Analysis and Online Diagnosis on Plugging Fault of Servo Valve in Electro-hydraulic Regulating System of Steam Turbine

Through the study on the output signals of the electro-hydraulic regulating system in the thermal power plant, a novel method for online diagnosis of the plugging fault in the servo valve is presented. With the use of the AMESIM software, the changes of the piston displacement, the oil pressure, the magnitude attenuation and the phase lag of the system under different plugging states are studied after simulation. Besides, the influences of the symmetrical and unsymmetrical plugging on the system are also compared and the characteristic table is given. The duo-neural network is put forward to achieve an online diagnosis on the plugging fault of the servo valve. The first level of network helps to make the qualitative diagnosis of the plugging position while the second level is for the quantitative diagnosis of the degree of the plugged position. The research results show that plugging at different positions exerts different influences on the performance of the system. The unsymmetrical plugging mainly affects the regulation time while the symmetrical plugging leads to great changes in the magnitude attenuation and the phase lag.

Research on new type of fast-opening mechanism in steam turbine regulating system and optimization of operation tactic

With the analysis on regulating system in 200 MW steam turbine, the necessity of appending the fast-opening function to the original system is set forth and a new type of fast-opening mechanism is devised. The mathematical model of system is built up. With the use of AMESIM software, the displacement curve of the piston, the force curve of the cartridge valve spool, the pressure curve and the flux curve in the regulation process are obtained based on simulation. The performances of three fast-opening systems composed of cartridge valves with different diameters are compared. Based on the analysis on factors that affect the execution time of fast-opening, the dead zone of the fast-opening system is put forward. To overcome the defect, dif- ferent operation modes are adopted for different zones. The result shows that with the increase of the valve diameter, the regulating time in the dead zone significantly exceeds the fast-opening time in the whole journey. Accordingly, the optimization operation tactic in the dead zone and the qualification conditions are brought forward. The fast-opening system composed of 32 mm cartridge valves is taken as an example with use of the tactic. The simulation result shows that the maximum regulating time is shortened by 509 ms.

Adaptive PID Control for Hydraulic Turbine Regulation Systems Based on INGWO and BPNN

To ensure system stability,the fixed-PID(F-PID)controller with small parameters is usually adopted in hydropower stations.This involves a slow setting speed and it is difficult to realize optimal control for full working conditions.To address the problem,this paper designs a variable-PID(V-PID)controller for a hydraulic turbine regulation system(HTRS)based on the improved grey wolf optimizer(INGWO)and back propagation neural networks(BPNN).These can achieve excellent regulation under full working conditions.First,the nonlinear HTRS model containing the nonlinear hydroturbine model is constructed and the stable domain is obtained using Hopf bifurcation theory to determine the available range of PID parameters.The optimal PID parameters in typical working conditions are then calculated by the INGWO,and the optimal PID parameters are generalized through training the V-PID neural networks which take the optimal PID parameters as sample data.The V-PID neural networks with different structures are compared to determine the optimal structure of the variable-PID controller model.The V-PID controller-based nonlinear HTRS model shows that the PID parameters can be automatically adjusted online according to the working condition changes,realizing optimal control of hydropower units in full working conditions.

Optimal Control of Wind Turbines under Islanded Operation

In this paper, an optimal control scheme for wind turbine output torque and power regulation under the influence of wind disturbances is presented. The system considered is a dynamic mechanical-based model with pitch and generator torque actuators for controlling the pitch and generator torque. The performance of linear matrix inequality (LMI) formalism of linear quadratic regulator (LQR);linear quadratic regulator with integral action (LQRI) and model predictive control (MPC) were compared in response to a step change in wind disturbance. It is shown by Matlab simulation that the LQRI outperformed both LQR and MPC controllers.

Use of Augmented Reality Methods to Support Legal Conflicts in the Planning Process for Wind Turbines Using the Example of the Landscape Conservation Area “Eulenkopf and Surroundings”

