer and cold winter zone of southern Shaanxi, but also a reference for designers to carry out energy-saving design of external walls of residential buildings in other similar climate zones.

Automatic girth welding and performance evaluation of the joints of hot-induction-bend and line pipes with different wall thickness

During the process of laying long-distance oil and gas transmission pipelines, the hot-induction-bend method is extensively used when the direction has to be changed. By considering the pipeline＇ s ongoing processing and loading states during service, the pipeline that is generally used exhibits thicker walls than those that are observed in the line pipe. As such, during pipeline construction, hot-induction-bend and line pipes with different wall thickness are girth-welded. The chemical composition of hot-induction-bend and line pipes differs, with the carbon content being particularly higher in the hot-induction-bend pipe;it also depicts a higher carbon equivalent, which makes it possible to modify the girth of the pipe. In this study, using Baosteel＇ s standard X70M UOE hot- induction-bend and line pipes, solid-wire automatic gas-metal-arc girth welding was performed and the performance of the girth-welded joint was evaluated. Furthermore,the weldability of the pipeline girth and the microstructure of the girth-welded joint were analyzed. The results reveal that Baosteel＇ s standard UOE hot-induction-bend and line pipes exhibit good girth weldability, and their technical quality can be guaranteed in case of consumer field- construction applications.

The Theoretically Studies and Field Testing of Self-Insulation Exterior Wall in the Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zone

The energy efficiency design of the exterior wall in the buildings of the hot summer and cold winter zone of China should consider the heat prevention in summer and the heat insulation in winter. The self-insulation of the exterior?wall is a more feasible design to satisfy the energy efficiency of buildings in the?zone. However, the systematic research is urgently needed for the self-insulation of the exterior wall in the hot summer and cold winter zone of China. The paper tested the thermal performance of the common non-clay materials such as shale sintered hollow brick, sand autoclaved aerated concrete block, etc. by means of indoor experiments. The energy efficiency effect of the common materials was verified using dynamic calculation soft PKPM and several constitutions of exterior wall with different main bricks and insulation materials on the heat bridge were simulated, too. Besides, the tests of the thermal performance of exterior wall in real constructions were carried out to testify the practical effect of the recommended constitutions of exterior wall with different main bricks and insulation materials on the heat bridge. The conclusions are: the physical and thermal properties of the six non-clay wall material are better than the clay porous brick;the thermal performance of the non-clay brick can be improved obviously through the rational arrangement of the holes;shale sintered hollow brick after increasing the holes and rationalizing the hole arrangement and sand autoclaved aerated concrete block are recommended for buildings in the hot summer and cold winter area of China. The dynamic calculation results show that the thermal performances?of the non-clay materials are all satisfied with the energy efficiency;The heat transfer coefficient of the exterior wall with composition?③,?in which?the main wall was sand autoclaved aerated concrete block and the material on the heat bridge was sand autoclaved aerated concrete plate, is the smallest among the three recommended compositions.

电池管理器上环氧树脂在湿热时的受载分析

电池管理器控制着动力电池充放电过程,其上的铜导体与环氧树脂进行连接形成塑封,湿汽进入塑封器件后会造成湿膨胀应力和蒸汽应力,对电池可靠性造成很大影响。创新性地利用厚壁圆球模型分析了试验件上环氧树脂内空洞中可能产生的最大蒸汽应力及湿热共同作用时的合应力,并与用有限元方法计算蒸汽应力及湿热合应力结果进行了对比。通过对比发现使用厚壁圆球模型分析环氧树脂等吸湿材料内部的蒸汽应力值和预测器件危险位置处空洞内壁在湿热环境下受到的最大合应力更为合理。

混凝土边框率对结构保温一体化墙板热工性能影响的试验研究

为了响应国家“十四五”规划大力发展装配式建筑,提升新建建筑节能水平的号召,助力国家“双碳”目标的实现,研发了一种预制结构保温一体化复合夹心墙板.墙板四周设置实心混凝土边框作为连接件,以实现墙板的全干式连接.边框的存在形成显著的热桥,这在很大程度上决定了墙板的热工性能.确定边框率对墙板热工性能的定量影响,对于墙板的构造设计优化和实际工程应用具有重要指导性作用.因此,本文设计了6组具有不同边框率的墙板试件,采用标定热箱法对试件进行测试,定量地分析边框率对预制墙板热工性能的影响规律.试验结果表明:混凝土边框的存在,不仅延长了墙板热传递达到稳态的时间,还极大降低了墙板的热工性能.边框率为19.94%、30.85%、40.95%、50.26%和61.43%时,墙板热阻值分别降低了79.26%、84.28%、87.48%、89.36%和91.10%.为满足现行建筑节能要求,在实际工程应用中要将墙板边框率控制在20%以内.通过对现有墙板热阻值计算方法和试验结果的对比分析,推荐采用区域法作为带边框墙板热阻值计算方法.

