Extracting Human Reaction Time from Observations in the Method of Constant Stimuli

We consider the psychophysical experiments in which the test subject’s binary reaction is determined by the prescribed exposure duration to a stimulus and a random variable subjective threshold. For example, when a subject is exposed to a millimeter wave beam for a prescribed duration, the occurrence of flight action is binary (yes or no). In experiments, in addition to the binary outcome, the actuation time of flight action is also recorded if it occurs;the delay from the initiation time to the actuation time of flight action is the human reaction time, which is not measurable. In this study, we model the random subjective threshold as a Weibull distribution and formulate an inference method for estimating the human reaction time, from data of prescribed exposure durations, binary outcomes and actuation times of flight action collected in a sequence of tests. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the inference of human reaction time based on the Weibull distribution converges to the correct value even when the underlying true model deviates from the inference model. This robustness of the inference method makes it applicable to real experimental data where the underlying true model is unknown.

Comparison of direct fecal smear microscopy,culture,and polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Blastocystis sp.in human stool samples

Objective:To compare the sensitivity and specificity of direct fecal smear microscopy,culture,and polymerase chain reaction in the detection of Blastocystis sp.in human stool.Methods:Human stool samples were collected from a community in San Isidro,Rodriguez,Rizal,Philippines.These samples were subjected to direct fecal smear microscopy,culture and polymerase chain reaction to detect the presence of Blastocystis sp.Results:Of the 110 stool samples collected,28(25%)were detected positive for the presence of Blastocystis sp.by two or more tests.Culture method detected the highest number of Blastocystis-positive stool samples(n=36),followed by PCR of DNA extracted from culture(n=26),PCR of DNA extracted from stool(n=10),and direct fecal smear(n=9).Compared to culture,the sensitivity of the other detection methods were 66.7%for PCR from culture and 19.4%for both PCR from stool and direct fecal smear.Specificity of the methods was high,with PCR from culture and direct fecal smear having97.3%,while PCR from stool at 95.9%.Conclusions:In this study,in vitro culture is the best method for detecting Blastocystis sp.in human stool samples.

Detection of Human Parvovirus B19 Nonstrutural Protein DNA by Nested-Polymerase Chain Reaction in Gravida Serum and Pregnant Tissues

A new nested-polymerase chain reaction （nested-PCR） assay was developed to detect human parvovirus B19 DNA corresponding to the nonstructural protein in clinical specimens in a routine diagnostic laboratory. The sensitivity of this highly specific assay was up to 0. 005 fg of B19 DNA. Parvovirus B19 was identified in sera of 20 pregnant women with abnormal pregnant outcome. Among these 20 cases, intrauterine parvovirus infection did exist in 7 pregnant women because parvovirus B19 DNA was detected in the pregnant tissues of them such as placenta tissues, chorionic villi, amniotic fluid, fetal spleen, liver and abdominal fluids.

Reaction视频中用户弹幕信息交互行为的情感反应生成机理研究

深入挖掘Reaction视频中弹幕信息交互行为的情感反应机理有助于理解用户弹幕创作背后的情感生成原因及情感变化过程。本文基于情感反应模型,利用定向内容分析法对哔哩哔哩网站中11个热门视频的弹幕信息资源、视频内容以及reactor反应情况展开编码研究,构建了Reaction视频中用户弹幕信息交互行为的情感反应生成机理模型。研究发现,Reaction视频弹幕信息交互行为中的情感反应生成机理总体上遵循“信息刺激-情感反应”的路径,信息刺激有时会独立唤醒情绪或特定情感态度,有时也会通过唤醒特定情感态度进而影响情绪或内化情感态度的生成。该模型有助于提升情感反应理论在计算机协助交流中的情境化探索,也将为社交媒体中用户与信息交互提供优化建议。

Detection of Human Papillomavirus DNA in Oral Cancer Tissue Using Polymerase Chain Reaction

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 25 specimens from 22 patients with oral carcinomas were examined by 6 selected primers of human papillomavirus (HPV). Eighteen of the 22 patients (18/22) gave positive reaction with a positive rate of 81.8%. The positive rates of HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18 were 27.3%, 18.2%, 63.6% and 40.9% respectively. 13.6% positive for mixed infection of HPV 16 and 18 (3/22) and 18.2% positive for mixed infection of HPV, 6, 11, 16 and 18 (4/22). Examining enlarged cervical lymph nodes in three cases with suspecting metastases to cervical lymph nodes from oral carcinomas. It revealed HPV DNA 16 and 18 in two cases and HPV DNA 18 in one case. These results suggested that there was a tendency for HPV 16 and 18 to metastasinze via lymphatics. Only one case of the three had a pathologic diagnosis of lymph node metastasis. Of the 30 non tumor controls, HPV DNA positivity was 10%, all being HPV 18. χ 2 test gave a P<0.005. It strongly indicated that HPV 16 and 18 were related to oral carcinomas.

