Adsorption characteristics of humic acid-immobilized amine modified polyacrylamide/bentonite composite for cationic dyes in aqueous solutions

Humic acid-immobilized amine modified polyacrylamide/bentonite composite （HA-Am-PAA-B） was prepared and used as an adsorbent for the adsorption of cationic dyes （Malachite Green （MG）, Methylene Blue （MB） and Crystal Violet （CV）） from aqueous solutions. The polyacrylamide/bentonite composite （PAA-B） was prepared by intercalative polymerization of acrylamide with Nabentonite in the presence of N,N＇-methylenebisacrylamide as a crosslinking agent and hexamethylenediammine as propagater. PAA-B was subsequently treated with ethylenediammine to increase its loading capacity for HA. The surface characterizations of the adsorbent were investigated. The adsorbent behaved like a cation exchanger and more than 99.0% removal of dyes was detected at pH range 6.0-8.0. The capacity of HA-Am-PAA-B was found to decrease in the following order： MG〉MB〉CV. The kinetic and isotherm data were interpreted by pseudo-second order rate equation and Freundlich isotherm model, respectively. Experiments were carried out using binary solute systems to assess the competitive adsorption phenomenon. The experimental isotherm data for each binary solute combination of MG, MB and CV were analyzed using Sheindrof-Rebhun-Sheintuch （SRS） （multicomponent Freundlich type） equation.

Study on the influence of humic acid of different molecular weight on basic ion exchange resin's adsorption capacity

In this paper, humic acid （HA） was ultra-filtered into different molecular weight sections and was characterized by multielement analysis, UV254/TOC, FT-IR and three-dimensional fluorescence spectrometric. Since humic acids of different molecular weights have different hydrophilic and molecular size, the maximum adsorption capacity of basic ion exchange resins appears on the humic acid whose molecular weight ranges from 6000 to 10,000 Da.

Characteristics of isothermal adsorption and desorption of aluminum ion to/from humic acids

The adsorption and desorption characteristics of Al^3＋ to/from humic acids at different pH, ionic strength, and temperature were studied by the C-25 glucosan-gel chromatography method. The results showed that the maximum adsorption amount （Qmax） and adsorption constant （k） increased, whereas, the absolute value of standard thermodynamic molar free energy change （ΔGm^0） decreased with the increase of pH at constant ionic strength and temperature. With ionic strength increasing from 0 to 0.15 mol/L, Qmax, and k increased and the absolute value of ΔGm^0 decreased at constant pH and temperature. High temperature was unfavorable for the adsorption reaction, as indicated by the dramatic decrease of Qmax and the absolute value of ΔGm^0 with an increase in temperature. The standard thermodynamic molar free energy change （ΔGm^0） and the standard thermodynamic enthalpy change （ΔHm^0） of the adsorption reaction were both negative, suggesting that adsorption reaction was spontaneous and exothermic. The desorption rate of HA-Al^3＋ complex accelerated with the decrease of pH, and a significant linear relationship could be obtained between pH and the desorption rates of Al^3＋ from humic acids. These results demonstrated that the Al^3＋ adsorption reaction was a ＂biphase＂ reaction, and adsorption occurred at both the interior and exterior adsorption sites of humic acids.

Adsorption and desorption of Cd in reclaimed soil under the influence of humic acid:characteristics and mechanisms

Exogenous humus can change the content and migration activity of cadmium(Cd)in soil.Humic acid(HA)is an important soluble humus component in soil.In order to explore the relationship between cadmium pollution mechanism and ecological environment of humic acid in reclaimed soil,the characteristics of humic acid adsorbing cadmium in alkaline conditions were studied.This study employed reclaimed soil from the Huainan mining area,China.The adsorption and desorption characteristics as well as influence mechanisms on the heavy metal cadmium(Cd)were explored under the influence of HA.The results show that:(1)When Cd concentration was low(0.2–10 mg/L),HA had little effect on Cd adsorption and desorption in reclaimed soil.When the Cd concentration was high(15–80 mg/L),HA had a great influence on the adsorption and desorption of Cd in reclaimed soil.The addition of HA can inhibit the adsorption of Cd by reclaimed soil and effectively improve the desorption capacity of Cd by reclaimed soil.(2)The kinetic curves of Cd adsorption and desorption of reclaimed soil with added HA show that both processes(adsorption and desorption)include two stages:rapid reaction and slow reaction.The adsorption of Cd by reclaimed soil under the influence of HA was 18.18%lower than that of normal reclaimed soil,and the increase of Cd desorption was 50.29%.(3)The factors affecting the adsorption and desorption of Cd in the soil were analyzed with gray theory,and their importance can be ordered as follows:Cd concentration>HA concentration>pH>temperature.Considering the influence of HA,a multi-factor coupling function model of adsorption and desorption of Cd in soil is established.This model provides theoretical guidance for the scientific prediction and evaluation of Cd environmental pollution risks in soil and will be useful for developing a new solution for engineering remediation of high concentration Cd contaminated soil.

