Changing human-environment interactions in medium mountains:the Apuseni Mts(Romania)as a case study

The study of human-environment relationships in mountain areas is important for both theoretical and practical reasons, as many mountain areas suffer similar problems, such as depopulation, unemployment and natural hazards. Medium mountains constitute a special case within mountains, because they are more populated but less attractive as tourist destinations than high mountains. In this context, the Apuseni Mts （Romania） are considered as a ease study. In this paper, we apply GIS-based, quantitative methods to characterize the strength and dynamics of human-environment interactions, taking into consideration some environmental factors （elevation, relative height, slope, river distance, lithology, land cover, natural attractions） as well as historical population and recent tourism data. We found that population density has strong （r2〉0.8） relationships with all relief factors （elevation, relative height, slope, river distance）, and that best-fit functions are nonlinear. We outlined the varying demographic scenarios by elevation zones and interpreted the historically switching sign of population change versus elevation relationship. We demonstrated that lithology also has an impact on the spatial distribution of population, although it is not independent from the relief effect. The land cover of the mainly cultural landscape is very strongly correlated with relief parameters （especially slope）, which suggests good adaptation. We pointed out the dominance of karst objects in the natural tourism potential of the Apuseni Mts and also explored further components of real tourism （spas, heritage, towns）. Finally, we concluded that the environmental settings investigated do in fact constrain the spatial framework of society, but soeio-economic changes in history can be explained from the side of society, which conforms to the theory of cultural possibilism.

Relationships Between Fractal Road and Drainage Networks in Wuling Mountainous Area:Another Symmetric Understanding of Human-Environment Relations

Symmetrical relationships between humans and their environment have been referred to as an extension of symmetries in the human geographical system and have drawn great attention. This paper explored the symmetry between physical and human systems through fractal analysis of the road and drainage networks in Wuling mountainous area. We found that both the road and drainage networks reflect weak clustering distributions. The evolution of the road network shared a significant self-organizing composition, while the drainage network showed obvious double fraetal characteristics. The geometric fractal dimension of the road network was larger than that of the drainage network. In addition, when assigned a weight relating to hierarchy or length, neither the road network nor drainage network showed a fractal property. These findings indicated that the fractal evolution of the road network shared certain similarities with fractal distribution of the drainage network. The symmetry between the two systems resulted from an interactive process of destroying symmetry at the lower order and reconstructing symmetry at the higher order. The relationships between the fractal dimensions of the rural-urban road network, the drainage network andthe urban system indicated that the development of this area was to achieve the symmetrical isomorphism of physical-human geographical systems.

自主与协同:环境人文社会科学知识体系的跨学科建构

环境问题是当代人文社会科学知识生产系统必须予以回答、予以回应的重大问题、前沿问题。环境与环境问题的话语生成和社会建构,既来源于人类生产与生活活动中所遭受的来自自然环境的现实困扰和感性认知,更是通过从自然科学到人文社会科学的学科化及跨学科交叉的知识生产、知识传播得以建构。环境问题的社会建构以及国家环境保护实践的主体性,决定了基于国家和民族的环境人文社会科学知识自主性之必然。环境人文社会科学相关学科在初始发展阶段,并未能够真正地深植到中国的实践土壤。建构中国环境人文社会科学自主知识体系,需要立足中国场域、面向中国实践,推进自主理论建构和知识创新。环境人文社会科学内部学科之间存在着学科知识封闭、学科交叉不足的问题,学科之间尚未真正形成学科知识的有机联系和学科交叉的有效机制。推动环境人文社会科学自主协同知识体系的建构,是我国环境人文社会科学体系化发展及其跨学科知识生产机制创新的内在要求。

Dynamics of Land Use/Land Cover Considering Ecosystem Services for a Dense-Population Watershed Based on a Hybrid Dual-Subject Agent and Cellular Automaton Modeling Approach

Land use/land cover represents the interactive and comprehensive influences between human activities and natural conditions,leading to potential conflicts among natural and human-related issues as well as among stakeholders.This study introduced economic standards for farmers.A hybrid approach(CA-ABM)of cellular automaton(CA)and an agent-based model(ABM)was developed to effectively deal with social and land-use synergic issues to examine human–environment interactions and projections of land-use conversions for a humid basin in south China.Natural attributes and socioeconomic data were used to analyze land use/land cover and its drivers of change.The major modules of the CA-ABM are initialization,migration,assets,land suitability,and land-use change decisions.Empirical estimates of the factors influencing the urban land-use conversion probability were captured using parameters based on a spatial logistic regression(SLR)model.Simultaneously,multicriteria evaluation(MCE)and Markov models were introduced to obtain empirical estimates of the factors affecting the probability of ecological land conversion.An agent-based CA-SLR-MCE-Markov(ABCSMM)land-use conversion model was proposed to explore the impacts of policies on land-use conversion.This model can reproduce observed land-use patterns and provide links for forest transition and urban expansion to land-use decisions and ecosystem services.The results demonstrated land-use simulations under multi-policy scenarios,revealing the usefulness of the model for normative research on land-use management.

