The Basic Principles of Kin Sociality and Eusociality: Human Evolution

The paper posits that kin sociality and eusociality are derived from the handicap-care principles based on the need-based care to the handicappers from the caregivers for the self-interest of the caregivers. In this paper, handicap is defined as the difficulty to survive and reproduce independently. Kin sociality is derived from the childhood handicap-care principle where the children are the handicapped children who receive the care from the kin caregivers in the inclusive kin group to survive. The caregiver gives care for its self-interest to reproduce its gene. The individual’s gene of kin sociality contains the handicapped childhood and the caregiving adulthood. Eusociality is derived from the adulthood handicap-care principle where responsible adults are the handicapped adults who give care and receive care at the same time in the interdependent eusocial group to survive and reproduce its gene. Queen bees reproduce, but must receive care from worker bees that work but must rely on queen bees to reproduce. A caregiver gives care for its self-interest to survive and reproduce its gene. The individual’s gene of eusociality contains the handicapped childhood-adulthood and the caregiving adulthood. The chronological sequence of the sociality evolution is individual sociality without handicap, kin sociality with handicapped childhood, and eusociality with handicapped adulthood. Eusociality in humans is derived from bipedalism and the mixed habitat. The chronological sequence of the eusocial human evolution is 1) the eusocial early hominins with bipedalism and the mixed habitat, 2) the eusocial early Homo species with bipedalism, the larger brain, and the open habitat, 3) the eusocial late Homo species with bipedalism, the largest brain, and the unstable habitat, and 4) extended eusocial Homo sapiens with bipedalism, the shrinking brain, omnipresent imagination, and the harsh habitat. The omnipresence of imagination in human culture converts eusociality into extended eusociality with both perception and omnipresent imagination.

The Evolution of Theory of Mind in the Human Evolution

Despite almost half a century of research for theory of mind, its evolutionary origin is largely unknown. This paper proposes that the evolutionary origin of theory of mind starts from the beginning of the human evolution to form hominins through bipedalism and the mixed habitat. The feet of the early hominins were still adapted for grasping trees rather than walking for long distances and running fast on the ground. The early hominins lived in the mixed habitat of grassy woodland with patches of denser forest, and freshwater springs. The difficulty of walking in the mixed habitat leads to division of labor for the home specialist group (small children, old people, and mothers with small children, and pregnant women) in the safe forest area and the exploration specialist group (young people without the care of small children) in the dangerous open area. The different tasks, attitudes, and mentalities in different specialist groups produce theory of mind as the ability to attribute different mental states to different specialist groups. (Uniformity of mind instead of theory of mind is for generalists without division of labor). The early Homo species with the open habitat developed theory of mind for hunter specialist group and gatherer specialist group. The middle Homo species with complex stone tools developed theory of mind for the cooperative specialist groups in the large production of complex stone tools. The late Homo species with complex social interaction developed theory of mind for mind reading to enhance cooperation and to detect cheaters in complex social interaction. For religion, the unusually harsh Upper Paleolithic Period developed theory of mind for imaginary specialists in terms of supernatural power, guidance, and comfort. Therefore, the three general types of theory of mind are for specialists in division of labor, mind reading in complex social interaction, and imaginary specialists in imaginary division of labor under harsh conditions. Self-awareness in the mirror self-recognition test is also explained.

Where Is Human Evolution Heading?(节选)

If you judge the progress of humanity by Homer Simpson, Paris Hilton, and Girls Gone Wild videos, you might conclude that our evolution has stalled-or even shifted into reverse. Not so, scientists say.……

Evolution and restoration of structures and functions of the human central nervous system—A review

Clinical translational science:Clinical translational science(CTS)is a new discipline bridging laboratory discoveries and clinical applications.It is normally funded by research grants instead of investment major pharmaceutical companies.It is patient-and populationor community-oriented.Repair of the human

The Models of Modern Human Origins:Eastern Perspective

The origin of modern humans is one of the fundamental scientific questions that has been widely debated in the international academic community.Since the 1980s,the discussion on this issue has formed two opposing camps:the""Out of Africa"hypothesis and the"Multiregional Evolution"hypothesis.With the continuous accumulation of new materials and rapid technological advancements in the new century,there have been significant adjustments in the debate over the origin models of modern humans,with materials from the East Asia playing an increasingly important role.This article reviews the major hypotheses and models regarding the origin of modern humans and the evolution of modern behavior,tracing their sources,history,and development.It also provides a comprehensive overview of some of the latest archaeological discoveries and research progress.Furthermore,it discusses the motives and directions for adjusting the models of modern human origins and behavioral evolution,emphasizing the importance of considering a vast amount of archaeological evidence in the discussion of various models and reflecting on the cultural implications of"modernity".The article calls for increased investment in research on the origin of modern humans in China and emphasizes the need to provide a solid Eastern perspective for discussing modern human origin models.