SiC epitaxial layers grown by chemical vapour deposition and the fabrication of Schottky barrier diodes

This paper presents the results of unintentionally doped 4H-SiC epilayers grown on n-type Si-faced 4H-SiC substrates with 8° off-axis toward the [1120] direction by low pressure horizontal hot-wall chemical vapour deposition. Growth temperature and pressure are 1580 ℃ and 10^4 Pa, respectively. Good surface morphology of the sample is observed using atomic force microscopy （AFM） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR） and x-ray diffraction （XRD） are used to characterize epitaxial layer thickness and the structural quality of the films respectively. The carrier concentration in the unintentional 4H-SiC homoepitaxial layer is about 6.4×10^14 cm^-3 obtained by C-V measurements. Schottky barrier diodes （SBDs） are fabricated on the epitaxial wafer in order to verify the quality of the wafer and to obtain information about the correlation between background impurity and electrical properties of the devices. Ni and Ti/4H-SiC Schottky barrier diodes with very good performances were obtained and their ideality factors are 1.10 and 1.05 respectively.

钛合金薄壁构件快速加热冷模热冲压成形技术进展

为了解决钛合金薄壁构件热成形效率低、成本高、组织性能控制难度大等问题,近年来钛合金冷模热冲压成形技术受到关注。在该新技术中利用室温模具对加热后的钛合金板材进行快速冲压成形和模内快速冷却,由于取消了模具加热,可以变革性地提高钛合金薄壁构件成形效率、降低成本。然而,与传统等温成形不同,在冷模热冲压成形过程中,钛合金板材温度不断下降,这对钛合金成形极限、回弹及组织性能等的控制提出了全新的挑战。分析了钛合金薄壁构件冷模热冲压成形技术特点及存在的问题,归纳了快速加热对钛合金组织性能的影响规律,综述了钛合金薄壁构件快速加热冷模热冲压成形工艺进展,最后对该技术未来的发展方向进行了展望。

Hot-rolled strips of up to 19 mm in thickness and their processing to helically welded large diameter pipes of grade X80

Hot-rolled wide strip for production of large diameter,heavy gauged(up to 19 mm) helical line pipe grade X80 was a priority development over the last three years.Microstructure,texture and mechanical properties of strips have been characterised.Also the welding conditions have been simulated.The favourable microstructure is achieved by the proper selection of an appropriate chemical composition of low carbon content and increased niobium micro alloying in combination with suitable strictly controlled hot-rolling parameters.The addition of niobium in combination with the adjustment of other alloying elements increases the recrystallisation stop temperature and thus makes it possible to apply a high temperature processing(HTP) concept.The homogeneous bainitic microstructure across the strip gauge is then formed during accelerated cooling on the run-out table of the hot-rolling mill.All results indicated excellent properties of these hot strips which make it suitable for spiral pipes of grade X80 for example 18.9mm×Φ1 220 mm at dimension.

Ni/Al叠层薄壁筒形构件热态气压成形工艺

NiAl基合金性能优异,具有成为下一代高温结构材料的潜力。然而,难变形NiAl基合金薄壁筒形构件的成形是阻碍其应用的主要难题。本文基于叠层材料的成形-反应制备工艺,以Ni、Al箔材为原料,首先制备了Ni/Al叠层圆柱筒坯,而后完成了Ni/Al叠层圆柱筒坯两端扩口密封,获得了质量良好、微观组织优异的扩口叠层圆柱筒坯。最终采用热态气压成形方法,制备了Ni/Al叠层圆-方变截面薄壁构件,为Ni/Al叠层薄壁复杂异形构件的成形提供了参考。

激光定向能量沉积DD405单晶高温合金的裂纹形成机制研究

采用激光定向能量沉积技术制备了第二代单晶高温合金DD405薄壁结构,通过试验和理论相结合的手段对单晶高温合金在激光定向能量沉积过程中的热裂纹形成机制进行分析和探究。结果表明,热裂纹的形成是由应力集中、液膜稳定性和碳化物析出相3个因素所决定的。由于激光定向能量沉积过程的逐层叠加,残余应力随着沉积高度递增,因此沉积区存在高水平的残余拉应力。沉积区的晶界处会出现显著的应力集中,液膜在两侧拉应力作用下发生撕裂导致裂纹萌生。液膜稳定性与相邻晶粒间的晶界角度密切相关,当大角晶界大于40°时,会在拉应力的驱动下形成热裂纹。MC型碳化物析出相通过“钉扎作用”抑制液相补缩及弱化与基体之间结合强度等作用进一步促进了热裂纹形成。