Inhibition of mouse acrosome reaction and sperm-zona pellucida binding by anti-human sperm membrane protein 1 antibody

Aim： To investigate the possible functions of human sperm membrane protein （hSMP-1） in the process of fertilization. Methods： A 576-bp cDNA fragment of HSD-1 gene coding for the extracellular domain of hSMP-1 was cloned and expressed. The localization of this protein on human and mouse sperm was determined by indirect immunofluorescent staining by using anti-recombinant hSMP-1 （anti-rhSMP-1） antibodies. Sperm acrosome reaction and spermzona pellucida （ZP） binding assay were carried out in 10-week-old BALB/c mice. Results： Recombinant hSMP-1 was successfully cloned and expressed. The expression of the native protein was limited on the acrosome of human and mouse sperm. Treatment of anti-rhSMP-1 antibodies significantly decreased the average number of sperms bound to each egg. Meanwhile, the percentage of acrosome reaction was decreased in comparison to pre-immune control after treatment with anti-rhSMP-1 （P 〈 0.05）. Conclusion： The results suggest that anti-rhSMP-1 antibody inhibited mouse acrosome reaction and sperm-ZP binding.

Recombinant human zona pellucida proteins ZP1, ZP2 and ZP3 co-expressed in a human cell line

Aim: To produce biologically active recombinant human (rh) ZP proteins in a human cell for use in sperm function tests. Methods: The human embryonic kidney cell line 293T was employed to produce rhZP1, rhZP2 and rhZP3 proteins individually and together by co-expression. Presence of these proteins in the culture medium and cell lysate was assessed by Western blotting analysis. The effect of the recombinant proteins on the human AR was assessed. Results: RhZP2 and rhZP3 were secreted into the culture medium, whereas rhZPl was found only in the cell lysate. Interestingly, when all zona pellucida proteins were co-expressed in the same cells, rhZPl was also secreted into the culture medium. However, despite the presence of all three ZP proteins in sufficient concentration and evidence of heavy glycosylation on gel electrophoresis, biological activity to induce the AR was not observed. Conclusion: RhZP1, rhZP2 and rhZP3 were successfully expressed in the human embryonic kidney cell line 293T. It appears that an interaction amongst these proteins may be required for release of rhZPl from the cell. Although this approach is not satisfactory for producing active human ZP proteins, it makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the structural and functional characteristics of the ZP proteins.

Human papillomavirus DNA and P16～(INK4A) expression in concurrent esophageal and gastric cardia cancers

AIM:To investigate the relationship between human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and concurrent esophagus and gastric cardia cancer from the same patient (CC) and examine the significance of P16 INK4A protein expression.METHODS:Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the presence of HPV type16 (HPV16).The expression of P16 INK4A protein was detected using immunohistochemistry.RESULTS:Among the CC specimens,HPV16-DNA was found in eight cases of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and five cases of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA),respectively (47% vs 29%),and two of both ESCC and GCA.P16 INK4A was highly expressed in both ESCC and GCA.In the HPV-associated positive CC,higher P16 INK4A expression was observed in the GCA than in the ESCC (75% vs 25%,P < 0.05).CONCLUSION:HPV16 as a correlated risk factor may play an important role in the development of ESCC and GCA.P16 INK4A may be a screening index in the HPVassociated carcinoma of gastric cardia.

