In vitro antibacterial potential of some Vitex species against human pathogenic bacteria

Objective:To study the antibacterial activity of the leaf methanol extracts of five different species of Vitex namely,Vilex altissima(V.allissima),Vitex diversifolia(V.diversifolia),Vitex negundo(V.negundo),Vitex peduncularis(V.peduncularis) and Vitex trifolia(V.trifolia). Methods:Antibacterial assay was carried out by using disc diffusion method,determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations(MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations(MBC) against five strains of Gram-positive and seven strains of Gram-negative human pathogenic bacterial strains.Results:The results of antibacterial activity of Vitex species showed that the extracts possessed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity.The V.peduncularis possessed the highest activity against all the microorganisms screened.It produced a zone of inhibition ranged between (11.000±0.577) and(22.670±0.667) mm and the MIC values were from 62.5 to I 000.0μg/mL and the MBC values were from 125.0 to 2 000.0μg/mL.Conclusions:Based on the present study, V.peduncularis is recommended for the isolation of antibacterial molecule responsible for the activity against the tested human pathogenic bacterial strains.

In vitro antibacterial activity of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flower extract against human pathogens

Objective:To access the in vitro antibacterial activity of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis(H.rosa-sinensis) flower extract against human pathogens.Methods:Antibacterial activity was evaluated by using disc and agar diffusion methods.The protein was run through poly acrylmide gel electrophoresis to view their protein profile.Results:The results showed that the cold extraction illustrates a maximum zone of inhibition against Bacillus suhtillis(B.suhtillis),Escherichia coli(E.coli) viz.,(17.00±2.91),(14.50±1.71)mm.followed by hot extraction against.E.coli.Salmonella sp.as(11.66 ±3.14),(10.60±3.09)mm.In methanol extraction showed a highest zone of inhibition recorded against B.suhtillis,E.coli as(18.86±0.18),(18.00±1.63) mm pursued by ethanol extraction shower) utmost zone of inhibition recorded against Salmonella sp.at(20.40±1.54) mm.The crude protein from flower showed a maximum inhibitory zone observed against Salmonella sp.,E.coli viz.,(16.55±1.16),(14.30±2.86)mm.The flower material can be taken as an alternative source of antibacterial agent against the human pathogens.Conclusions:The extracts of the H.rosasinensis art;proved to have potential antibacterial activity,further studies arc highly need for the drug development.

The size distribution of airborne bacteria and human pathogenic bacteria in a commercial composting plant

Composting plants are regarded as one of the important sources of environmental bioaerosols.However,limitations in the size distribution of airborne bacteria have prevented our comprehensive understanding of their risk to human health and their dispersal behavior.In this study,different sizes of airborne bacteria were collected using an eight-stage impactor from a full-scale composting facility.Size-related abundance and communities of airborne bacteria as well as human pathogenic bacteria(HPB)were investigated using 16S rRNA gene sequencing coupled with droplet digital PCR.Our results indicate that the bacterial concentrations from the eight stages were approximately 10^(4)-105copies/m^(3).Although no statistical correlation was detected between the particle size and the Shannon index,the influence of size on bacterial lineages was observed in both composting and packaging areas.For airborne bacteria from different stages,the dominant phyla were Firmicutes,Proteobacteria,and Actinobacteria,and the dominant genera was Bacillus.Seven out of eight HPB with a small geometric mean aerodynamic diameter had a high concentration in composting areas.Based on diameters of 2.42 to 5.09μm,most HPB in the composting areas were expected to be deposited on the bronchus and secondary bronchus.However,in the packaging areas,the deposition of HPB(diameters 3.70 to 8.96μm)occurred in the upper part of the respiratory tract.Our results on the size distribution,abundance,and diversity of these bacteria offer important information for the systematic evaluation of bacterial pathogenicity and the potential health impacts on workers in composting plants and the surrounding residents.

Evaluation of antibacterial potential of seaweeds occurring along the coast of Mandapam,India against human pathogenic bacteria

Objective:To investigate the antibacterial activity of six seaweeds against twelve human bacterial pathogens using seven different solvents.Methods:Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the disc diffusion technique on Mueller Hinton agar.Broth dilution assays are standard method used to compare the inhibition efficiency of the antimicrobial agents.Results:Among the six seaweeds tested,the antibacterial activity was higher in the brown seaweeds when compared to red and green seaweeds.Padina gymnospora was found exerting a strong antibacterial activity with a high range inhibition[(6.00±0.82)to(22.67±1.25)mm].Broth dilution assay was conducted against Salmonella sp.with the chloroform extract of Padina gymnospora and the growth inhibition was found in the range of 74.26%to 82.56%.Conclusions:Further research studies are being carried out on other species of seaweeds of different habitats in order to provide complete data of the antimicrobial potential of these algae.It is also essential to study the principle compound present in the seaweeds which is responsible for antimicrobial activity.It can be achieved by using advanced separation techniques.