Interaction between uranium and humic acid(Ⅰ):Adsorption behaviors of U(Ⅵ) in soil humic acids

The adsorption behaviors of uranium on three soil humic acids (HAs), which were extracted from soils of different depths at the same site, were investigated under various experimental conditions. The adsorption results showed that U(Ⅵ) in solutions can be adsorbed by the three soil HAs, with the order of FHA (HA from 5 m depth of soil) >SHA (HA from the surface) >THA (HA from 10 m depth of soil) for adsorption efficiency in each desirable condition, and the adsorption reached equilibrium in about 240 min. Although the maximum adsorption efficiency was achieved at a suitable uranium concentration (10 mg·L-1 U(Ⅵ) for SHA and THA, 20 mg·L-1 U(Ⅵ) for FHA), the adsorption could be described with Langmiur isotherm or Freundlich isotherm equation. The L/S (liquid/solid, mL/g) ratio and pH were important factors influencing the adsorption in our adsorption system besides uranium concentration. The adsorption efficiency decreased with the increase of the L/S ratio and pH at the pH range of 2.0-3.0 for SHA and THA or 2.5-6.0 for FHA. However, no significant difference in adsorption of U(Ⅵ) was observed at the experimental temperature. All the results implied that humic substances have different characteristics in samples even collected at the same site.

Adsorption of Phthalic Acid Esters by Humic Acid and Its Research Progress

Humic acid is rich in highly electronegative oxygen-containing organic functional groups,so it has high reactivity and can adsorb phthalic acid ester(PAEs)in the environment to reduce the risk of environmental pollution from PAEs.In this paper,the extraction,characterization and adsorption models of humic acid were reviewed,and the research status of adsorption of PAEs by humic acid was further summarized.Based on these,the feasibility and observable application prospect of humic acid as a cheap adsorbent were analyzed.

Preparation and adsorption behavior for metal ions and humic acid of chitosan derivatives crosslinked by irradiation

Th/s article deals with the determination of the adsorption properties of metal ions and humic acid in wa- ter on crosslinked chitosan derivatives (carboxymethylchitosan) which were formed using the irradiation technique without any additives.The solubility test of these crosslinked materials were investigated in acidic,alkaline media, distilled water,and certain organic solvents.Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images showed that the crosslinked chitosan derivatives possessed a porous morphological structure.Charged characteristic analyses demon- strated typically pH-dependent properties of the crosslinked materials.The adsorption studies were carried out by the batch method at room temperature.Adsorption of heavy metal ions (such as Cu^(2+),Cd^(2+)) and humic acid onto crosslinked samples was found to be strongly pH-dependent.Adsorption kinetic studies indicated the rapid removal of metal ions,and humic acid from the aqueous solutions.Moreover,isothermal adsorption data revealed that Cu^(2+),Cd^(2+), and humic acid were removed by these crosslinked materials with high efficiency.Adsorption isothermal data were interpreted well by the Langmuir equation.These crosslinked carboxymethylated chitosan derivatives indicate favor- able adsorption of metal ions and humic acid.

