Flexibility Prediction of Aggregated Electric Vehicles and Domestic Hot Water Systems in Smart Grids

With the growth of intermittent renewable energy generation in power grids,there is an increasing demand for controllable resources to be deployed to guarantee power quality and frequency stability.The flexibility of demand response(DR)resources has become a valuable solution to this problem.However,existing research indicates that problems on flexibility prediction of DR resources have not been investigated.This study applied the temporal convolution network(TCN)-combined transformer,a deep learning technique to predict the aggregated flexibility of two types of DR resources,that is,electric vehicles(EVs)and domestic hot water system(DHWS).The prediction uses historical power consumption data of these DR resources and DR signals(DSs)to facilitate prediction.The prediction can generate the size and maintenance time of the aggregated flexibility.The accuracy of the flexibility prediction results was verified through simulations of case studies.The simulation results show that under different maintenance times,the size of the flexibility changed.The proposed DR resource flexibility prediction method demonstrates its application in unlocking the demand-side flexibility to provide a reserve to grids.

Energy flexibility characteristics of centralized hot water system in university dormitories

The large-scale application of renewable energy is an important strategy to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality in the building sector.Energy flexibility is essential for ensuring balance between energy demand and supply when targeting the maximum penetration rate of renewable energy during the operation of regional integrated energy systems.Revealing the energy flexibility characteristics of centralized hot water systems,which are an important source of such flexibility,is of great significance to the optimal operation of regional integrated energy systems.Hence,in this study,based on the annual real-time monitoring data,the energy flexibility of the centralized hot water system in university dormitories is evaluated from the perspective of available storage capacity(C_(ADR)),recovery time(t_(recovery)),and storage efficiency(η_(ADR)),by the data-driven simulation method.The factors influencing the energy flexibility of the centralized hot water system are also analyzed.Available storage capacity has a strong positive correlation with daily water consumption and a strong negative correlation with daily mean outdoor temperature.These associations indicate that increased water use on the energy flexibility of the centralized hot water system is conducive to optimal dispatching.In contrast,higher outdoor temperature is unfavorable.The hourly mean value of the available storage capacity in spring and winter is found to be around 80 kWh in the daytime,and about twice that in summer and autumn.Recovery time is evenly distributed throughout the year,while t_(recovery)/C_(ADR)in spring and winter is about half that in summer.The storage efficiency was significantly higher in spring,summer,and winter than in autumn.The hourly mean storage efficiency was found to be about 40%in the daytime.The benefits of activating energy flexibility in spring and winter are the best,because these two seasons have higher available storage capacity and storage efficiency,while the benefit of activating energy flexibility is the highest at 6:00 a.m.,and very low from midnight to 3:00 a.m.

Enhancement of Natural Circulation Type Domestic Solar Hot Water System Performance by using a Wind Turbine

Performance improvement of existing 200 litres capacity natural convection type domestic solar hot water system is attempted.A two-stage centrifugal pump driven by a vertical axis windmill having Savonius type rotor is added to the fluid loop.The windmill driven pump circulates the water through the collector.The system with necessary instrumentation is tested over a day.Tests on Natural Circulation System(NCS)mode and Wind Assisted System(WAS)mode are carried out during January,April,July and October,2009.Test results of a clear day are reported.Daily average efficiency of 25-28% during NCS mode and 33-37% during WAS mode are obtained.With higher wind velocities,higher collector flow rates and hence higher efficiencies are obtained.In general,WAS mode provides improvements in efficiency when compared to NCS mode.

Mathematical Model of the Geothermal Water Resources in the South Hot Spring System in Chongqing

The geothermal waters of south hot spring, small hot spring and Qiaokouba in Chongqing, are all part of the south hot spring geothermal water system. Exploitation has caused a decline in the water levels of the south and small hot springs, which have not flowed naturally for 15 years. Now, bores pump geothermal water to the springs. If the water level drops below the elevation of the rivers, river-water will replenish the geothermal water, destroying this resource. It is therefore an urgent task to model the geothermal water system, to enable sustainable development and continued use of the geothermal water in Qiaokouba. A numerical simulation of the geothermal water system was adopted and a quantitative study on the planning scheme was carried out. A mathematical model was set up to simulate the whole geothermal water system, based on data from the research sites. The model determined the maximum sustainable water yield in Qiaokouba and the two hot springs, and the south hot spring and small hot spring sustainable yields are 1 100 m^3/d and 700 m^3/d from 2006 to 2010, 1 300 m^3/d and 1 000 m^3/d from 2011 to 2015, and 1 500 m^3/d and 1 200 m^3/d from 2016 to 2036. The maximum exploitable yield is 3 300 m^3/d from 2006 to 2036 in Qiaokouba. The model supplies a basis to adequately exploit and effectively protect the geothermal water resources, and to continue to develop the geothermal water as a tourist attraction in Chongqing.