基于智能驾驶场景的人机信任影响因素及作用机制研究

目的研究智能驾驶场景下人机环系统中的三个重要因素(系统预测准确率、环境可认知状态和驾驶经验)对驾驶员智能驾驶辅助系统人机信任的影响。方法采用三因素组内组间混合设计的人因学实验,招募了24名不同驾驶经验的被试在智能驾驶辅助系统的三种预测准确率(90%、76%、60%)及两种环境可认知状态(清晰认知和模糊认知环境)下进行模拟驾驶任务,并收集驾驶过程中被试的主观人机信任、驾驶行为绩效和生理数据等多维指标,采用重复测量的方差分析处理实验数据。结果不同驾驶经验下,被试的主观信任存在显著差异。系统预测准确率和驾驶经验对主观信任存在交互作用。不同环境可认知状态下,被试的瞳孔直径、眼跳次数和皮电波峰幅值均存在显著差异。环境可认知状态和驾驶经验对眼跳次数存在交互作用。人机环三因素对被试的驾驶行为绩效无明显影响。结论系统预测准确率、环境可认知状态和驾驶经验均可在不同程度上影响主观人机信任及其相关生理指标。环境可认知状态较差时驾驶员会增加对驾驶辅助系统的信任。随着驾驶员驾驶经验的增加,其对驾驶辅助系统的信任也会增加。

Toward Quantifying the Increasing Accessibility of the Arctic Northeast Passage in the Past Four Decades

Sea ice,one of the most dominant barriers to Arctic shipping,has decreased dramatically over the past four decades.Arctic maritime transport is hereupon growing in recent years.To produce a long-term assessment of trans-Arctic accessibility,we systematically revisit the daily Arctic navigability with a view to the combined effects of sea ice thickness and concentration throughout the period 1979−2020.The general trends of Navigable Windows(NW)in the Northeast Passage show that the number of navigable days is steadily growing and reached 89±16 days for Open Water(OW)ships and 163±19 days for Polar Class 6(PC6)ships in the 2010s,despite high interannual and interdecadal variability in the NWs.More consecutive NWs have emerged annually for both OW ships and PC6 ships since 2005 because of the faster sea ice retreat.Since the 1980s,the number of simulated Arctic routes has continuously increased,and optimal navigability exists in these years of record-low sea ice extent(e.g.,2012 and 2020).Summertime navigability in the East Siberian and Laptev Seas,on the other hand,varies dramatically due to changing sea ice conditions.This systematic assessment of Arctic navigability provides a reference for better projecting the future trans-Arctic shipping routes.

人与自然和谐共生视野下的环境法学理论创新

习近平法治思想的生态文明法治理论为新时代环境法学理论创新提供了世界观与方法论。在习近平法治思想的指导下,以新中国50年的环境法治实践为研究对象,从“人与自然和谐共生”的高度,厘清环境法的哲学基础,树立正确的人类观、自然观,为创设人与自然共同体规则提供人性标准假设和调整范围基石;创新环境法律关系理论,明确其主体的间接互动性、社会关系二次调整性、法律规范多元性的外在表征,及承认自然的主体性而重构主客体关系的本质特征;创新法律体系理论,发现环境法学的领域性学科属性,分析中国特色社会主义法律体系的“部门法”与“领域法”双重结构,明确作为“重要立法领域”且已形成的生态环境立法体系的独立地位,建立处理环境法内外部关系的学理标准。

宁夏人地系统的物质代谢和生态效率研究——基于能值分析理论

以能值分析理论为基础,对宁夏回族自治区1985-2005年人地系统的物质代谢和生态效率(即可持续性状态)进行了定量分析研究。结果表明:近21年来,宁夏地区的产出效率不断降低,经济发展水平较低;能值废弃率、环境负荷率均呈持续增长趋势;人口与环境的矛盾不断激化,可持续发展能力不断降低。最后,文章在定量分析评价的基础上对宁夏人地系统演变的趋势进行了简要预测及分析,并针对存在的问题,提出了相应的优化方向和措施。