Bad Bug Does Good A benign bacteria that kills human pathogens could become the first in a new line of weapons—living antibiotics

“以毒攻毒”,中国的传统医学一直在实践着这一体现着“对立统一”的辩证理论。今天,德国科学家Stephan Schuster对Bdellovibrio这一蛭弧菌的基因组的研究再次印证了这一点,而且似乎给许多细菌感染患者带来了福音。

Occurrence of human pathogenic bacteria carrying antibiotic resistance genes revealed by metagenomic approach: A case study from an aquatic environment

Antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs), human pathogenic bacteria(HPB), and HPB carrying ARGs are public issues that pose a high risk to aquatic environments and public health. Their diversity and abundance in water, intestine, and sediments of shrimp culture pond were investigated using metagenomic approach. A total of 19 classes of ARGs, 52 HPB species, and 7 species of HPB carrying ARGs were found. Additionally, 157, 104, and 86 subtypes of ARGs were detected in shrimp intestine, pond water, and sediment samples, respectively. In all the samples, multidrug resistance genes were the highest abundant class of ARGs. The dominant HPB was Enterococcus faecalis in shrimp intestine, Vibrio parahaemolyticus in sediments, and Mycobacterium yongonense in water, respectively. Moreover, E. faecalis(contig Intestine_364647)and Enterococcus faecium(contig Intestine_80272) carrying efr A, efr B and ANT(6)-Ia were found in shrimp intestine, Desulfosaricina cetonica(contig Sediment_825143) and Escherichia coli(contig Sediment_188430) carrying mex B and APH(3′)-IIa were found in sediments, and Laribacter hongkongensis(contig Water_478168 and Water_369477), Shigella sonnei(contig Water_880246),and Acinetobacter baumannii(contig Water_525520) carrying sul1, sul2, ere A, qac H, OXA-21, and mph D were found in pond water. Mobile genetic elements(MGEs) analysis indicated that horizontal gene transfer(HGT) of integrons, insertion sequences, and plasmids existed in shrimp intestine, sediment, and water samples, and the abundance of integrons was higher than that of other two MGEs. The results suggested that HPB carrying ARGs potentially existed in aquatic environments, and that these contributed to the environment and public health risk evaluation.

Characterization and Identification of Two Opportunistic Human Bacterial Pathogens in Rice

Burkholderia cepacia （Bc） and Pseudomonas aeruginosa （Pa） are both biocontrol agents in agriculture and opportunistic human pathogens in hospitals. Effective management and utilization practice is needed to understand their characteristics and distribution in rice. During the last decade, the two opportunistic human pathogens were detected in 631 samples of rice seed and 117 samples of rice plant in plain, highland and mountainous rice growing areas of China. Bc and Pa were primarily differentiated by common bacteriological characteristics and pathogenic tests and then identified into species by Biolog and FAME tests. However, the genotypes of Bc still could not be distinguished. It has been noted that the Bc and Pa mainly existed in rice root with the highest distribution frequency in plain areas （ 6.1% and 16.1%） and lowest in the mountainous areas （1.0% and 7.8%）.

Antimicrobial Activity of Wild Plant Seed Extracts against Human Bacterial and Plant Fungal Pathogens

Five wild plant species belonging to different families (Chenopodium album, Plantago major, Elytrigia elongata, Filipendula ulmaria and Nigella sativa) widely spread in Russian Federation and the former USSR were evaluated for their ability to inhibit growth of two important human food-borne pathogens (Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes strain EGD-e) and eight plant pathogens (Alternaria alternata, Alternaria tenuissima, Bipolaris sorokiniana, Stagonospora nodorum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium culmorum and Phytophtora infestans). To isolate biologically active compounds from seeds, a step-wise procedure including extraction with hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and 10% acetic acid followed by reversed-phase HPLC was developed. Using disc-diffusion assay, the highest activity against E. coli O157:H7 was observed with extracts from F. ulmaria (hexane and ethyl acetate extracts and the unbound RP-HPLC fraction) and P. major (ethyl acetate extract and the unbound RP-HPLC fraction);E. elongate (the unbound RP-HPLC fraction) was less active. The extracts from P. major and E. elongate (the unbound RP-HPLC fractions) were equally highly active against L. monocytogenes, while those of F. ulmaria (the unbound RP-HPLC fraction) and N. sativa (hexane and ethyl acetate extracts) were less active against this pathogen. The dynamics of L. monocytogenes EGD-е and E. coli O157:H7 growth in the presence of two most potent extracts (RP-HPLC-unbound fractions of P. major and E. elongate and the hexane extract of F. ulmaria) was studied.

