Furnace Temperature Curve Optimization Model Based on Differential Evolution Algorithm

When soldering electronic components onto circuit boards,the temperature curves of the reflow ovens across different zones and the conveyor belt speed significantly influence the product quality.This study focuses on optimizing the furnace temperature curve under varying settings of reflow oven zone temperatures and conveyor belt speeds.To address this,the research sequentially develops a heat transfer model for reflow soldering,an optimization model for reflow furnace conditions using the differential evolution algorithm,and an evaluation and decision model combining the differential evolution algorithm with the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution(TOPSIS)method.This approach aims to determine the optimal furnace temperature curve,zone temperatures of the reflow oven,and the conveyor belt speed.

ISOCHRONOUS STRESS-STRAIN CURVES OF LOW ALLOY STEEL CROSS-WELD-SPECIMEN AT HIGH TEMPERATURE

In this work, a parametric approach is presented and utilized to determine the creep properties of weldments; then the model of creep strain for cross weld specimen is given. On the basis of the experimental results, attempt has been made to establish equations of the isochronous stress-strain for weld joint that can predict the function of loading and service time in use of the creep data of base metal and weld metal.

Thermodynamic Characterization of Planar Shapes and Curves, and the Query of Temperature in Black Holes

The purpose of this research is to characterize shapes in thermodynamic terms, namely, in terms of total energy, dissipative energy, entropy, and temperature. As case studies, polygons and some well-known curves were taken, and they were characterized using physical terms. The relation between entropy and curvature was elucidated, and the black hole surface gravity and temperature were criticized and reinterpreted from this point of view. Particular energy attributions were evaluated by comparing the position of any edge of a polygon (i.e. its angle with the horizontal axis) with a broken crystal surface. Energies of all edges were added up at all positions between 0˚ - 360˚. In regular polygons, the total energy decreases with the increase of the number of edges. Entropy increases in the reverse order, and the increase of the number of edges increases entropy. It implies that the circle has the lowest energy but the highest surface entropy. In curves (circle, sine-curve, spiral, and exponential curve), the total energy, dissipative energy, and entropy all depend on amplitude and also on specific variables. Black hole entropy expressed in terms of the surface area is a configurational entropy and not thermal entropy;therefore, it does not involve a varying temperature term. The surface gravity of a black hole is connected to acceleration and thus to curvature. To relate it with the temperature needs to be reinterpreted, because, surface gravity behaves like an attractive force not exactly like temperature. Hawking radiation is still possible, but the black hole does not get warmer as it evaporates. Material loss from the black hole gets faster as its radius decreases due to the curvature effect, i.e. by a mechanism similar to the Gibbs-Thomson effect.

Effect of spermine on the melting curve and melting temperature of some tRNAs

Using purified bovine liver tRNA￣(Ile) and yeast tRNA￣(Phe), we studied the effects of spermine on the melting curve and melting temperature(Tm) of the tRNAs. The results showed that the absorbance at 260 nm of tRNAs decreases with the increase of temperature in the presence of 2 mmol/L spermine. We called this phenomenon hypochromism and reverse-Tm of the tRNAs. It is suggested that spermine binds to tRNAs and stabilizes the secondary structure of the tRNAs.

Predicting of Land Surface Temperature Distribution in Freetown City, Sierra Leone by Using Polynomial Curve Fitting Model

Global warming has attracted much concern about the worldwide organization, civil society groups, researchers, and so forth because the worldwide surface temperature has been expanding. This investigation intends to assess and compare the ability of a combination of land cover indices to predict the future distribution of land surface temperatures in Freetown using the Polynomial model analysis. Landsat satellite images of 1988, 1998, 2000, 2010, and 2018 of the Freetown Metropolitan zone were utilized for analysis. The investigation had adopted two land covers indices, Modification of normalized difference water index and Urban Index (UI) (e.g., MNDWI and UI) and applied a multi regression equation for forecasting the future LST. The stimulation results propose that the development will be accompanied by surface temperature increases, especially in Freetown’s western urban area. The temperature prevailing in the west of the metropolitan area may increase in the city somewhere in the range from 1988 to 2018. Additionally, the results of the LST prediction show that the model is perfect. Our discoveries can be represented as a helpful device for policymakers and community awareness by giving a scientific basis for sustainable urban planning and management.

