Experimental and finite element analysis for fracture of coating layer of galvannealed steel sheet

Mechanical properties of galvannealed (GA) steel sheet used for automotive exposed panel and predicted failure phenomenon of its coating layer were evaluated using finite element method. V-bending test was performed to understand better the fracture of coating layer of GA steel sheet during plastic deformation. Yield strength of the coating layer was calculated by using a relative difference between hardness of coating layer measured from the nano-indentation test and that of substrate. To measure shearing strength at the interface between substrate and coating layer, shearing test with two specimens attached by an adhesive was carried out. Using the mechanical properties measured, a series of finite element analyses coupled with a failure model was performed. Results reveal that the fracture of coating layer occurs in an irregular manner at the region where compressive deformation is dominant. Meanwhile, a series of vertical cracks perpendicular to material surface are observed at the tensile stressed-region. It is found that 0.26-0.28 of local equivalent plastic strain exists at the coating and substrate at the beginning of failure. The fracture of coating layer depends on ductility of the coating layer considerably as well.

Research on the lack of alloying in the galvannealed coating of automotive sheet steel

Samples of the cross section microstructures of galvannealed steel sheets that lack alloying were analyzed. X-ray diffraction （XRD） tests were carried out. The study discovers that the deficit of alloying was higher on both sides of the steel sheet when compared to the center and the thickness of the coating on the sides was also higher than the center. The results of the XRD tests demonstrate that the microstructure of the coating with a lack of alloy is mainly composed of zinc,ζ and δ. They also indicate that the lack of alloying is mainly due to a lower galvannealing temperature and thicker coating. It is shown by the optical micrographs of coating that the δ phase forms first in a discontinuous manner at the interface and then rapidly pushes towards the coating and enlarges.

Effect of heating and cooling technology on microstructure of galvannealed coating

Based on the galvannealed phase transformation theory,the phase and powder level of a galvannealed coating produced on one of the galvanizing lines at Baosteel*s cold-rolling plant were analyzed under different conditions before and after a technical innovation was introduced.After the introduction of the technical innovation,heating and cooling abilities of the galvannealing furnace were strengthened,galvanizing speed increased from 75 to 100 m/min,and the galvannealing target temperature could be reached more quickly.As such,the 8,phase was more uniform and dense,and the coating's anti-powdering ability was increased.Although the galvanizing time was slightly shortened,this had no negative effect on the anti-powdering ability of the galvannealed coating.

Hot-Dip Coating of Lead-free Aluminum on Steel Substrates with Ultrasonic Vibration

Hot-dip coating has been practically employed in manufacturing zinc alloy coated steel sheets.However,it is difficult to coat aluminum alloy on a bulky steel substrate without sufficient preheating,because a rapidly solidified layer containing gas babbles is formed on a substrate surface.A variety of iron-aluminides are also formed at the interface of a steel and aluminum hot-dip coating system,which is the main difficulty in joining of steel with aluminum.Ultrasonic vibration was applied to a steel substrate during hot-dip coating of aluminum alloy to control a rapidly solidified layer and a brittle reaction layer.Hot dipping of columnar steel substrates into molten aluminum alloy （Al-2.7 mass fraction Si-4.6 mass fraction Sn） was carried out through the use of a Langevin oscillator with resonant frequency of 19.5 kHz.The application of ultrasonic vibration is quite effective to control a rapidly solidified layer and a surface oxide layer from a substrate surface by the sonocapillary effect based on a cavitation phenomenon,so that the intimate contact is achieved at the beginning of hot-dip coating.The application of ultrasonic vibration to hot-dipping is effective to control a reaction layer with less than 5 #m in thickness.An impact test exhibits that the good adhesive strength is approved in hot-dipped aluminum coatings with a thin reaction layer of approximately 5μm.

Analysis of Coating Microstructure of Hot-Dip Aluminum of Deformed Low-Carbon Steel Containing Rare Earth

The coating microstructure of hot-dip aluminum (HDA) of deformed low-carbon steel containing RE was analyzed by metallography microscopy, TEM and XRD, and the forming mechanism was also discussed. The results show that, the Fe_2Al_5 phase, on whose subcrystal boundaries, Al particles with the size of 7～30 μm existing on parallel linear are, grows a strong orientation. And the spread activation energy of Al is 155.22 kJ·mol -1. In addition, the effects of deformation on coating microstructure of hot-dip aluminum and the function of RE were preliminarily analyzed.