干旱区内陆河流域生态水文综合集成研究

针对干旱区内陆河流域生态环境问题,面对国家重大需求及地球系统科学发展方向,指出内陆河流域生态水文综合集成研究的必要性,旨在为精细管理水资源,提高单方水产出效益(经济效益和生态效益)提供思路。以黑河流域为例,追踪流域研究历程,目前从野外调查试验观测,模型模拟到研究平台建设,黑河流域的数据知识的积累已基本具备开展流域生态水文综合集成的条件,但仍然存在着巨大的挑战。根据存在的问题,提出未来进行集成研究应加强的3个方面:①加强综合观测;②强调人文因素的定量研究和人文过程的研究;③重视模型、模拟方法在描述和反演地理真实中的应用。

国外社会—生态系统耦合分析框架评介与比较研究

社会-生态系统耦合分析框架的建构及应用是近年来国外可持续科学一个热点研究领域。本文从国外大量相关文献中筛选出三个典型的社会-生态系统耦合分析框架:人类-环境系统框架(HES)、管理-转型框架(MTF)和社会-生态系统框架(SES)。首先,对HES、MTF和SES三个框架的理论假设、研究目标、结构设计等进行了详细的评介。其次,着重从创立背景、对社会-生态系统及其相互作用关系的解构三个方面,对HES、MTF和SES框架进行了系统比较分析。最后,讨论了这些社会-生态系统框架为环境治理研究带来的新变化以及未来可能的发展。期望本文能够为国内资源和环境可持续治理研究提供借鉴和指导。

基于人—机—环境的煤矿通风系统安全性模糊评价

从人-机-环境3个因素出发,建立系统模糊状态的隶属函数,推导人-机-环境子系统初级模糊综合评价模型及对通风系统整体安全性二级模糊综合评价模型。并应用该模型对复杂多变、具有较强模糊性且涉及因素众多的煤矿通风系统安全性进行了模糊综合评价。这里对因素的创新的选取,更符合矿山实际情况,过程简便准确,经济实用,易于推广。最后应用该模糊综合评判法,随机对山西朔州某矿通风系统安全性进行综合评判,得到了客观的评价结果。

环境变化对人水系统影响的关键问题探讨

由气候变化和人类活动引起的环境变化对人水系统产生的巨大影响已经受到了全世界的关注。在分析气候变化、人类活动以及由两者共同引起的环境变化对人水系统影响研究现状的基础上,对目前研究进展进行了综述和总结,从影响作用机理、环境变化因子、对人文系统的影响、人水综合系统的研究、影响作用的量化共5个方面提出了目前研究面临的关键性问题,并分别进行深入探讨和分析,进而讨论了未来研究的趋势和重点,引入初步的研究思路,为以后相关方面的研究工作提供参考。

Illustrating the multi-stakeholder perceptions of environmental pollution based on big data:Lessons from China

The relationship between stakeholders and the environment influences sustainable development and human wellbeing.To illustrate the multi-stakeholder perceptions of environmental pollution in China,we interpreted a feedback loop in the perception-behavior-environment nexus from the perspective of the coupled human-environment system,measured the differences of environmental perceptions among five stakeholders(the public,government,media,companies,and scientists)and regions(including 31 provinces,autonomous regions,and municipalities in China,with exceptions of Taiwan of China,Hong Kong of China,and Macao of China due to a lack of data)using big data,and made a comparison between the perceptions and the actual pollution situation.The results showed that the five stakeholders exhibited similar perceptions of environmental pollution at the national scale,with air pollution being of most concern,followed by water pollution and soil pollution.There were significant spatial differences in environmental perceptions.All stakeholders in the developed regions in eastern China paid relatively high attention to environmental issues,while those in the northwestern regions paid much less attention.There existed a mutual influence and interaction among the different stakeholders.More attention should be paid to air pollution in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,water pollution in Hainan Province,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,Heilongjiang Province,and Jilin Province,and soil pollution in Hainan Province,Fujian Province,and Jilin Province.This paper provides a research paradigm on multi-stakeholder environmental perceptions based on big data,and the results provide a background reference for regional environmental governance.