Magnetite-Fluorite Rock:A New Rock Type of Hot Water Sedimentation

The new type hot water sedimentary rock -- magnetite-fluorite rock occurs as quasi-layers in flat parts of contact zones between rock body and strata in Bamianshan of Changshan County, Zhejiang Province, China. The main mineral assemblage is fluorite＋magnetite＋cassiterite. The rock shows typical laminated structure and obvious mosaic texture. Its formation temperature is between 123℃-160℃, averaging at 142℃. The major chemical composition of the rock includes CaF2, SiO2, Al2O3, FeO, and Fe2O3; the high-content microelement association includes W, Sn, Be, Rb, Sr, S, and CI; and the total content of REE is low （∑REE between 35.34×10^-6-38.35×10^-6）, showing LREE enrichment type of distribution pattern. Diagenesis： driven by the tectonic stress, the formation water heated in the deep strata had moved along the fissures or fractures in strata and had extracted components from the strata on the way, and finally stagnated in the flat parts of contact zones between rock body and strata. With drop in temperature, magnetite and fluorite were separated from the hot water and precipitated alternately, forming this hot water sedimentary rock with new type mineralogical composition, typical laminated structure, obvious mosaic texture and sub-horizontal occurrence. The characteristics of the new type mineralogical composition, sedimentary tectonic environment and chemical composition are different from that of the well-known traditional hydrothermai sedimentary rocks.

Heating of heavy oil by circulating hot water in closed double casing in ultra-deep wells

In heavy oil production,the loss of energy to ambient surroundings decreases the temperature of the heavy oil flowing upwards in a vertical wellbore,which increases the oil viscosity and the oil may not flow normally in the wellbore.Therefore,it is necessary to lower the heavy oil viscosity by heating methods to allow it to be lifted easily.Heating of heavy oil in an oil well is achieved by circulating hot water in annuli in the well（tubing-casing annulus,casing-casing annulus）.In this paper,based on heat transfer principles and fluid flow theory,a model is developed for produced fluids and hot water flowing in a vertical wellbore.The temperature and pressure of produced fluids and hot water in the wellbore are calculated and the effect of hot water on heavy oil temperature is analyzed.Calculated results show that the hot water circulating in the annuli may effectively heat the heavy oil in the tubing,so as to significantly reduce both oil viscosity and resistance to oil flow.

Contribution to the Study of Hot Water Scaling Phenomenon in the South of Touristic Area in Agadir City

This work aims to study the phenomenon of scaling observed in the hot water pipelines in the southern seaside touristic installations of Agadir city. This phenomenon has led to the formation of solid deposits and adherents to the internal walls of the facilities of the hot water. This deposit is at the origin of several technical, economic and environmental problems. It causes a decrease in the lifetime of boilers and a reduction of thermal exchanges and consequently a decrease in the energy efficiency of heating systems. In the present study, the samples of scale have been carried out at different points of hot water pipelines. The characterization of different scale samples recovered was conducted by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), elemental analysis (CHNS-O), infrared spectrometry (IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Analytical results showed that scale samples collected on different sites in touristic hot water system are mostly formed by calcium carbonate. Thermodynamic conditions in the site were favourable to the aragonite variety formation.

Study on the effect of underground hot water on fracturing and earthquake activities

Utilizing the geological exploring information of Houhaoyao area and digital seismic network's data of Huailai area, the author studied the role of underground fluids (hot water) in the fracturing activities and in the processes of seismogeny. The results show that the shear stress between two blocks of the fault is decreased rapidly and the vertical fault throw is obviously increased at the fracture segments where there is underground hot water action. With the vertical fault throw increasing, the shear stress transfers to two ends of the fault at the place where there is no underground hot water action, and the earthquake probably develops at these two ends of the fault.