Prevalence and Seroprevalence of Non-SARS Human Coronaviruses 229E and OC43 in East Tyrol/Austria

The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic renewed interest in other previously discovered human coronaviruses—the non-severe acute respiratory syndrome human coronavirus (non-SARS hCoVs) and this study is a starting point for a closer investigation of those. With the pandemic behind us we believe it to be important to also examine the current and past respiratory pathogen landscape in the patient population in our care. Therefore, 954 nasopharyngeal swabs of patients with respiratory diseases collected between October 2018 and March 2020 were tested against the pathogens Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis, Influenza A and virus, Human metapneumovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, Parainfluenza virus, human Adenovirus and Polyoma virus BK/JC. Swabs negative against these pathogens were further tested for OC43 and 229E by RT-qPCR. Human coronaviruses 229E and OC43 were proven as the causative agents in a considerable number of cases, confirmed by PCR. Overall, our results show that those two non-SARS hCoVs were responsible for 13.9% (11 of 79) of infections with flu-like symptoms of unknown etiology in the study area. In the subsequent seroprevalence study, it was shown that the seroprevalence rate of IgG antibodies against 229E and OC43 was over 50%, indicating that a big part of the population in our study area has been in contact with these non-SARS-CoVs and has built the specific humoral immune response accordingly.

从“伏邪发病”论复发性尖锐湿疣

尖锐湿疣是由人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)感染引起的以皮肤黏膜疣状增生性病变为主的性传播疾病。虽然临床治愈率高,但极易复发,极大影响患者身心健康,预防其复发是预后阶段的重要任务。中医学基于“伏邪”学说理论体系认为尖锐湿疣复发是基于正气亏虚,伏湿、伏毒为患,并确立补虚、祛湿、引邪之法予以预防。本文基于“伏邪”学说经典考证和现代研究结果对中医药预防尖锐湿疣复发进行综述。

施肥旱作农田土壤中人类病原菌群落组成及动态变化特征

采集浙江省杭州、嘉兴、衢州、金华、龙游5个地区长期施用鸡粪、猪粪或化肥的农田土壤进行室内培养实验,然后采用高通量测序及序列比对方法分析供试土壤细菌和人类病原菌(human pathogenic bacteria,HPB)群落组成,旨在进一步探究施用粪肥后土壤中HPB群落组成差异及动态变化特征。结果表明:在160个供试土壤样品和2种粪肥样品中共比对到75种HPB,其中优势HPB为巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus_megaterium_QM_B1551,24.2%)和拜氏梭菌(Clostridium_beijerinckii_NCIMB_8052,23.1%);施用猪粪处理的土壤中细菌和HPB的香农(Shannon)指数均有所降低,而施用鸡粪或化肥处理的土壤中细菌和HPB多样性无明显变化。主坐标分析结果表明,施用粪肥处理的土壤细菌群落组成与未施肥对照之间具有显著差异,尤其是施用猪粪处理差异最显著(P<0.001);土壤样品间共有HPB占所有HPB的22.7%;施用粪肥处理的土壤中大部分HPB的相对丰度高于未施肥对照,并随培养时间的延长而不断下降。方差分解分析结果表明,土壤理化性质、细菌群落及两者交互作用是土壤中HPB变异的重要因素。综上所述,施用粪肥处理的土壤中HPB的变化特征主要受肥料类型、土壤类型、土壤理化性质及固有细菌群落的影响。

2020—2023年全国人间传染的病原微生物实验室备案现状分析

为了解2020—2023年全国一级、二级人间传染的病原微生物实验室备案现状,探讨实验室备案工作中存在的问题,针对性提出有效措施,促进实验室监管工作的开展,收集了各省卫生健康主管部门出台的有关实验室备案管理办法,对2020—2023年全国各省人间传染的病原微生物实验室备案数据进行了收集整理,按照不同地区、不同隶属系统,梳理分析了各省实验室备案现状。结果显示:部分省卫生健康主管部门出台有关实验室备案管理办法时间较早,但未及时更新;2020—2023年全国实验室备案率呈逐年上升趋势,同年二级实验室备案率大于一级实验室,实验室备案数量和备案率在地区、隶属系统之间有差异。建议及时更新与完善实验室备案管理办法,加大对需要备案实验室的主管部门法律法规宣贯力度,强化备案工作,健全监管模式,促进实验室网络构建,提高监管水平。