中国地理人的解决研究的概述和进步

Increasing Chinese urbanization and industrialization has prompted greater attention to the study of human settlement and the human-land relationship in the fields of geography, architecture, and urban planning. We used bibliometric methods and statistical software to review 180 articles on human settlement in 16 Chinese geographical journals. We found that Chinese geographical human settlement research is characterized by the following：（1） Most research focuses on human settlement extension, valuation indicators, models for urban and rural settlements, theoretical exploration and the planning practices of single-factor, human settlement and complex, geographical livability in macro-scale, urban settlement differentiation and ideal patterns in medium scale, the comprehensive evaluation of settlement environment, and the planning of community units in micro-scale, community settlements; socio-cultural investigation and warnings about advancing human settlement.（2） No progress has been made in synthesizing and integrating method systems. PSR models and DPSIR models are used for targeting mechanisms, while the standard settlement evaluation system was composed of physical ＆ economic indicators by questionnaire surveys. On the other hand, spatial clustering based on GIS has been a frequent focus in recent years. Pioneering research on human settlement and theoretical systems within the context of China＇s urbanization and industrialization will provide guidance on the sustainability of Chinese cities and regions. The following five aspects require greater attention：（1） Natural suitability research on human settlement, and a survey of human settlement demands to reflect the range of different demands concerning ecologically suitable settlements in urban environments, the corresponding valuation indicators, systems, and evolution, and the impact of the residents＇ socio-economic attributes.（2） Spatial-temporal evaluation and sustainability research on urban and rural human settlement at various scales, focusing on evolution and spatial differen-tiation at various scales such as city clusters and comparisons between cities, within the cities and communities.（3） Development of theory and technology for human settlement evolution research, including detection technology and methods, data mining measures, and forecasting and emulation of regional and urban human settlement evolution processes, mechanisms and patterns.（4） Research on the control of human settlement that focuses on optimization, patterns, and policies for effective management and development.（5） Estimating the human settlement system service value and establishing suitable human settlement systems, including social, economic, cultural and ecological service values.

Integrative analyses of RNA editing,alternative splicing,and expression of young genes in human brain transcriptome by deep RNA sequencing

Next-generation RNA sequencing has been successfully used for identification of transcript assembly,evaluation of gene expression levels,and detection of post-transcriptional modifications.Despite these large-scale studies,additional comprehensive RNA-seq data from different subregions of the human brain are required to fully evaluate the evolutionary patterns experienced by the human brain transcriptome.Here,we provide a total of 6.5 billion RNA-seq reads fromdifferent subregions of the human brain.A significant correlation was observed between the levels of alternative splicing and RNA editing,which might be explained by a competition between the molecularmachineries responsible for the splicing and editing of RNA.Younghuman protein-coding genesdemonstrate biased expression to the neocortical and non-neocortical regions during evolution on the lineage leading to humans.Wealso found that a significantly greater number of young human protein-coding genes are expressed in the putamen,a tissue that was also observed to have the highest level of RNA-editing activity.The putamen,which previously received little attention,plays an important role in cognitive ability,and our data suggest a potential contribution of the putamen to human evolution.

Geomorphic change in Dingzi Bay, East China since the 1950s： impacts of human activity and fluvial input

This study examines the geomorphic evolution of Dingzi Bay, East China in response to human activity and variations in fluvial input since the 1950s. The analysis is based on data from multiple mathematical methods, along with information obtained from Remote Sensing, Geographic Information System and Global Position System technology. The results show that the annual runoff and sediment load discharged into Dingzi Bay display significant decreasing trends overall, and marked downward steps were observed in 1966 and 1980. Around 60%-80% of the decline is attributed to decreasing precipitation in the Wulong River Basin. The landform types in Dingzi Bay have changed significantly since the 1950s, especially over the period between 1981 and 1995. Large areas of tidal fiats, swamp, salt fields, and paddy fields have been reclaimed, and aquaculture ponds have been constructed. Consequently, the patterns of erosion and deposition in the bay have changed substantially. Despite a reduction in sediment input of 65.68% after 1966, low rates of sediment deposition continued in the bay. However, deposition rates changed significantly after 1981 owing to large-scale development in the bay, with a net depositional area approximately 10 times larger than that during 1961-1981. This geomorphic evolution stabilized following the termination of large-scale human activity in the bay after 1995. Overall, Dingzi Bay has shown a tendency towards silting-up during 1952-2010, with the bay head migrating seaward, the number of channels in the tidal creek system decreasing, and the tidal inlet becoming narrower and shorter. In conclusion, large- scale development and human activity in Dingzi Bay have controlled the geomorphic evolution of the bay since the 1950s.