Adsorption of Cu(Ⅱ) on humic acids derived from different organic materials

The adsorption of Cu（Ⅱ） from aqueous solution onto humic acid （HA） which was isolated from cattle manure （CHA）, peat （PHA）, and leaf litter （LHA） as a function of contact time, pH, ion strength, and initial concentration was studied using the batch method. X-ray absorption spectroscopy （XAS） was used to examine the coordination environment of the Cu（ll） adsorbed by HA at a molecular level. Moreover, the chemical compositions of the isolated HA were characterized by elemental analysis and solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy （NMR）. The kinetic data showed that the adsorption equilibrium can be achieved within 8 h. The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order equation. The adsorption isotherms could be well fitted by the Langmuir model, and the maximum adsorption capacities of Cu（ll） on CHA, PHA, and LHA were 229.4,210.4, and 197.7 mg g-1, respectively. The adsorption of Cu（Ⅱ） on HA increased with the increase in pH from 2 to 7, and maintained a high level at pH〉7. The adsorption of Cu（Ⅱ） was also strongly influenced by the low ionic strength of 0.01 to 0.2 mol L-1 NaNO3, but was weakly influenced by high ionic strength of 0.4 to 1 mol L-1 NaNO3. The Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption on HA may be mainly attributed to ion exchange and surface complexation. XAS results revealed that the binding site and oxidation state of Cu adsorbed on HA surface did not change at the initial Cu（Ⅱ） concentrations of 15 to 40 mg L 1. For all the Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption samples, each Cu atom was surrounded by 40/N atoms at a bond distance of 1.95 A in the first coordination shell. The presence of the higher Cu coordination shells proved that Cu（Ⅱ） was adsorbed via an inner-sphere covalent bond onto the HA surface. Among the three HA samples, the adsorption capacity and affinity of CHA for Cu（Ⅱ） was the greatest, followed by that of PHA and LHA. All the three HA samples exhibited similar types of elemental and functional groups, but different contents of elemental and functional groups. CHA contained larger proportions of methoxyl C, phenolic C and carbonyl C, and smaller proportions of alkyl C and carbohydrate C than PHA and LHA. The structural differences of the three HA samples are responsible for their distinct adsorption capacity and affinity toward Cu（Ⅱ）. These results are important to achieve better understanding of the behavior of Cu（Ⅱ） in soil and water bodies in the presence of organic materials.

Adsorption of chloroacetanilide herbicides on soil and its components III. Influence of clay acidity, humic acid coating and herbicide structure on acetanilide herbicide adsorption on homoionic clays

Adsorption of chloroacetanilide herbicides on homoionic montmorillonite, soil humic acid, and their mixtures was studied by coupling batch equilibration and FT IR analysis. Adsorption isotherms of acetochlor, alachlor, metolachlor and propachlor on Ca 2+ \|, Mg 2+ \|, Al 3+ \| and Fe 3+ \| saturated clays were well described by the Freundlich equation. Regardless of the type of exchange cations, K f decreased in the order of metolachlor > acetolachlor > alachlor > propachlor on the same clay. FT IR spectra showed that the carbonyl group of the herbicide molecule was involved in binding, probably via H bond with water molecules in the clay interlayer. The type and position of substitutions around the carbonyl group may have affected the electronegativity of oxygen, thus influencing the relative adsorption of these herbicides. For the same herbicide, adsorption on clay increased in the order of Mg 2+ <Ca 2+ <Al 3+ ≤Fe 3+ which coincided with the increasing acidity of homoionic clays. Acidity of cations may have affected the protonation of water, and thus the strength of H bond between the clay water and herbicide. Complexation of clay and humic acid resulted in less adsorption than that expected from independent adsorption by the individual constituents. The effect varied with herbicides, but the greatest decrease in adsorption occurred at a 60:40 clay to humic acid ratio for all the herbicides. Causes for the decreased adsorption need to be characterized to better understand adsorption mechanisms and predict adsorption from soil compositions.

Adsorption kinetics,isotherm,and thermodynamic studies of adsorption of pollutant from aqueous solutions onto humic acid

In the present study,humic acid was used as an adsorbent for the investigation of the adsorption kinetics,isotherms,and thermo-dynamic parameters of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution at varying pH,temperatures,and concentrations.Adsorption isotherms and equilibrium adsorption capacities were determined by the fittings of the experimental data to three well-known iso-therm models:Langmuir,Freundlich,and Redlich-Peterson.The results showed that the Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson models appear to fit the adsorption better than did the Freundlich adsorption model for the adsorption of chromium onto humic acid.The equilibrium constants were used to calculate thermodynamic parameters such as the change of free energy,enthalpy,and entropy.The derived adsorption constants (logaL) and their temperature dependencies from Langmuir isotherm have been used to calculate the corresponding thermodynamic quantities such as the free energy of adsorption,heat,and entropy of adsorption.The thermo-dynamic data indicate that Cr (VI) adsorption onto humic acid is entropically driven and characterized by physical adsorption.