粤东地区呼吸道感染住院儿童人博卡病毒的感染特点分析

目的分析粤东地区呼吸道感染住院患儿人博卡病毒(HBoV)流行病学特征,为粤东地区儿童HBoV的防治提供数据支持。方法13499例呼吸道感染住院患儿,对其咽拭子标本行巨细胞病毒(CMV)、肺炎链球菌(SP)、HBoV等16种病原体核酸检测。观察呼吸道病原体检出结果;分析HBoV感染的年龄、年份、季节分布情况,HBoV单纯感染、混合感染检出情况及临床表现。结果13499例患儿中,HBoV阳性检出269例,阳性率为1.99%。幼儿期患儿HBoV阳性检出率最高,为3.75%(215/5737),其次是婴儿期(1.13%)、学龄前期(0.19%),学龄期未检出HBoV阳性,不同时期患儿HBoV阳性检出率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。269例HBoV阳性患儿中,≤3岁患儿占98.51%(265/269),尤其是1~2岁年龄段患儿占65.80%(177/269)。HBoV春夏秋冬四季阳性检出率分别为1.65%、1.23%、2.55%、2.50%,比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。HBoV一年四季均可检出,以秋冬季节流行为主。2019年4月~2020年3月、2020年4月~2021年3月、2021年4月~2022年3月及2022年4月~2023年3月HBoV阳性检出率分别为2.64%、2.26%、1.58%、1.63%,阳性检出率有下降趋势,比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。HBoV单纯感染78例,占29.00%(78/269);HBoV混合感染191例,占71.00%(191/269)。HBoV单纯感染患儿临床特征为咳嗽(78例,100.00%)、发热(53例,67.95%)、喘息(37例,47.44%);HBoV混合感染患儿临床特征为咳嗽(190例,99.48%)、发热(133例,69.63%)、喘息(88例,46.07%);HBoV单纯感染、混合感染患儿临床特征比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论HBoV是粤东地区呼吸道感染住院患儿的主要病原体之一,在秋冬季节流行,主要感染幼儿期儿童,尤其是1~2岁儿童,感染后常出现咳嗽、发热及喘息等症状。

南昌市2010—2020年流行性感冒监测结果分析

目的分析2010—2020年度南昌市流行性感冒(简称“流感”)的流行病学特征及病原学分布规律,为防控提供科学依据。方法收集南昌市2010—2020年度南昌大学第一附属医院、江西省儿童医院、南昌市第三医院3家流感监测哨点医院的流感监测数据、病原学监测数据和暴发疫情资料,利用SPSS 22.0软件进行χ^(2)检验。结果南昌市2010—2020年度流感样病例(influenza-likeillness,ILI)各年度总体趋势先降后升,≤4岁年龄组构成比占比最高,占49.04%(155064/316223);共检测ILI样本25813份,流感病毒核酸检测阳性检出4045份,阳性检出率为15.7%,不同年度阳性检出率差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=388.44,P<0.001),且各年度流感优势毒株不同;共报告54起流感样病例暴发疫情,绝大部分发生在托幼机构和中小学,其中26起是由B型流感导致。结论2010—2020年度南昌市流行性感冒疫情冬春季高发,每年的流行毒株各不相同,呈交替或混合流行,托幼机构和中小学是较易发生流感疫情的场所,应加强流行性感冒监测和防控并提高重点人群流感疫苗接种率。

人乳低聚糖与肠道菌群互作及其调节婴儿免疫功能的研究进展

人乳低聚糖(human milk oligosaccharides,HMOs)是母乳中的一类重要组分,迄今为止已经确定了200多种结构不同的HMOs。HMOs能在肠道微生物的作用下产生短链脂肪酸,对婴儿健康产生有益影响,这是母乳与配方粉的主要区别之一。研究表明,不同种类的肠道微生物利用不同机制来识别和消化不同结构的HMOs,维持肠道菌群平衡。同时,HMOs还具有缓解过敏症状,预防坏死性小肠结肠炎等多种功能。本文对HMOs的结构、种类与含量、与婴儿肠道菌群的互作及其免疫调节功能进行了综述。HMOs可促进婴儿肠道菌群的定植与生长,并通过多种方式直接或间接调节婴儿免疫功能。本文为HMOs在婴幼儿食品中的应用提供理论支持,对其未来研发方向提供新思路。

基于时空医学探析“六经欲解时”