A sandwich-like structure hybrid coating of cold galvanizing coating/polydopamine on hot-dip galvanized steel with enhanced adhesion and corrosion resistance

This study aims to enhance the adhesion strength and anti-corrosion performance of the cold galvanizing coating(CGC)applied on the hot-dip galvanized steel(HDG).Polydopamine(PDA)is deposited on the HDG surface with different time ranges and as an interlayer between CGC and HDG through covalent immobilization.The surface morphology and the covalent interaction between PDA/HDG are exhibited by scanning electron microscope(SEM),atomic force microscopy(AFM)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).The pull-off adhesion tests before and after neutral slat spry tests show an enhanced dry adhesion strength and less adhesion loss of the hybrid CGC/PDA coated HDG compared with the direct CGC coated HDG.In addition,open circuit potential(OCP)reveals that the corrosion protection performance of the hybrid CGC/PDA coated HDG increases by 200%(up to 201 d)and the corrosion density icorrattaining about 4.45×10^(-7)A/cm^(2).Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)measurements and X-ray diffraction(XRD)analysis confirm that the precipitate of the stable chelation formed by PDA and Zn^(2+)between CGC and HDG substrate can also improve the corrosion protection performance.Such a strategy of strengthening adhesion and forming the chelate compound at the HDG surface promises a new route to corrosion protection of CGC on HDG.

Features and control methods of the galvanneal furnace

The recent rapid developments in the automobile industry have demanded the extensive use of gaivannealed （GA） steel sheets.In particular,the development of lightweight automobiles is putting increasingly higher requirements on the strength of GA steel sheets.The galvanneal furnace,which is used for processing galvannealed steel sheets,is typically composed of the induction heating section,holding section and fog cooling section.This paper described the structural characteristics of each component of the galvanneal furnace,and analyzed temperature control methods of the galvanneal furnace that are important for the successful production of high-strength GA steel sheets for automotive applications.

Bottom dross defect and its transformation behavior during the galvannealing process

Bottom dross obtained from zinc bath and the typical bottom dross defects on galvanized and galvannealed coating were metallographically investigated.Galvannealing simulations with different holding time were conducted,and the bottom dross transformation behavior during the galvannealing process was revealed.The fast diffusion between bottom dross particles and the surrounding zinc occurs during the galvannealing process,resulting in the formation of an Al-containing Zn-Fe intermetallic outburst structure at the defect position.The thicker and harder coating will cause a shiny spot on the coating surface and a deep dent on the substrate after being temper rolled.

Influence of Si content on interface reaction of iron-based hot-dip aluminizing on Fe sheet

Based on the diffusion channel,the influence of Si content on the microstructure evolution of iron-based hot-dip Al-χSi coating was analyzed(χ=0,1.5 wt%,3.0 wt% and 7.0 wt%).The results show that the introduction of Si makes the reaction interface change from the lingual-tooth interface of hot-dip Al to the flat interface of hot-dip Al-Si.It also reduces the thickness of the alloy layer in the coating,especially the Fe_(2)Al_(5) layer.When the Si content is 1.5 wt%or 3.0 wt%,the diffusion channel crosses the conjugate line of the two-phase region(FeAl_(3)+liquid phase)into the FeAl_(3) single-phase region,and then moves to the region with higher Si content.Next,the diffusion channel cuts off the conjugate line of FeAl_(3)phase,τ_(1)/τ_(9) phase,and Fe_(2)Al_(5)phase,which promotes the form ofτ_(1)/τ_(9) phase.The formedτ_(1)/τ_(9) phase inhibits the diffusion between Fe and Al atoms.When the Si content is 7.0 wt%,the diffusion channel passes through the two-phase region(liquid phase+τ_(5))and enters theτ_(5) single-phase region.The form ofτ_(5) single-phase region has a strong inhibitory effect on the interatomic diffusion of Fe and Al,thereby reducing the thickness of the coating,especially the Fe_(2)Al_(5)layer.