Adsorption of lignite humic acid onto magnetite particle surface

Modified humic acid (MHA) binder based on lignite humic substances is a novel sort of promising organic binder for iron ore pellets.Humic acid (HA) is one of the main ingredients of MHA binder.Pure HA was firstly isolated from lignite and then adsorption of HA onto magnetite particle surface was investigated.The final results indicate that the adsorption of HA onto magnetite surface accords with Langmuir model well,and it is evidently influenced by the initial HA concentration and solution pH value.Adsorption depends on chemical interaction at pH values above the PZC (the pH where the Zeta potentials of minerals are zero) of magnetite,while electrostatic attraction and chemical interaction both contribute to the adsorption at pH values below the PZC.

Comparative Performance and Computational Approach of Humic Acid Removal by Clay Adsorption

The effective removal of humic acid is an important factor influencing the quality of treated waters. Adsorption is one of major techniques used for the removal of humic acid. This study demonstrated that modified clays could be used as alternatives to activated carbons for adsorbing humic acid. Both Al-Fe modified and Fe modified clays had high affinity to humic acid and then high removal efficiency. Al-modified clay had less removal capacity for adsorbing humic acid. Mathematics formulas were developed to predict the adsorption performance of modified clays for the humic acid removal via the parameters of UV254 absorbance and DOC concentrations. The optimal clay dose could be predicted using the developed model. The F test was used to validate the model developed by examining if it fells into the reject field. The reject field varied according to each F test. The results showed that the model developed was 99% confident and can be used to perform the simulation.

Adsorption-desorption behavior of acetochlor to soils in the presence of some environmental substances

The behavior of herbicide acetochlor adsorption desorption to soil in the presence of humic acid (HA), anionic surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), cationic surfactant hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (HDAB) and NH 4NO 3 as a chemical fertilizer was studied. Observed acetochlor adsorption isotherm were well described using Freundlich isotherm equation, from which the desorption isotherm equation has been deduced. The deduced equation can more directly describe acetochlor desorption process. The results showed that the enhance of acetochlor adsorption capacity by solid HA was greater than by soluble HA. The presence of NH 4NO 3 can slightly enhance acetochlor adsorption to soil by comparison with that measured in NH 4NO 3 free solution. In soil water system, surfactant acetochlor interaction is very complex, and the surfactant adsorptions as well as acetochlor adsorption need to be considered. When acetochlor soil suspensions contained lower concentration SDBS or HDAB (40 mg/L), K f for acetochlor adsorption was decreased in comparison to that measured in SDBS or HDAB free solution. When acetochlor soil suspensions contained higher concentration SDBS or HDAB (corresponding 1400 mg/L or 200 mg/L), K f for acetochlor adsorption was increased in comparison to that measured in SDBS or HDAB free solution.

Fractal analysis of polyferric chloride-humic acid(PFC-HA) flocs in different topological spaces

The fractal dimensions in different topological spaces of polyferric chloride-humic acid （PFC-HA） flocs, formed in flocculating different kinds of humic acids （HA） water at different initial pH （9.0, 7.0, 5.0） and PFC dosages, were calculated by effective densitymaximum diameter, image analysis, and N2 absorption-desorption methods, respectively. The mass fractal dimensions （De） of PFC-HA floes were calculated by bi-logarithm relation of effective density with maximum diameter and Logan empirical equation. The Df value was more than 2.0 at initial pH of 7,0, which was 11% and 13% higher than those at pH 9.0 and 5.0, respecively, indicating the most compact flocs formed in flocculated HA water at initial pH of 7.0. The image analysis for those flocs indicates that after flocculating the HA water at initial pH greater than 7.0 with PFC flocculant, the fractal dimensions of D2 （logA vs. logdL） and D3 （logVsphere vs. logdL） of PFC-HA floes decreased with the increase of PFC dosages, and PFC-HA floes showed a gradually looser structure. At the optimum dosage of PFC, the D2 （logA vs. logdL） values of the flocs show 14%-43% difference with their corresponding Dr, and they even had different tendency with the change of initial pH values. However, the D2 values of the floes formed at three different initial pH in HA solution had a same tendency with the corresponding Df. Based on fractal Frenkel-Halsey-HiU （FHH） adsorption and desorption equations, the pore surface fractal dimensions （Ds） for dried powders of PFC-HA flocs formed in HA water with initial pH 9.0 and 7.0 were all close to 2.9421, and the Ds values of flocs formed at initial pH 5.0 were less than 2.3746. It indicated that the pore surface fractal dimensions of PFC-HA floes dried powder mainly show the irregularity from the mesopore-size distribution and marcopore-size distribution.