Experimental study on temperature stress calculation and temperature control optimization of concrete based on early age parameters

Temperature control curve is the key to achieving temperature control and crack prevention of high concrete dam during construction,and its rationality depends on the accurate measurement of temperature stress.With the simulation testing machine for the temperature stress,in the present study,we carried out the deformation process tests of concrete under three temperature curves:convex,straight and concave.Besides,we not only measured the early-age elastic modulus,creep parameters and stress process,but also proposed the preferred type.The results show that at early age,higher temperature always leads to greater elastic modulus and smaller creep.However,the traditional indoor experiments have underestimated the elastic modulus and creep development at early age,which makes the calculated value of temperature stress too small,thus increasing the cracking risk.In this study,the stress values of the three curves calculated based on the strain and early-age parameters are in good agreement with the temperature stress measured by the temperature stress testing machine,which verifies the method accuracy.When the temperature changes along the concave curve,the law of stress development is in consistent with that of strength.Under this condition,the stress fluctuation is small and the crack prevention safety of the concave type is higher,so the concave type is better.The test results provide a reliable basis and support for temperature control curve design and optimization of concrete dams.

基于Master Curve方法的Q345R钢断裂韧性研究

进行了国产Q345R钢在韧脆转变区的拉伸试验、夏比冲击试验和落锤试验,分别采用单温度法和多温度法获得1英寸厚CT试样的Master Curve曲线,并和ASME,API以及BS等规范中断裂韧性估算公式进行对比。结果表明,单温度法和多温度法获得的参考温度T_0基本一致,大约为-105℃。主曲线法能够很好地包络各种估算公式推断出的断裂韧性与温度关系曲线,并且在足够保守的前提下,比ASME的K_(IC)下包络线更具经济性和灵活性。

CALCULATIONS OF THE PHASE EQUILIBRIA AND CRITICAL CURVES WITH THE EQUATION OF STATE FOR BINARY MIXTURES

A rational equation of state of the perturbation type with a repulsion and attraction term has been applied to reproduce critical curves of six different binary systems up to high temperatures and pressures. A square well potential for intermolecular interaction is used. With pairwise combination rules for these potentials three adjustable parameters are needed. The experimental critical point and phase equilibrium data are compared with the values predicted using the equation of state. Good agreement is obtained for the analysis of the critical pressure composition data and molar volumes.

Self-Sensing Test Method for the Temperature of Piezoelectric Stacks

A self-sensing test method for the temperature of piezoelectric stack,based on the high correlation between the static capacitance and the stack temperature,is proposed in order to construct a self-sufficient methodology of temperature measurement. Firstly,a theoretical model of static capacitance of the piezoelectric stack under preload was set up,and the influence of preload on the static capacitance was analyzed. Secondly,the correctness of the model was verified by static capacitance test experiments under various preloading conditions. Finally, the temperature measurement experiments at low-temperature stage for two kinds of piezoelectric stacks,namely the lowtemperature-resistant piezoelectric stack and conventional piezoelectric stack, were conducted under various preloading conditions using a polynomial fitting method. The results,which validate the accuracy of the test method,show that the maximum temperature deviations of the two kinds of piezoelectric stack are 3.9 ℃ and 2.8 ℃,respectively,when the preload force is close to the specified value. The test method uses the piezoelectric stack itself as a temperature sensor,which does not require additional equipment for temperature sensing,so that the space and equipment cost could be economized. And the test for static capacitance is concise and convenient,which indicates that in the cooling process,a concise and efficient test of the temperature of the piezoelectric stack could be realized so as to grasp the current temperature change in time.

Electron temperature diagnostics of aluminium plasma in a z-pinch experiment at the "QiangGuang-1" facility

Two curved crystal spectrometers are set up on the ＂QiangGuang-1＂ generator to measure the z-pinch plasma spectra emitted from planar aluminum wire array loads. Kodak Biomax-MS film and an IRD AXUVHS5# array are employed to record time-integrated and time-resolved free-bound radiation, respectively. The photon energy recorded by each detector is ascertained by using the L-shell lines of molybdenum plasma. Based on the exponential relation between the continuum power and photon energies, the aluminum plasma electron temperatures are measured. For the time-integrated diagnosis, several ＂bright spots＂ indicate electron temperatures between （450 eV- 520 eV） ± 35%. And for the time-resolved ones, the result shows that the electron temperature reaches about 800 eV±30% at peak power. The system satisfies the demand of z-pinch plasma electron temperature diagnosis on a - 1 MA facility.