梳理历代医家对“六经欲解时”的认识及现代临床研究,对其进行论述。提出以光变时空理论为基础,从时空医学角度剖析“六经欲解时”相关条文背后更加深层的含义;总结了光变时空理论渗透下日周期、月周期、年周期的应用,强调了多维度考虑问题,同时注重天人相应,才能更好地理解张仲景确定六经欲解时辰的独特见解,为临床治疗提供思路。

任青玲运用加味二妙方治疗宫颈人乳头瘤病毒感染经验

任青玲教授认为,宫颈人乳头瘤病毒感染多属湿热下注,带脉失约,病位在下焦,肝、脾、肾功能失常是其发生的内在条件,基于“两虚相得,乃客其形”病机,提出“扶正改邪”之说,遵“分消走泄”之法自拟加味二妙方,传承国医大师夏桂成教授调周法要验,于阳气旺盛之经前期用药,重视清热解毒、健脾利湿,疗效显著。

人类免疫缺陷病毒合并结核分枝杆菌感染患者的病原菌分布特征及药敏性

目的探讨人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)合并结核分枝杆菌(MTB)感染患者病原菌分布特征及药敏性。方法选取2021年1月至2023年5月九江市第三人民医院收治的142例HIV及结核分枝杆菌感染患者作为研究对象,按感染情况分为单纯HIV感染组(42例)、单纯MTB感染组(42例)和HIV合并MTB感染组(58例)。记录三组患者病原菌分布情况及对抗结核药物的初始耐药情况。结果HIV合并MTB感染组以真菌最为常见,其次为革兰阴性菌,单纯HIV感染组、单纯MTB组中以革兰阴性菌最为常见。HIV合并MTB感染组真菌分布比例高于单纯HIV感染组、单纯MTB组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.017);三组革兰阳性菌、革兰阴性菌、其他病原体相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);HIV合并MTB感染组对一线抗结核药物耐异烟肼(INH)、耐链霉素(SM)及总初始耐药比例均高于单纯MTB组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组对二线抗结核药物的耐利福平(RFP)、耐乙胺丁醇(EMB)及对二线抗结核药物耐药情况相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论HIV合并MTB感染患者较两者单纯感染者携带更多真菌,且合并感染者的耐INH、耐SM及总初始耐药比例较高,临床需加以重视。

Viral hepatitis and human immunodeficiency virus coinfections in Asia

Hepatitis B virus(HBV), hepatitis C virus(HCV),and human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) affect many people in Asian countries, although there are geographic differences. Both HBV and HIV(HBV/HIV) and HCV/HIV co-infections are highly prevalent in Asia. Hetero- and homosexual, injection drug use, and geographic area are strong predictors of HBV, HCV, and HIV serostatus. In HBV endemic regions, the prevalence and genotype distribution of HBV/HIV coinfection is almost comparable with that in the general population. In Japan, where HBV has low endemicity, the prevalence of HBV/HIV co-infection is approximately 10-fold higher than that in the general population, and HBV Ae is the most common subgenotype among HIV infected individuals. Highly active antiretroviral therapy(HAART) is an effective treatment for HIV/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Lamivudine, a component of HAART, is an effective treatment for HBV, HIV, and HBV/HIV co-infection; however, cost, emerging drug resistance, antiretroviral-associated liver toxicity and liver-related morbidity due to HCV progression are particular concerns. HCV/HIV co-infection may accelerate the clinical progression of both HCV and HIV. The high prevalence of HBV/HIV and HCV/HIV co-infections in Asia underscores the need to improve prevention and control measures, as fewer evidencebased prevention strategies are available(compared with Western countries). In this review, the most recent publications on the prevalence of HBV/HIV and HCV/HIV co-infections and related issues, such as therapy and problems in Asia, are updated and summarized.

人腺病毒致病机制研究进展

腺病毒(AdV)在自然界分布广泛,全球各国家或地区均有AdV感染出现。科学家于1953年初分离出AdV至今,已发现100多种血清型,可分成哺乳动物AdV和禽类AdV两属。依据AdV抗血清中和的能力,可将人腺病毒(HAdV)分成71种不同的血清型;结合生物学和免疫学特性又将其划分为A~G 7个亚群。AdV可感染上呼吸道、肺、结膜、泌尿道和胃肠道,引起相应部位的炎症,少数则表现为肝炎、胰腺炎、肾炎、出血性结肠炎、出血性膀胱炎、脑膜脑炎,在免疫功能低下的患者常可引起严重甚至致死性感染,因此对人类的健康造成了极大的威胁。本文以HAdV对机体的致病展开综述,讨论了AdV对人体致病的多种作用机制,并提出对HAdV未来致病机制与免疫逃逸研究的展望,并根据其新兴研究提出对新型抗HAdV药物开发的展望。