Hydrous manganese dioxide adsorbing humic acid： controlling trihalomethane formation

Effectiveness of hydrous manganese dioxide （δMnO2） adsorbing humic acid under different conditions and its subsequent effects on trihalomethane （THMs） formation have been studied. Humicacid removal increases with higher pH and residual TOC decreases from 3.63 mg/L to 1.68 mg/L with pH increasing from 5.5 to 8.5 at 3.0 mg/L δMnO2; δMnO2 exhibits good potential of removing humic acid and the adsorbing potential as high as 1 mg TOC/mg δMnO2 is achieved; the fractional reduction of humic acid with higher molecular weight is about 30% higher than that with lower molecular weight. δMnO2 adsorption obviously reduces subsequent THMs formation; more significant THMs formation reduction is observed for humic acid with higher molecular weight. δMnO2 adsorption is an important factor that contributes to humic acid removal and THMs formation reduction in permanganate pre-oxidation process.

Adsorptive removal of tetracycline from water using Fe(Ⅲ)-functionalized carbonized humic acid

Humic acid(HA)was carbonized at 300,400 and 500℃ and then functionalized with 1 wt%–12 wt%Fe(Ⅲ)respectively[CHA300/400/500-Fe(Ⅲ)].Adsorption of such Fe(III)-functionalized carbonized HA as adsorbents to aqueous tetracycline(TC:25 mg·L^-1)was studied.The adsorption equilibrium time for CHA400-Fe(Ⅲ)to TC was 6 h faster and the adsorption removal efficiency(Re)was two times higher than that of HA/CHA.The adsorption Reof CHA400-Fe(Ⅲ)loaded 10%iron[CHA400-(10%)Fe(Ⅲ)]to TC could reach 99.8%at 8 h and still kept80.6%after 8 cycles.The adsorption kinetics were well fitted to the pseudo-second-order equation and the adsorption isotherms could be well delineated via Langmuir equations(R^2N 0.99),indicating that the homogeneous chemical adsorption of TC occurred on the adsorbents.The main adsorption mechanisms of TC were complexation Fe(III)and hydrophobic distribution.Electropositive and electronegative repulsion between TC and CHA400-(10%)Fe(Ⅲ)at lowly p H(2)and highly p H(8–10)respectively,leaded to the relatively low adsorption capacity and more notable influence of ion concentration.When the p H was between 4 and 8,TC mainly existed in neutral molecules(TCH2),so the influence of ion concentration was not obvious.The dynamic adsorption results showed that the CHA400-(10%)Fe(Ⅲ)could continuously treat about 2.4 L TC(27 mg·L^-1)wastewater with the effluent concentration as low as 0.068 mg·L^-1.Our study suggested a broad application prospect of a new,effective,lowcost and environment-friendly adsorbent CHA400-(10%)Fe(Ⅲ)for treatment of low-concentration TC polluted wastewater.

Effects of different conditions on Pb^(2+) adsorption from soil by irrigation of sewage in South China

Pb2＋ adsorption onto a soil by irrigation of sewage in the Pearl River Delta of South China was examined as a function of the reaction time, solution pH, initial lead concentration, organic matter （humic acid） and competitive ions （Cu2＋）. The adsorption of Pb2＋ onto the soil was investigated on batch equilibrium adsorption experiments. Results show that the Pb2＋ adsorption on the soil is relatively rapid in the first 30 min and reaches equilibrium at 2 h, and the kinetics of the adsorption process on the soil is well characterized by the pseudo-second order reaction rate. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isothermal models are fit for the adsorption of Pb2＋ onto the soil, and the maximum amount of Pb2＋ adsorption （Qm） is 7.47 mg/g. The amount of Pb2＋ adsorption increases with increasing the pH at the range of 1.2-4.5 and reaches a plateau at the range of 4.5-12. The presence of humic acid in soil decreases the adsorption of Pb2＋ onto the soil at solution pH of 8 since the negatively charged humic acid with Pb2＋ is difficult to be adsorbed on the negatively charged soil surface. The adsorption of Pb2＋ onto the soil also decreases in the presence of Cu2＋ due to file competition adsorption between Pb2＋ and Cu2＋.