地质环境系统的概念与特征——以洞庭湖区地质环境系统为例

地质环境系统是对人类经济技术活动作出共同响应的一定范围内地质环境的有机整体 ,是复杂的人工自然复合系统。文中以洞庭湖区防洪减灾为例 ,探讨了地质环境系统的概念、特征与研究思路。地质环境系统具有边界不确定性 ,影响传递的远距性与滞后性 ,系统行为的取向性、不确定性、难控性与反直观性 ,系统的社会性与共享性。因此 ,必须从成生、发展的角度 ,对其进行多学科综合研究 ,把握自然状态下系统演变的固有规律 ,分析叠加人为活动后系统结构、功能的变化及其机制。顺应自然、约束自然与人类自身 ,是建立人与自然相互协调的优化地质环境系统的根本原则。

关于中国全球环境变化人文因素研究发展方向的思考

人类如何合理地管理"地球生命支撑系统",以满足人类对可持续发展的追求,是全球环境变化(GlobalEnvironmentalChange,GEC)研究必须回答的问题。国际全球环境变化人文因素计划(Interna tionalHumanDimensionsProgrammeonGlobalEnvironmentalChange,IHDP)侧重于全球环境变化的人文因素(HumanDimensionsofGlobalEnvironmentalChange,HDGEC)研究方面。在对国际HDGEC研究发展大势进行科学判断的基础上,概述了中国HDGEC研究进展,分析了中国HDGEC研究面临的挑战和机遇,探讨了我国HDGEC研究的未来发展走势。展望未来,我国HDGEC研究应立足国情,着眼全球,把握趋势与时机,在重大研究问题、能力建设等方面有所发展、突破。

中国人海经济系统环境适应性演化及预警

基于敏感性-稳定性-响应3维要素构建指标体系,运用熵值法和ARIMA-BP组合预测模型研究中国人海经济系统环境适应性的演化及预警。结果表明:①2001～2016年中国人海经济系统环境适应性呈稳定上升态势,总体集中于中警状态,期间经历了"人海环境系统比较优势阶段→耦合协调阶段→人海经济系统比较优势阶段"的双螺旋适应过程,预计2017～2020年再次进入相互契合的轻警状态;②16 a间中国人海经济系统环境适应性波动存在上升期短-衰退期长现象,预计未来4 a人海经济系统环境适应性在经济下行和生态约束背景下的速率不容乐观;③权衡人海经济系统和人海环境系统的关系,追求总体效益最大化,延长适应性周期波动中扩张期活动,差别化和灵活性的适应行为是未来主要排警对策。

建立中国国民幸福生活核算体系的构想

从国家核算体系的演变和特点入手,分析了人文发展的理论内涵和中国人文发展面临的环境和社会压力,在详细分析我国是否存在环境库兹涅茨曲线的基础上,指出依靠经济增长来缓解环境压力不应当作为人文发展的主要战略核心目标。同时分析了幸福的内涵,详细讨论了人文发展状态评价的主观评价方法—国民幸福生活年和人类需求矩阵,最后提出了我国进行国民幸福核算的建议和简化框架,并针对该建议提出了聚焦贫困人口、发展循环经济、关注文化发展、处理好公平和效益的指导原则。

城市色彩环境问题的探讨

该文从色彩的基本作用、影响因素出发,通过对典型实例的分析探讨了城市色彩中存在的一些问题,并提出了城市色彩规划的方法。

环境地质灾害研究的方法论探讨

针对环境地质灾害以人－地系统为研究对象、灾害成因机理及防治为其研究内容的特点，提出环境地质灾害研究本身具有系统性、综合性、应用性和研究方法的多样性，进而对环境地质灾害研究的方法体系，包括调查研究、灾害制图，以数学方法、系统分析方法和模型方法等为主的定量方法，评价区划方法，以及采用监测手段、着重成因机理研究及预报模型等形式的预测方法和环境地质灾害信息系统等进行了探讨。

环境标准的规制能力再造——以对健康的保障为中心

保障人体健康应该作为环境法律的核心价值追求,而环境标准的性质和特征决定了环境法律保障人体健康的制度路径。但现实社会中,我国环境标准体系存在着内容缺失、灵魂缺失、定位不清、体系紊乱、思路偏差和观念滞后等弊端,决定了环境标准体系在保障人体健康中效果不佳。我们应相应地完善我国环境标准体系中以有效保障人体健康的核心目的和作为判断其绩效的标准、专门规定保障人体健康的环境标准规范,并相应地在立法技术上予以完善,最终发挥环境标准体系在保障人体健康中的作用。