The world’s growing energy demand poses a serious problem. At the same time fossil fuels are finite, which we must work against. Therefore, the Federal Government of Germany has set itself the goal to push forward the use of renewable energy in order to completely do without the generation of nuclear energy by 2023. There are, however, no specific guidelines from the European Directive on the promotion of electricity from renewable energy sources for the internal electricity market regarding how high each share of the different production method should be and, above all, which specific aim should be achieved by the share of wind energy. Nevertheless, it presents a crucial step toward a nuclear phaseout and a concomitant change of course of the Federal Government of Germany in the spring of 2011 regarding the expansion of renewable energy, taking the nuclear catastrophe in Fukushima into account. Using new legal planning approaches, also including the area of Rhineland-Palatinate, opportunities should be provided to make previously protected land available for setting up facilities for the generation of renewable energy. However, it is important to examine the legal situation regarding the installation of these kinds of constructions more detailed, as no general statements can be made. This will be illustrated using the example of the landscape conservation area “Eulenkopf and surrounding area” in the district of Kaiserslautern. The stated goal of the Social Democrat/Green coalition of the federal state government of Rhineland-Palatinate is to considerably expand the generation of electricity from renewable energy sources so that by 2030 at least the entire electricity demand can be covered by those. Due to the enormous potential of wind power, it is therefore necessary to quintuple its share of electricity generation by 2020, compared to 2011 numbers. In order to achieve the desired political objectives, by 2030 the number of turbines has to be increased to around 2650, representing a capacity of 7500 MW. This increase gives reason for boundary conditions to manage the generation of wind energy to be adjusted. This is intended to facilitate management and simultaneously minimise negative effects, such as the “sprawling” of wind turbines.

Optimal Feedback Control of Nonlinear Variable-Speed Marine Current Turbine Using a Two-Mass Model

This paper presents a contribution related to the control of nonlinear variable-speed marine current turbine(MCT)without pitch operating below the rated marine current speed.Given that the operation of the MCT can be divided into several operating zones on the basis of the marine current speed,the system control objectives are different for each zone.To deal with this issue,we develop a new control approach based on a linear quadratic regulator with variable generator torque.Our proposed approach enables the optimization of the rotational speed of the turbine,which maximizes the power extracted by the MCT and minimizes the transient loads on the drivetrain.The novelty of our study is the use of a real profile of marine current speed from the northern coasts of Morocco.The simulation results obtained using MATLAB Simulink indicate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed control approach on the electrical and mechanical parameters with the variations of marine current speed.

Floating Wind Turbine Motion Suppression Using an Active Wave Energy Converter

This paper proposes a new concept of an actively-controlled wave energy converter for suppressing the pitch and roll motions of floating offshore wind turbines.The wave energy converter consists of several floating bodies that receive the wave energy,actuators that convert the wave energy into electrical energy and generate the mechanical forces,and rigid bars that connect the floating bodies and the wind turbine platform and deliver the actuator forces to the platform.The rotational torques that are required to minimize the platform pitch and roll motions are determined using a linear quadratic regulator.The torques determined in this manner are realized through the actuator forces that maximize the wave power capture as well.The performance of the proposed wave energy converter in simultaneously suppressing the platform pitch and roll motions and extracting the wave energy is validated through simulations.

集成恒压压缩空气储能的燃气轮机CCHP系统特性研究

燃气轮机冷热电三联供(CCHP)技术发展前景广阔,但存在部分负荷运行效率不高、热-电输出耦合性强、热电比调节不灵活等问题。构建了集成恒压压缩空气储能(CAES)的新型燃气轮机CCHP系统,建立了压气机、燃烧室、透平、余热锅炉、换热器、喷射器、水泵/水轮机等部件的热力学模型,分析了采用抽气-释气流量调节策略的系统运行特性。结果表明:抽气、释气系数在0~0.2内时,新型系统热电比调节范围为0.58~2.27,一次能源利用率稳定在58.1%~59.5%,[火用]效率不低于32.2%,可实现宽工况高效运行。

考虑系统频率安全稳定约束的风储联合频率响应控制策略

为提升风-储联合运行系统的动态频率稳定性能,针对目前调频控制策略未充分发挥风电机组频率调节能力、无法适应负荷扰动过大情况以及转子转速恢复阶段存在频率二次跌落的问题,提出一种考虑系统频率安全稳定约束的风储联合频率响应控制策略。在惯量响应阶段结合转速约束和频率指标自适应调整虚拟惯量和下垂控制系数,在转子转速恢复阶段利用负指数函数动态调整转速恢复过程中功率参考值,避免频率的二次跌落。将风电机组与储能电池结合,引入频率稳定域概念,利用储能电池扩展频率稳定域边界,进一步提升风储联合系统的抗负荷扰动能力和频率稳定性。最后对风储联合调频策略进行仿真,结果表明在不同风速和不同负荷扰动下,所提控制策略能充分发挥风电机组频率响应控制能力的同时,避免了频率二次跌落,提升了电网频率安全稳定性。

深度调峰对汽轮机转子寿命损耗的影响及运行优化研究

电力市场对汽轮机组深度调峰和灵活性运行的要求不断提高。本文对某660 MW汽轮机高压转子在深度调峰工况下的瞬态温度场、应力和寿命损耗进行了计算,对比分析了改变负荷变化率、温度变化率、最低调峰负荷、主蒸汽温度降低幅度等措施对转子峰值应力的影响。基于上述分析结果,在保证转子安全性的前提下,提出了适应深度调峰和灵活性机组的优化运行方案。