Kinetics of 2,4-dichlorophenol dechlorination by Pd-Fe bimetallic nanoparticles in the presence of humic acid

The remediation of groundwater which contains chlorinated organic compounds (COCs) by nanoscale bimetallic catalysts has received increasing interest in recent years. This report presents the dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) by Pd-Fe bimetallic nanoparticles in the presence of humic acid (HA) to investigate the feasibility of using Pd-Fe for the in situ remediation of contaminated groundwater. Our experimental results indicated that HA had an adverse effect on the dechlorination of 2,4-DCP by Pd-Fe nanoparticles. The rate constant k values of 2,4-DCP dechlorination were 0.017, 0.013, 0.009, 0.006 and 0.004 min?1 for HA concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/L, respectively. The relationship between HA dosage and k values can be described as a linear model.

Adsorption of Cu^(2+)by Crosslinked Graft Copolymers of Starch

With the use of acrylic acid(AA)as a monomer,humic acid(HA)and starch as raw materials,potassium persulfate(KPS)as initiator,and N,Ndimethylacrylamide(MBA)as a cross-linking agent,AA/HA/Starch graft copolymer was prepared and characterized by SEM and FT-IR.The effects of temperature,adsorption time,adsorbent dosage,pH value and Cu^(2+)initial concentration of the solution on the adsorption performance of the crosslinked graft copolymer were also investigated.The results showed that the Cu^(2+)adsorption capacity of the AA/HA/Starch graft copolymer increased firstly and then decreased with increasing adsorbent dosage and the initial pH value of Cu^(2+)solution.With the increase of Cu^(2+)initial concentration and the extension of adsorption time,the adsorption amount of Cu^(2+)increased rapidly and then stabilized.And it decreased slightly with the increase of temperature.At pH value of 5.5,temperature of 298 K,adsorbent dosage of 50 mg,adsorption time of 125 min,and 100 mL Cu^(2+)solution with Cu^(2+)initial concentration of 100 mg/L,the Cu^(2+)adsorption capacity of the crosslinked graft copolymer was 238 mg/g.The adsorption of Cu^(2+)by the adsorbent followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation and Langmuir isothermal adsorption model,and the adsorption was attached to monolayer chemical adsorption.This study proved that AA/HA/Starch graft copolymer could be used as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of harmful and toxic metal cations such as Cu^(2+)from industrial wastewater.

HA@Fe_(3)O_(4)修饰阳极增强微生物燃料电池降解类固醇雌激素

利用腐植酸(HA)与具有较强电容性的纳米Fe_(3)O_(4)颗粒形成的金属化合物(HA@Fe_(3)O_(4))修饰微生物燃料电池(MFC)阳极,探究含有以17α-乙炔基雌二醇(EE2)为代表性类固醇雌激素(SEs)的模拟废水在MFC阳极的降解特性,并对EE2降解过程中MFC的产电特性进行了表征。电化学交流阻抗测试结果表明,与不存在HA@Fe_(3)O_(4)的MFC相比,存在HA@Fe_(3)O_(4)的MFC的欧姆阻抗降低了79.58%,电荷转移阻抗降低了89.60%。循环伏安扫描结果显示,HA@Fe_(3)O_(4)的存在显著增加了阳极板的电容。HA@Fe_(3)O_(4)修饰阳极后MFC最大功率密度可达537.37 mW/m~2。HA@Fe_(3)O_(4)修饰的阳极可显著提高MFC对EE2的去除率,EE2在低浓度下(≤5.0μmol/L)可以介导电子转移,提高MFC的产电性能,进而提高MFC去除EE2的能力,但高浓度(5.0~10.0μmol/L)时会抑制微生物的活性并降低MFC产电效率。