Temperature Effects on Unsaturated Hydraulic Property of Bentonite-Sand Buffer Backfilling Mixtures

The influence of temperature on the engineered properties of bentonite-sand mixtures （B/S） is of major concern in the design of engineered barriers in underground repositories for high-level radioactive waste disposal. We experimentally studied the influence of temperature on soil unsaturated hydraulic properties related to water holding capacity and permeability of GMZ B/S in China. The vapor equilibrium method and water infiltration apparatus were used to measure the soil water characteristic curve （SWCC） and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity （k）. The results show that the SWCC under different temperatures from 20℃ to 60 ℃ tends to be the same. Temperature influence on unsaturated permeability is more relevant at low suctions, no clear effect is detected below a degree of saturation of 74%, and experimental data show that temperature dependence on unsaturated permeability is small.

Plastic Flow Modeling of Ti-5 Al-2 Sn-2 Zr-4 Mo-4 Cr Alloy at Elevated Temperatures and High Strain Rates

The true stress-sWain relationships of Ti-5A1-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr（TC17） alloy with a wide range of strain rates were investigated by tmiaxial quasi-static and dynamic compression tests, respectively. Quasi- static compression tests were carried out with Instron 8874 test machine, while dynamic compression tests were performed with the split Hopkinson pressure bar （SHPB） which was installed with heating device and synchro- assembly system. The dynamic mechanical behaviors tests of TC17 were carded out from room temperature to 800 ℃ at intervals of 200 ℃ and at high sWain rates （5 500-1 9200 s-l）. The stress-strain curves considering temperature-sWain rate coupling actions were obtained. The Johnson-Cook constitutive model was developed through data fitting of the stress-sWain curves. The material constants in the developed constitutive model can be determined using isothermal and adiabatic stress-strain curves at different strain rates. The Johnson-Cook constitutive model provided satisfied prediction of the plastic flow stress for TC17 alloy.

Variations of temperature, salinity and current in the southern tidal passage of the Hangzhou Bay, China

Field surveys covering a spring-neap tidal period were conducted to investigate the characteristics of tidal dynamics within a curved channel in the southern Hangzhou Bay, China. The channel has a maximum depth of more than 100 m with an average tidal range of 2.5 m, serving as the main tidal passage in the southern part of the Hangzhou Bay. Water salinity, temperature and velocity data were collected from the ship-based transects and mooring measurements. During flood tide, the tidal current intrudes into the Hangzhou Bay through the northern side of the channel with a maximum velocity of about 2 m/s, while retreats through the southern side during ebb tide with a maximum velocity of 1.8 m/s. Due to the pressure, density gradients, the Coriolis force and centrifugal effect, a lateral exchange flow is generated as the tidal current relaxes from flood to ebb. Salinity and temperature data show that the water in the channel is weakly stratified during both spring and neap tides in summer time.However, mixing in the middle region will be enhanced by the lateral circulation. Mooring data indicate that the temperature and salinity are varying at a frequency similar to tidal current but higher than sea level oscillation.Our results support the hypothesis that the high frequency salinity and temperature variations could be generated by combination of the tidal current and the lateral exchanging flow.

Temperature field distribution of burnt surrounding rock in UCG stope

In order to study temperature field distribution in burnt surrounding rock and to determine ranges of burnt surrounding rock, coal-wall coking cycle and heat influence in the underground coal gasification(UCG) stope, based on the Laplace transform and inversion formula, we studied the temperature analytical solution of one-dimensional unsteady heat conduction for multi-layer overlying strata under the first and the forth kinds of boundary conditions, and we also carried out a numerical simulation of twodimensional unsteady heat conduction by the COMSOL multiphysics. The results show that when the boundary temperature of surrounding rock has a linear decrease because of a directional movement of heat source in the UCG flame working face, the temperature in surrounding rock increases first and then decreases with time, the peak of temperature curve decreases gradually and its position moves inside surrounding rock from the boundary. In the surrounding rock of UCG stope, there is an envelope curve of temperature curve clusters. We analyzed the influence of thermophysical parameters on envelope curves and put forward to take envelope curve as the calculation basis for ranges of burnt surrounding rock, coal-wall coking cycle and heat influence. Finally, the concrete numerical values are given by determining those judgement standards and temperature thresholds, which basically tally with the field geophysical prospecting results.