Destabilization of acrosome and elastase influence mediate the release of secretory phospholipase A2 from human spermatozoa

Aim： To determine the cellular distribution of secretory phospholipase A2 （sPLA2） in dependence on the acrosomal state and under the action of elastase released under inflammatory processes from leukocytes. Methods： Acrosome reaction of spermatozoa was triggered by calcimycin. Human leukocyte elastase was used to simulate inflammatory conditions. To visualize the distribution of sPLA2 and to determine the acrosomal state, immunofluorescence techniques and lectin binding combined with confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry were used. Results： Although sPLA2 was detected at the acrosome and tail regions in intact spermatozoa, it disappeared from the head region after triggering the acrosome reaction. This release of sPLA2 was associated with enhanced binding of annexin V-fluoroscein isothiocyanate （FITC） to spermatozoa surfaces, intercalation of ethidium-homodimer I, and binding of FITC-labelled concanavalin A at the acrosomal region. Spermatozoa from healthy subjects treated with elastase were characterized by release of sPLA2, disturbance of acrosome structure, and loss of vitality. Conclusion： The ability of spermatozoa to release secretory phospholipase A2 is related to the acrosomal state. Premature destabi- lization of the acrosome and loss of sPLA2 can occur during silent inflammations in the male genital tract. The distribution pattern of sPLA2 in intact spermatozoa might be an additional parameter for evaluating sperm quality.

基于智能可穿戴设备的Human Shaker结构动力测试方法

已建结构的动力测试是了解其实际动力性能、提升建模和计算分析精度、检测结构损伤情况的重要手段.提出了 Human Shaker(HS)的方法,利用人的行走、跳跃和摆动等运动实现对结构的激振,由智能可穿戴设备得到激振荷载和结构响应,并由此识别结构的模态参数.首先建立了由特征点加速度重构人致激振荷载的方法,以及利用可穿戴设备的HS应用步骤,进而以横向摆动为例通过实验确定了特征点位置及其对应的质量参与修正系数.最后将HS技术应用于某实际结构的动力测试和模态参数识别,结果表明,HS技术可以方便快捷地用于中小型结构的模态测试.

Urine versus brushed samples in human papillomavirus screening： study in both genders

Aim： To investigate whether urine is a good medium for screening and whether there is a correlation between the amount of extracted DNA and human papillomavirus （HPV）-positivity. Methods： In the present study, 30 first-voided urine （FVU） specimens and 20 urethroglandular swabs using cervex-brushes from male partners of HPV-positive patients, and 31 FVU specimens and 100 liquid-based cervix cytology leftovers sampled with cervix-brushes from HPV-positive women were examined for the presence of β-globin. Oncogenic HPV were detected using type-specific PCR. Results： β-globin was found in all the brushed samples, whereas it was found in only 68.9% of the FVU specimens. HPV-PCR was positive in 60.0% of the male brushes, in 29% of the female brushes and in 0% of the male FVU specimens. DNA concentration was, respectively, 0.9998 ng/μL, 37.0598 ng/μL and 0.0207 ng/μL. Conclusion： Urine is not a good tool for HPV detection, probably because the low DNA concentration reflects a low amount of collected cells. β-globin is measurable in FVU by real time quantitative PCR, but the DNA concentration is lower compared to brush sampling for both genders. β-globin-positivity of urethral and cervical swabs is 100%, showing a higher mean concentration of DNA, leading to a higher detection rate of HPV. This is the first article linking DNA- concentration to the presence of HPV.

Protein tyrosine phosphorylation of the human sperm head during capacitation： immunolocalization and relationship with acquisition of sperm-fertilizing ability

The occurrence of tyrosine phosphorylation （TP） in the sperm head during capacitation has been poorly investigated, and no data exist on the relationship of its dynamics with the acquisition of sperm fertilizing ability. This study localized TP of head proteins in human spermatozoa during capacitation and explored its relationship with acquisition of the ability to display progesterone （P）-stimulated acrosome reactions （ARs） and to penetrate zona-free hamster oocytes. By immunofluorescence, TP immunoreactivity was revealed in the acrosomal region of formaldehyde-fixed/unpermeabilized samples, whereas it was abolished in fixed/permeabilized samples, in which TP immunoreactivity was high in the principal piece. No TP immunoreaetivity was detectable in unfixed spermatozoa. Head TP immunoreactivity was localized externally to the acrosome, close to the cytoplasmic membrane, as assessed by transmission electron microscopy. The increase in head TP was an early event during capacitation, occurring within 1 h in capacitating conditions. At this time, the P-stimulated ARs were also increased, whereas egg penetration was as poor as in uncapacitated spermatozoa. At 5 h of capacitation, the extent of neither head TP nor the P-induced ARs were greater than that at 1 h, whereas egg penetration had significantly increased. Seminal plasma inhibited head TP, P-induced ARs and egg penetration. None of these inhibitory effects, unlike those on tail TP, were prevented by the cAMP analogue dbcAMP （N,2-O-dibutyryladenosine 3＇,5＇-cyclic monophosphate）. In conclusion, head TP is a subsurface event occurring early during capacitation and is closely related to acquisition of the ability to display P-stimulated ARs, whereas the ability to fuse with oolemma and to decondense is a later capacitation-related event.