避免频率二次跌落的风储联合调频控制策略

风电高渗透电力系统中,风机释放转子动能参与频率响应改善系统频率稳定性,但存在欠响应支撑效果不足或过响应导致系统频率二次跌落现象。储能响应不受时空因素影响,通过整定储能响应参数,可提升风电频率响应的有效性。该文首先基于统一结构模型分析系统频率二次跌落与风机控制策略之间的作用机理。其次,整定充分利用风机频率响应能力及避免系统频率二次跌落的风电机组频率响应系数。然后,引入频率稳定裕度概念,并基于关系矩阵整定的储能最小出力,等效扩展系统频率稳定裕度。基于以上分析,综合考虑时空因素对系统频率响应影响,提出一种多时间尺度下避免频率二次跌落的风储联合调频控制策略。最后,基于DIgSILENT搭建风电高渗透4机4区系统进行仿真验证。结果表明,所提控制策略在不同风速下兼顾风机频率响应能力,同时避免频率二次跌落,提高全网频率安全稳定裕度。

燃料电池涡电复合空压机系统建模与调控研究

配备具有排气能量回收功能的涡电复合空压机是大功率燃料电池空气管理系统的发展趋势,但涡电复合空压机在非设计工况下存在压比低、能量回收率低、设计需求工况无法满足等问题。以某款大功率燃料电池系统为研究对象,根据电堆进排气参数完成了涡轮膨胀机和空压机的3维气动设计,建立了包含燃料电池电堆与涡电复合空压机的电化学—流动传热耦合模型,搭建了涡电复合空压机实验台架,测试空压机与涡轮性能曲线,通过电堆、空压机与涡轮试验数据验证了该模型的准确性。基于该模型进一步研究涡轮流量特性、阀门调节方法对全工况系统排气能量回收率、电机功耗和阀门理论功率消耗的影响规律,分析了有无涡轮配置对燃料电池系统净输出功率的影响。结果表明,在中小负载工况下,涡轮流量系数每降低0.1,排气能量回收率提高5.26个百分点,但过小的流量系数导致设计点工况下电堆压力过高,需增加旁通阀泄压,导致系统过于复杂、排气能量损失大,选择涡轮流量系数为1时可获得较优的全工况能量回收率。此外,阀门前置方案优于后置方案,在非设计工况下阀门前置可使能量回收率提高6.25%。结合涡轮流量系数为1和阀门前置的方案,在设计流量点和50%设计流量点下,涡电复合空压机排气能量回收率分别为33.07%和27.31%。

针对水轮机调节系统隐蔽攻击的混沌跳频扩频防御方案

水轮机调节系统作为水电机组的关键部分,其安全运行至关重要。为提高水轮机调节系统的安全性,设计了一种防御方案,检测并防御系统中潜在的隐蔽攻击。首先通过对系统信号进行混沌跳频调制和解调,消除隐蔽攻击的不良影响;其次,基于理论分析,推导出维持系统稳定的跳频频率约束,保证系统性能不因加入跳频/扩频信号和频率异步现象而受损。仿真结果表明,该方案能够在非高斯噪声环境中持续检测和防御不同类型的高强度隐蔽攻击,且不影响系统正常运行。此外,所提出的防御方案还具有复现隐蔽攻击信号的能力,这有助于操作员了解攻击信息并采取针对性措施。

基于改进AHP及云模型的水轮机调节系统状态评价

针对水轮机调节系统综合评价不够全面,无法综合反映系统多指标、多层次的复杂性问题,提出了基于模糊层次分析法(AHP)-决策与实验室评估法(DEMATEL)-云模型的水轮机调节系统综合评价模型。首先建立基于主要设备和相关工况的多层次指标体系,采用模糊AHP计算评价指标的初始权重;通过DEMATEL法计算评价指标的相互影响与参照关系,绘制出指标因果关系图,并结合初始权重计算评价指标的综合权重;引入云模型得到评价指标各等级的隶属度矩阵。最后将权重结果与隶属度结合,得到系统综合评价等级。算例分析表明,该方法可高效快捷地对水轮机调节系统运行状态进行客观评价,为状态检修提供参考依据。