Effect of Hot Water Treatment on Postharvest Shelf Life and Quality of Broccoli

Broccoli was stored at 0, 10, or 20℃after immersion in hot water (38 - 52℃) for 10 or 30 min. Yellowing of broccoli was significantly slowed and shelf life significantly increased when broccoli was treated with hot water at 42 - 46℃and then stored at 10 or 20℃. Heat injury occurred when treatment was higher than 46℃in some varieties. Broccoli lasted 2-3 days longer when stored at 10℃ and 1-2 days longer when stored at 20℃ after hot water treatment at 46℃. There was no significant effect of treatment on shelf life after long time storage at 0℃. Weight loss was reduced by hot water treatment and the respiration behavior of the broccoli was also changed.

Performance on Power,Hot and Cold Water Generation of a Hybrid Photovoltaic Thermal Module

This paper proposed a new function of photovoltaic thermal(PVT)module to produce nocturnal cool water not just only generating electrical power and hot water during daytime.Experimental tests were carried out under Chiang Mai tropical climate with a 200 Wp monocrystalline PVT module having dimensions of 1.601 m×0.828 m connected with two water tanks each of 60 L taken for hot and cool water storages.The module was facing south with 18o inclination.The electrical load was a 200 W halogen lamp.From experiments,by taking the module as a nocturnal radiative cooling surface,the cool water temperature in the cool storage tank could be reduced 2℃–3℃each night and the temperature could be reduced from 31.5℃to 22.1℃within 4 consecutive days.The cool water at approximately 23℃was also used to cool down the PVT module from noon when the PVT module temperature was rather high,and then the module temperature immediately dropped around 5℃and approximately 10%increase of electrical power could be achieved.A set of mathematical models was also developed to predict the PVT module temperature and the hot water temperature including the cool water temperature in the storage tanks during daytime and nighttime.The simulated results agreed well with the experimental data.

Solar Hot System and Design of Buildings

Domestic solar hot water system, the use of the status quo and existing problems, by analyzing the solar water heating equipment and building integrated and building integrated design.

Performance Analysis of a Solar Continuous Adsorption Refrigeration System

A study is conducted on the performances of a solar powered continuous-adsorption refrigerator considering two particular days as references cases,namely,the summer solstice(June 21st)and the autumn equinox(September 21st).The cooling capacity,system performance coefficient and the daily rate of available cooling energy are assessed.The main goal is to compare the performances of a solar adsorption chiller equipped with a hot water tank(HWT)with an equivalent system relying on solar collectors with no heat storage module.The daily cooling rates for the solar refrigerator are found to be 102.4 kWh and 74.3 kWh,respectively,on June 21st and on September 21st,using a total collector’s area of 43.47 m2.The corresponding values for the adsorption chiller equipped with a hot water tank of 2 m3(and using a total collector’s area of 72.45 m2),are 127.1 kWh and 106.13 kWh,respectively.

24h全日集中空气源热泵热水系统贮热水箱容积的分析探讨

在空气源热泵热水系统设计中,贮热水箱容积的计算至关重要。介绍并分析了现行标准规程贮热水箱容积的计算公式,指出了公式运用时可能存在的问题。针对空气源热泵定时运行、24 h全日集中热水供应系统,根据热泵运行时间与用水高峰持续时段的覆盖关系,分情况分析并推导了贮热水箱容积的计算公式。在设计取值范围内,对上述推导公式计算的贮热水箱容积进行了分析。提出了贮热水箱容积在方案阶段的估算建议值。

贮前延迟联合热水处理对黄瓜果实冷藏期间冷害和生理代谢的影响

为探究黄瓜果实经热水处理后延迟方式对其冷藏期间品质和生理代谢的影响,根据前期利用二次正交旋转组合试验设计优化得出的延迟条件,以新鲜黄瓜为对照(CK),分别研究了水浴延迟(T1)、空气延迟(T2)和未延迟处理(T3)对经热激处理的黄瓜果实在(4±1)℃,相对湿度(80±5)%的冷库贮藏期间冷害(chilling injury,CI)症状、品质及抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,低温贮藏3 d时,各组冷害指数最高仅为0.37,然而贮藏9 d时,CK和T3组果实冷害指数迅速升高至0.76和0.71,此时CK组冷害指数为T1和T2的1.25倍和1.21倍。而且T1和T2组能显著减缓果实失重率和电解质外渗率(electrolyte leakage,EL)的上升以及硬度的下降,同时能使果实保持较好色泽,维持较高的可溶性蛋白含量,有效减轻了丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、超氧阴离子(superoxide anion,O_(2)^(-)·)和过氧化氢(hydrogen peroxide,H_(2)O_(2))对果实的损伤;到贮藏末期,相比于CK,T1和T2组果实的H_(2)O_(2)含量分别降低了7.86%和11.64%。此外,T1和T2处理也能在一定程度上延缓过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)和还原型谷胱甘肽(reducedglutathione,GSH)含量的下降。综合分析,T1和T2处理组对于减轻黄瓜果实冷害,缓解品质劣变均有显著影响,可根据实际情况灵活选择适用性更高的处理方式。该研究对黄瓜贮藏保鲜技术的进一步完善有一定的理论和实践参考价值。