Comparison of Human Papillomavirus Detection and Genotyping with Four Different Prime Sets by PCR-Sequencing

Objective To assess and compare the Human Papillomavirus（HPV） detection efficiency and the potential clinical utility of PCR sequencing‐based technology.Methods Four HPV consensus primer sets（GP5＋/6＋,MGP,MY09/11,and PGMY09/11） were used in order to amplify a broad spectrum of HPV types for HPV infection in 325 cervical samples and the PCR products were sequenced afterwards for the HPV genotyping.Results The HPV‐positive rate was 75.4%,of which 35.5% harbored more than one HPV genotype.A total of 36 different genotypes was found,with HPV 16（24.1%） being the most prevalent,followed by HPV 58（13.3%） and HPV 52（9.6%）.There were substantial to almost perfect agreements between different primer sets regarding HPV detection efficiency,with the kappa value varying from 0.751 to 0.925,MGP,and PGMY09/11 were the most effective in detecting multiple infections（P0.001）.With each of the primer sets,a board range of HPV types could be identified,though there were several differences for a few genotypes.Conclusion The substantial agreement between PCR‐sequencing and HC2 for the detection of high‐risk HPV（kappa=0.761） indicated that PCR‐sequencing is also suitable for routine HPV screening.

Human Bocavirus Infection in Children with Acute Respiratory Infection in Nairobi, Kenya

Background: Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age in developing countries with viruses contributing significantly to this problem. The recently identified parvovirus, Human Bocavirus (HBoV), has also been associated with ARI. Objective: To determine the frequency of HBoV in patients with ARI. Materials and Methods: Samples from 125 consenting patients with influenza like illness signs and symptoms were collected. DNA was extracted from these samples using the QIAamp DNA blood mini kit (Qiagen, Germany). Conventional PCR was carried out and the amplicons were examined in 2% agarose gels stained with ethidium bromide. This was followed by sequencing of the HBoV positive samples. Results: Twenty one (16.8%) patients were found to have HBoV infection. Males (n = 61.9%) were mainly infected with HBoV. Local HBoV strains had 98.9% - 100% similarities and were found to cluster together with other strains obtained elsewhere. Conclusion: These findings suggest that HBoV plays a role in respiratory tract infections in children in Kenya just like it has been found elsewhere. It also sheds light on multiple infections associated with HBoV infections in Kenya.

Comparison of the Tellgenplex HPV DNA test with the PCR-reverse dot blot assay for human papillomavirus genotyping

Objective: To access the performance of the Tellgenplex human papillomavirus(HPV) DNA test compared to the polymerase chain reaction-reverse dot blot(PCR-RDB) assay for the HPV genotyping.Methods: Sixty cervical swab samples were genotyped by the Tellgenplex HPV DNA test and the PCR-RDB assay.The Tellgenplex HPV DNA test and the PCR-RDB assay can detect 26 and 23 HPV genotypes, respectively.Each sample showed discrepancy was genotyped using sequencing.Results: The percent agreement between the two tests ranged from 83.3% to 100.0% according to different genotype.This showed perfect agreement(>0.81) for high-risk HPV genotypes(35, 39, 45, 53, 56, 59, 66, 68, and 82), substantial agreement(>0.65) for high-risk HPV genotypes(16, 18, 33, 52, and 58) and low-risk HPV genotype 43 between the two assays by the kappa analysis.The positive rates of the two assays for frequent HPV genotypes(16, 35, 39, 45, 52, 53, 58, 59, 66, and 82) were not statistically different, but the PCR-RDB assay showed higher positive rates than the Tellgenplex HPV DNA test for HPV genotypes 81(P<0.05).As for more than 10 positive results by the Tellgenplex HPV DNA test and/or the PCR-RDB assay, the PCR-RDB assay showed higher relative sensitivity and specificity than the Tellgenplex HPV DNA test for the three HPV genotypes(16, 52, and 81).All HPV genotypes that can be detected by only the Tellgenplex HPV DNA test(HPV genotypes 44 and 55) were confirmed by sequencing.Conclusions: In conclusion, our results demonstrated that the PCR-RDB assay which can detect more multiple HPV genotypes in each specimen shows higher relative sensitivity and specificity than the Tellgenplex HPV DNA test, which makes it a better option for routine clinical use.