Rheological Properties of Waxy Crude at a Low Temperature in the Presence of Pour Point Depressants

Pour point depressants （PPD） are used to improve the theology of waxy crude. The affect of various factors on the theological properties, and the thermal characteristics of waxy crude treated by PPD have been investigated. The conclusions are as follows： PPD can reduce the pour point and abnormal point of waxy crude, broaden the temperature range of Newtonian fluid of waxy crude, and lower greatly the viscosity of non-Newtonian fluid of waxy crude. The influence of reheating and high-rate shear on the effect of PPD mainly depends on their temperature. When the reheating temperature is more than the abnormal point of crude by 10℃, the reheating process has little effect on the modification effect of PPD. However, when the reheating temperature is below the abnormal point of crude, the reheating process will reduce the modification effect of PPD. When temperature is above the abnormal point of crude, the high-rate shear has little effect on the modification effect of PPD. At a temperature range where a lot of wax is precipitating, high-rate shear will greatly reduce the modification effect of PPD.

Temperature-dependence of acoustic fatigue life for thermal protection structures

Acoustic fatigue life evaluation is essential for thermal protection struc- tures due to the severe thermo-acoustic load in service. A study on temperature- dependence of acoustic fatigue life for a C/SiC panel is presented in this paper. Effects of temperature on both the structural responses and the S-N curves are investigated. The Dirlik method is adopted to predict the fatigue life of a C/SiC panel at three different temperatures respectively. Significant differences are ob- served from the results of numerical simulations between the fatigue lives of the panel in the three cases. The temperature-dependence of acoustic fatigue life of a C/SiC panel is verified, and fatigue test of the material needs to be more atten- tively performed.

Equivalence between a Gravity Field and an Unruh Acceleration Temperature Field as a Possible Clue to “Dark Matter”

Einstein’s equivalence principle allows one to compare the magnitudes of a gravitational acceleration field with the magnitudes of a field of Unruh acceleration temperatures. The validity of such a comparison is demonstrated by using it to derive the effective Hawking black body radiation at a Schwarzschild black hole horizon. One can then extend the black hole thought experiment to a Hawking-Unruh temperature equation expressed in terms of the Schwarzschild radius. This follows an inverse radius law rather than an inverse radius-squared law. Following a brief discussion of current theoretical failures to explain galactic rotation curves, the Unruh acceleration temperature equations are brought together to show how a rotating supermassive black hole galactic system should follow an inverse radius rule of centripetal gravitational force and centripetal acceleration. This result appears to indicate that galactic observations currently attributed to dark matter may in part be attributed to classical Newtonian dynamics superimposed on a relativistic rotating system powered by a supermassive black hole.

Gleeble高温拉伸样品标距段的选定对拉伸曲线的影响

Gleeble热模拟试验机是目前测定金属材料在高温条件下力学性能的主要设备之一。利用该设备进行高温拉伸试验时,样品属于局部加热,中间温度最高,向两侧随距离增大温度呈现递减状态,因此常选用温差在50~100℃范围内的区域作为标距段长度来获取最终的拉伸曲线。该文选取了两种棒材和两种板材,对其分别进行600、800和1000℃的高温处理,获得不同样品的加热区域温度分布情况,进而给出推荐的标距段长度。随后对4种样品分别进行800℃、应变速率0.1/s下的高温拉伸试验,获得不同标距长度下样品的高温拉伸曲线。通过对曲线结果进行分析,给出利用该设备进行高温拉伸时的样品选用和标距范围的建议。

壳聚糖季铵盐对O/W乳状液的破乳性能评价

以壳聚糖季铵盐作为破乳剂,使用Turbiscan Lab稳定性分析仪实验研究了破乳剂浓度及处理温度对水包油(O/W)型乳状液破乳效果的影响。实验结果表明:在25~55℃的处理温度范围内,破乳剂最佳使用浓度约0.4%(体积分数),破乳剂浓度超过1.0%后,无破乳效果。在操作温度为25℃、破乳剂加药浓度为0.4%时,所测得的背散射光ΔBS曲线显示出良好的油水分层现象,相应的TSI曲线值达到最大,油滴粒径增大7倍,破乳过程在10 min之内基本完成。在25~55℃的处理温度范围内,破乳效果随温度升高而改善,最佳破乳温度为55℃。此研究对油田采出液破乳方法的选择具有指导借鉴意义。