热牙胶法和单尖法充填中携热器对根管外壁温度及内壁形态影响的比较观察

目的:观察比较热牙胶充填法和单尖充填法在根管充填过程中携热器对牙根的影响。方法:选取新鲜拔除的42个单根管前磨牙,常规根管预备至35/.04#,随机选取40个平均分成4组。调节携热器温度模拟热牙胶法烫断牙胶(A组:160℃,B组:180℃,C组:200℃),D组:200℃模拟单尖法烫断牙胶。红外热成像仪分别测量牙根上部(釉牙骨质界下方2 mm)、中部(牙根长度1/2)和下部(根尖孔上3 mm)表面的温度变化。剩余2个牙作为扫描电镜观察根管内壁的空白对照组。结果:热牙胶充填法截断牙胶时产生的热量远高于单尖法,根中部是此过程中升温最高的部位,且在携热器温度超过180℃时表面温度升高可超过10℃。结论:单尖法行根管充填过程中牙根表面温度变化较小;热牙胶法行根管充填时,携热器温度高于180℃即可能会对牙根及根周组织产生热损伤,建议降低操作温度,减少加热时间。

夏热冬冷地区Low-E玻璃节能效果研究

目的为了解决夏热冬冷地区民宿玻璃幕墙节能设计过程中,对于性能接近的玻璃种类的选择问题。方法采用DeST模拟软件建立一个二层民宿的物理模型,依据《河南省公共建筑节能设计标准》选择满足要求的双玻Low-E玻璃和三玻Low-E玻璃。通过控制对负荷影响较大的3个参数:传热系数、太阳能总透射比、红外热能总透射比,来保持其控制参数相同或近似相等,再基于当地典型气象年的实测数据,采用DeST模拟软件对该民宿建筑进行全年能耗计算,并通过加拿大采暖季能耗评价体系(ER)与制冷季能耗评价体系(ERC)进行能耗分析,观察节能效果。结果表明将双玻用三玻进行改造后,ERC值为3.57,说明三玻两腔单Low-E中空(空气)玻璃在制冷季节能效果更好;ER值为-1.83,说明双玻单Low-E中空(氩气)玻璃在采暖季节能效果更优。三玻两腔单Low-E中空(空气)玻璃相对于双玻单Low-E中空(氩气)玻璃成本贵了60元/m^(2),每年带来的经济效益为1.92元/m^(2),需要至少30年才能完成成本回收,综合考虑各种因素,双玻单Low-E中空玻璃才是首选。结论研究结果为夏热冬冷地区民宿建筑玻璃幕墙种类的选择提供了一种新的方法,具有重要的参考价值和借鉴意义。

太阳能光伏降温与热风内墙蓄热耦合系统发电与供暖特性研究

提出一种耦合光伏发电余热与热风内墙的供暖系统(简称PV/T-HVIW系统),该系统能有效提高光伏发电效率和室内温度。使用TRNSYS软件建立该系统的仿真模型,模拟分析了光伏电池累计发电量、集热器集热量、室内空气温度和供暖负荷。结果表明:本系统相较于独立运行的光伏发电系统在供暖季发电量提高8.2%,平均发电效率提升约1.6%;回收的余热能够有效改善室内热舒适,相较于无该系统的普通居住建筑和热风直接供暖的建筑,室内夜间最低空气温度分别提高了6.3℃和2.7℃,保证室内最低温度为15℃时,夜间供暖负荷减少了88.0%和61.1%。

基于镜面回波估计的热壁加氢反应器堆焊层缺陷多模式全聚焦成像

热壁加氢反应器长期在高温、高压和氢腐蚀等恶劣工况下运行,其内壁堆焊层的缺陷检测对设备安全至关重要。针对加氢反应器堆焊层的外侧超声检测技术难点,提出了一种基于镜面回波估计的多模式全聚焦成像检测方法。首先,使用镜面回波估计器进行仿真分析得到多模式全聚焦成像区域灵敏度,确定对缺陷敏感的超声路径;然后,获得不同路径下裂纹缺陷的全聚焦成像特征;最后,使用多模式全聚焦成像方法对试块堆焊层表面裂纹缺陷进行检测与定位。仿真及试验结果验证了该方法在内壁裂纹检测及缺陷定位精度上的可靠性,为行业提供了一种更经济高效的检测方案。

17 kt/a烷基化废酸裂解再生制酸装置技术升级改造探讨

介绍了17 kt/a烷基化废酸裂解再生制酸装置技术升级改造方案。废酸裂解炉采用热壁设计,增设外保温,控制废酸裂解炉外壁温度高于裂解工艺气露点(不低于250℃),并低于裂解炉壳体外壁金属材料允许使用温度。裂解工序换热流程调整,避免冷空气预热器露点腐蚀,延长冷空气预热器使用寿命。热空气预热器和冷空气预热器增加清灰快开口,实现在线运行清灰,可避免装置需要定期停车清理换热器,实现装置的长周期运行。采用单效蒸发将净化工序产生的稀硫酸浓缩至w(H_(2)SO_(4))50%以上,浓缩后的稀硫酸返回裂解炉再生。