Evolution of appearance profile of hot-dip galvanized car-body steel sheet during deformation process

In recent years, the waterborne free intermediate coating process has been widely used in the automotive industry. Because the baking times and coating thickness are decreased, the surface covering capability of the painting process is reduced, which directly affects the appearance quality（ long-and short-wave values） of the body paint. Thus, there are correspondingly higher requirements for the white body surface profile prior to painting. The surface profile of the white body is mainly affected by the plate material, the surface profile, and the deformation process. So,the change rule for the surface profile during deformation of the steel plate is a key factor in coating appearance optimization. In this paper, we first analyze the typical deformation of the outer cover of a car body. Then ,we examine the change tendency of the surface profile of steel plates with respect to different deformation rates, specifically for a steel plate comprising a hot-dip galvanized bake-hardened steel sheet. Based on our analysis of the influence of the deformation on the coating appearance,we selected 3% ,5% ,and 8% deformation rates in this research. We found the roughness （Ra） value in the typical deformation range （3% -8% ） of the car body to exhibit a decreasing trend at first and then an increasing trend. The Ra value of the 8% deformation is not more than the original plate test value. When the Pc value of the original plate is in the lower range （ about 60）, it exhibits a slight increasing trend in the deformation process （3 % -8 % ）. And when the Pc value of the original plate is in the higher range （ about 120 ）, it exhibits no increasing trend in the deformation process （ 3% -8% ）. In contrast,the waviness （WCA） value in the car body＇s typical deformation range （3%-8%） shows a significant growth trend.

Microstructure of Hot-Dip Galvanized Zn-Al-Mg Alloy Coating

The microstructure of hot-dip galvanized Zn-ll%A1-3%Mg-0.270Si alloy coating was studied in this article. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the coating is composed by Zn, A1 and MgZn2 phase. Optical microscope （OM） and scanning electron microscope （SEM） observations showed the coating is occupied by snowflake-like dendrite, double hexagonal organization and eutectic. The coating backbone was the dendrite considered to be a phase of hexagonal close-packed （HCP） structure judging form its morphology according to the crystal growth way in the coating. Transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and energy dispersive spectroscopy （EDS） researches on the dendrite suggested that an intermediate Zn-A1 phase was formed at high temperature, then decomposed into a type of Zn-A1 granular eutectoid after cooling down to room temperature, while the eutectoid Zn and A1 had a certain crystallographic relationship. The coating solidification process and the grain crystal structure were discussed.

Influence of Air-Knife Wiping on Coating Thickness in Hot-Dip Galvanizing

In hot-dip galvanizing process, air jet wiping control is so crucial to decide the coating thickness and uni- formity of the zinc layer on the steel strip. The mathematical models developed predict the zinc coating thickness as a function of pressure and shear stress. The required pressure and shear stress profile on the strip surface were calcu- lated using regression analysis, and carried out using numerical simulation as FLUENT, a finite element analysis software. The influences of the outlet pressure, the nozzle to strip distance, the slot opening, the edge baffle plate, as well as the tilting angle of air knife were discussed. Combining with these results and regression analysis on the practical data, four first-order polynomial multi-parameter models were established for different targeted coating thicknesses with better regression coefficients. The validated model was used to carry out sensitivity analysis to de- termine the favorable controlling regime for the air jet wiping process.

A Study of the Influence of Air-knife Tilting on Coating Thickness in Hot-dip Galvanizing

Gas wiping is a decisive operation in hot-dip galvanizing process. In special, it has a crucial influence on the thickness and uniformity in coating film, but may be subsequently responsible for the problem of splashing. The progress of industry demands continuously the reduction of production costs which may relate directly with the increase of coating speed, and the speed up of coating results in the increase of stagnation pressure in gas wiping system in final. It is known that the increase of stagnation pressure may accompany a harmful problem of splashing in general. Together with these, also, from the view point of energy consumption, it is necessary to design a nozzle optimally. And there is known that the downward tilting of nozzle using in air knife system is effective to prevent in somewhat the harmful problem of splashing. In these connections, first, we design a nozzle with constant expansion rate. Next, for the case of actual coating conditions in field, the effects of tilting of the constant expansion rate nozzle are investigated by numerical analysis. Under the present numerical conditions, it was turned out that the nozzle of constant expansion rate of p = having a downward jet angle of 5^0 is the most effective to diminish the onset of splashing, while the influence of small tilting of the nozzle on impinging wall pres- sure itself is not so large.