基于旧建筑改造的高端酒店式公寓热水系统设计难点探讨

近年来,由于我国社会经济转型、人口结构的变化,原先建造的大量建筑已经不满足市场经济的需要,存量旧建筑的改造成为一种行业现象。而改造项目由于新、旧标准不一致,建筑定位、功能、分隔变化,需要衔接原系统等原因,设计难度往往大于新建项目,通过海南三亚某小区3栋高层住宅楼改高端酒店式公寓的改造案例,分析阐述了原建筑集中热水系统存在着诸如系统过于复杂、热损失较大、采用太阳能+空气源热泵作为热源的双能源耦合热水系统无法实现耦合等比较典型的改造设计难点,并针对这些现存问题提供了如减少热源,简化、优化系统等一系列解决方案。旧建筑改造完毕后,至今运营良好。通过案例剖析,探讨了高端酒店式公寓热水系统改造设计思路。

太阳能热水系统节能率与设计参数的探讨

太阳能热水系统的能耗主要为辅热系统的能耗,其节能率与系统设计保证率呈正相关。通过分析太阳辐照量与生活热水耗热量的关系可知,选取节能率变化曲线偏离点处的太阳能保证率可避免出现热量浪费和一次投资过大,保证较高的经济效益。选取了长沙地区的3种典型的设置集中热水供应系统的建筑进行分析,依据长沙地区的气象参数和此三类建筑生活热水耗热量的变化特征,得出各自节能率变化曲线偏离点处的太阳能保证率的取值。同时,根据公式计算了长沙地区平板型太阳能集热器的年平均集热效率;推导了q_(rid)值的计算方法并推荐了在长沙地区的取值。

吨水耗电量在太阳能空气源热泵热水系统的应用

随着建设绿色低碳校园的理念提出,太阳能空气源热泵技术在高校得到了广泛应用。为了更好地分析和评价太阳能空气源热泵热水系统的节能降碳效果,以某高校宿舍楼为研究对象,设计了并联式太阳能空气源热泵(SC-ASHP)热水系统,分析了该系统的年实际运行情况,并与单一热泵(ASHP)热水系统的运行情况进行了对比研究。结果表明:该高校宿舍楼典型用水高峰期在18:00-22:00时,这有利于并联式太阳能空气源热泵热水系统在白天利用太阳能加热水箱,剩余不足部分由热泵进行补热。吨水耗电量可作为评价该热水系统运行效果的关键参数,并联式太阳能空气源热泵热水系统吨水耗电量y随环境温度T_a升高在逐渐降低,随进水温度T_(in)升高先减小后增大。在T_a和T_(in)都是11.5℃时,系统吨水耗电量达到最小值,这是因为当T_(in)>11.5℃时,不利于热泵凝汽器放热,热泵效率降低,热水系统吨水耗电量随之增大。并联式太阳能空气源热泵热水系统吨水耗电量整体低于单一热泵热水系统,其中热泵对系统吨水耗电量的影响最大。并联式太阳能空气源热泵热水系统比单一热泵热水系统年平均节省电量为4.18万kW·h,年平均降低CO_(2)间接排放量为41.67 tCO_(2),具有明显的节能降碳效果。

建筑集中生活热水水质保障与节能节水关键技术

分析了建筑集中生活热水水质下降和系统运行费水耗能的根本原因,明确了水质保障及节水节能技术是涵盖从热源制热到终端配水的系统性和综合性技术,剖析了集贮热式无动力太阳能系统、半容积式水加热器、节能节水循环技术、专用消毒灭菌技术在集中生活热水供应系统中保障水质和节能提效方面的综合效用,提出了集中生活热水系统水质保障、节水节能全系统解决方案,可为建筑集中生活热供应系统的设计及运维提供全面性、有效性的技术支撑。