Detection of hepatitis B viral DNA in liver with polymerase chain reaction

The sensitivity of PCR was determined for detection of HBV DNA in paraffin-embed-ded liver tissue with different methods for sample preparation.Of 8 cases of HBeAg-positiveHBV infection,HBV DNA was detected in 6 by extracting DNA from both frozen and dewaxedsamples,but in none by direct reaction.Of 12 cases subjected to Southern blot hybridization,HBV DNA was detected in 7 by this technique,in 10 by PCR with both methods of DNA extrac-tion and in 3 by direct PCR.The results showed that PCR was sensitive and was comparablewith blot hybridization in detecting intrahepatic HBV DNA.In comparison between differentmethods of sample preparation,the viral detection rate from the dewaxed samples was near thatfrom the frozen ones,while by the direct reaction HBV DNA could be detected only in a fewsamples with high level of infection.

Monoarthropathy or Polyarthritis in Adolescent Japanese Girls Who Received Immunization with the Human Papillomavirus Vaccine

Joint pain or arthralgia is a common complaint among girls who have received immunization with the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, but the pathogenesis of this disorder has not been completely understood. We report 2 cases of joint lesions after HPV vaccination. In one case, a 13-year-old patient showed transient arthropathy in the right wrist joint after the first dose of Gardasil® administered in her left shoulder. In the other case, an 18-year-old patient had migrating joint pain with redness and swelling after the third dose of Cervarix®. Her serum C-reactive protein and anti-MMP-3 levels were slightly elevated, but no autoantibodies, including rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP antibody, were detected. Although various nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs produced no relief, small doses of both tacrolimus and prednisolone were highly effective for her polyarthritis. The development of reactive joint lesions after HPV vaccination was noteworthy.

Asymptomatic Genital Infection of Human Papillomavirus in Pregnant Women and the Vertical Transmission Route

To further investigate the vertical transmission route of human papillomavirus (HPV) and the indication for the choice of mode of delivery, the infective status of 152 asymptomatic pregnant wemen and the maternal-fetal transmission were studied. By using general primers in polymerase chain reaction (GP-PCR) combined with restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, HPV DNA positive rate in cervical secretions and venous blood in asymptomatic pregnant women was 36.21 % and 52.78 %, respectively, and the identified genotypes were mainly HPV_16 and _18. The maternal-fetal transmission rate of HPV via genital tract as well as blood was 40.91 % and 57.89 %, respectively. It was concluded that besides the transmission route of genital tract and amniotic fluid, there was also transplacental transmission of HPV in utero. Therefore,in our opinion, it is not an absolut indication to perform a cesarean delivery for the pregnant women with HPV asymtomatic genital infection.

Evaluation on Clinical Application of Three Testing Methods for Human Cytomegalovirus Infection in Pregnancy

The value of ELISA, N-PCR and RT-PCR in clinical practice for pregnant women with HCMV infection was investigated. 5581 pregnant women were screened by ELISA. Among them, 100 cases were positive for IgM (group 1). 69 for both IgM and serous DNA (group 2) and 69 for both IgM and mRNA (group 3). The infectious status, maternal-fetal transmission and pregnancy outcome were monitored. It was demonstrated that the accordance rate of group 3 and group 2 with group 1 was 56. 25 % and 43. 75 % , respectively. The maternal-fetal transmission rate in the group 1, 2 and 3 was 19. 00 % , 40. 58 % and 46. 15 %, respectively, with a significant difference found between group 2, 3 and group 1 (P<0. 01). Incidence of spontaneous abortion, fetal death, fetal abnormality and neonatal death in group 1, 2 and 3 was 10. 00 %, 15. 94 % and 30. 77 %, respectively, and that of group 3, 2 was 4 and 2 times as much as that of group 1, respectively (OR = 4. 00, P<0. 001; OR=2. 343, P<005, respectively). It was concluded that HCMV-IgM(+) can only be considered as an screening indicator for pregnant women with HCMV infection, while IgM(+) combined with serous DNA( + ) or mRNA( + ) indicates active infection and has a high incidence of maternal-fetal transmission and abnormal pregnancy outcome.