Development and application of a neural network based coating weight control system for a hot-dip galvanizing line

The hot-dip galvanizing line(HDGL) is a typical order-driven discrete-event process in steelmaking. It has some complicated dynamic characteristics such as a large time-varying delay, strong nonlinearity, and unmeasured disturbance, all of which lead to the difficulty of an online coating weight controller design. We propose a novel neural network based control system to solve these problems. The proposed method has been successfully applied to a real production line at Va Lin LY Steel Co., Loudi, China. The industrial application results show the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method, including significant reductions in the variance of the coating weight and the transition time.

Mechanism for colouring hot-dip zinc alloy coating

Hot-dip galvanizing is a widely used technique to prevent steel from oxidizing in air.However, only silver-grey zinc coating can no longer meet the need of people. At theWorld’s Fair in July 1989, Japanese first exhibited blue, red, yellow green andbrown hot-dip zinc coating sheets. These patent coatings are more incorruptible thantraditiona ones. This note tries to reveal the colouring mechanism of these coatings.

合金化热镀锌镀层结构的电化学研究

用恒电位法,采取足够低的电位扫描速度,测定镀层的极化曲线,结合X射线衍射分析和扫描电镜研究了合金化热镀锌镀层组织。

热镀锌合金化工艺对镀层表面摩擦特性的影响

采用SEM和AFM对不同合金化工艺的热镀锌合金化镀层断面结构和表面形貌进行观察和表征,并用摩擦系数仪测定了压力对不同工艺的镀层表面摩擦系数的影响,分析了合金化工艺和载荷对热镀锌合金化钢板(简称GA钢板)镀层表面摩擦特性的影响。结果表明,合金化时间为50 s时镀层表面的摩擦系数最大,此后随着合金化时间的延长镀层表面的摩擦系数基本保持不变;不同工艺的合金化镀层表面的相结构不同,当镀层表面以ζ相为主并伴有少量η相或以块状ζ相及致密的栅柱状δ相晶体为主时,镀层表面较平滑,表面没有出现明显的"火山口"状形貌时镀层表面的摩擦系数最小;随压应力的增加,镀层表面摩擦系数逐步增大,但是在较大压应力作用下,镀层表面摩擦系数的增幅明显降低。

BH390钢热镀锌抑制层及其合金化镀层界面结构

利用SEM和TEM研究了铝含量不同的热镀锌镀层中抑制层的结构及抑制层在形成和生长过程中Zn-Fe-Al金属间化合物之间的反应过程;分析了铝含量不同的镀层合金化后镀层与BH390钢基体之间的界面结构。结果表明,随着锌液中铝含量的增加,镀层中抑制层的结构逐渐由晶粒粗大且不连续的Fe2Al5转变为晶粒细小相对致密的FeAl3。铝含量不同的热镀锌镀层在合金化过程中抑制层结构的变化和镀层中各相的形成及生长过程是不相同。随着锌液中铝含量的增加合金化镀层与钢基体界面结合处镀层结构的均匀性逐渐降低,在相同的合金化工艺条件下,随着锌液中铝含量的增加镀层的合金化时间延长。

合金化热镀锌高强IF钢镀层分析

为研究合金化热镀锌产品镀层抗粉化性能,通过辉光放电光谱仪(GDS 750A)测量、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM S4200)观察等手段对不同合金化热镀锌高强IF钢的镀层厚度、镀层铁含量、镀层铝含量和镀层相结构等进行了研究·结果表明:对于所研究的合金化热镀锌高强IF钢,镀层较厚、镀层铝含量低时镀层的粉化量较大;当镀层表面和次表面是以疏松的δ1相为主的相结构时,镀层抗粉化性能明显好于镀层表面以致密的粒状δ1相为主的相结构·

合金化热镀锌钢板的性能影响因素及研究进展

叙述了影响合金化热镀锌板性能的各种因素,包括镀锌原板(钢板品种、表面质量、微合金化元素)、热浸镀及合金化过程工艺参数、锌锅内化学元素、镀层相组成等对合金化热镀锌板最终质量的影响。分析了DP、TRIP钢等先进高强钢热镀锌及合金化过程中出现的问题,针对这些问题,给出了各钢种的最佳合金化工艺及适用冲压等使用条件要求的镀层相组成。