具有功率调节和容错能力的风力机自适应控制

水平轴风力机面对高风速变化工况时,极易出现转子灾难性失控超速运行,此时风能转换效率低于预期值,同时恶劣的环境也对桨距角控制提出了容错要求。针对这些问题,提出一种具有功率调节和容错能力的风力机自适应约束控制方案,通过自适应约束的桨距角控制实现安全可靠的功率调节,并集成容错能力以补偿可能的故障影响。介绍水平轴风力机的数学模型和运行要求,分析基准的非线性自适应约束控制方案的设计过程,并在此基础上讨论具有未知控制增益、任意初始条件和存在故障影响下的设计方案,最后搭建MATLAB仿真模型对所提出的方案进行验证。仿真实验结果表明:所提方案可以提高风力机的功率调节效率,同时在不同工况和不同故障条件下均能将转子速度和发电功率控制在安全范围内。

风机与储能参与电网调频协调控制技术综述

风机自身的调频能力有限,已无法满足电网调频需求。储能的柔性控制、吞吐容量大以及响应速度快等特点可以弥补风机的不足,适合形成风储联合系统参与电网的调频控制。通过对储能与风机参与电力系统调频的原理和控制策略进行的详细梳理,介绍了储能参与调频的原理、特点以及储能的调频模型与控制策略,对不同类型以及混合储能系统的调频特点与效果进行分析;接着对风机的调频原理及不同控制策略进行阐述,以风机分别以变桨控制、转子动能控制和联合控制方式进行分类。最后对本领域的现状和未来发展进行了总结与展望。

天然气调压橇故障分析处理

随着海外油田区块的开发,油田企业投资建设燃气轮机电站,将伴生气转化为油田生产所需的电能。由于规划中的天然气处理厂尚未建成,伴生气处理装置还不完善,伴生气含杂质多,经常出现天然气调压橇压力失调故障,直接影响燃气轮机安全运行。通过对两个不同厂商天然气调压橇的构成及调压阀工作原理的分析,分别提出采用油田伴生气调压橇的改造方案和厂商提供的指挥器装配错误修正方法,可保证燃气轮机在加速控制、一次调频、孤岛模式等工况下,天然气调压橇调整压力迅速、平稳,为海外油田区块原油产量上产稳产提供了技术支撑。

面向电网最大频率偏差的风电机组短时频率支撑最优策略与机理

当电网出现有功缺额并导致频率跌落时,风电机组可以通过释放自身轴系动能为电网提供短时频率支撑(short-term frequency support,STFS)。如何利用有限的风电机组轴系动能最大限度地支撑电网频率,是当前研究的热点问题。针对风电机组可释放动能和电网频率变化率约束下的电网最大频率偏差最小化问题,该文提出一种基于有功功率互补控制(active-power complementation control,ACC)的风电机组STFS策略,揭示STFS过程中风电机组的最小动能释放机理,并证明采用ACC释放全部轴系动能的STFS策略为上述问题的最优解。最后,基于含风电的电网动模实验平台的实验结果验证该文提出STFS策略的可行性与频率支撑效果。

预防双馈风机调频期间失速的功率轨迹预设策略

为解决双馈风机阶跃惯性控制过程中易导致频率二次跌落和分机失速的问题,在斜坡形阶跃惯性控制方法基础上考虑风机有效旋转动能,建立转速减速阶段增发功率、加速阶段降低功率与线性下降阶段时间的数学关系,计算风机有功功率线性下降阶段不引起风机失速的最大持续时间,对功率轨迹线性下降阶段时间加以约束,使风机具有与斜坡形阶跃惯性控制相同频率支撑效果,同时防止风机失速、减少二次频率跌落。利用EMTP-RV平台对不同扰动大小、渗透率、风速情形进行仿真,验证了所提方法的有效性。

适用于多种一次调频技术及工况变化的抽汽凝汽式汽轮机数学模型

火电机组是目前电力系统中重要的调频资源,其一次调频能力与汽轮机动态密切相关,但现有汽轮机动态数学模型无法准确反映火电机组在多种一次调频技术以及工况变化情况下的一次调频能力。为准确描述火电机组真实的一次调频动态,该文对汽轮机本体、回热抽汽管道及回热加热器的动态耦合特性进行机理分析,建立适用于主汽阀调节、凝结水节流和高加给水旁路调频技术的汽轮机动态模型;基于机组结构数据及分布式控制系统实测数据,提出跟随工况变化的模型参数在线确定方法;最后,以实际600MW机组为例进行模型验证与仿真分析。结果表明,汽轮机输出功率会受到汽轮机本体和回热系统动态耦合特性的重要影响,且不同工况下机组一次调频能力存在明显差异。该文模型能更准确地描述不同一次调频技术方案及不同运行工况下汽轮机的动态响应特性。