Interactions between Vegetation and Climatic Factors in Typical Arid and Humid Regions of China Based on NDVI

According to the distribution of arid and humid regions in China,the typical arid region (Erjina),the typical semi-arid/semi-humid region (Guanzhong basin/Loess Plateau) and the typical humid region (Poyang Lake basin) were selected as the study areas.Based on NDVI data from 1982 to 2000 and meteorological observing data of three study areas from 1981 to 2000,the interactions between vegetation NDVI and climatic factors (temperature and precipitation) in typical arid and humid regions were discussed in this study.The results showed that in the responses of vegetation to climatic factors,vegetation in the typical arid region (Erjina) was more sensitive to precipitation,while vegetation in the typical semi-arid/semi-humid region (Guanzhong basin/Loess Plateau) was more sensitive to both temperature and precipitation,and vegetation in the typical humid region (Poyang Lake basin) was more sensitive to temperature.As for effects of vegetation on climatic factors,there was a remarkable negative correlation between vegetation NDVI in the past winter and temperature in the present summer,and also a significant positive correlation between vegetation NDVI in the past winter and precipitation in the present summer.However,in the typical semi-arid/semi-humid region (Guanzhong basin/Loess Plateau),there was a significant positive correlation between vegetation NDVI in the present spring and temperature in the present summer.

Evapotranspiration and humidity variations in response to land cover conversions in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region

A new land cover classification system was established for the Three Gorges Reservoir Region(TGRR) after considering the continuity of inundation and the natural characteristics of land cover. The potential evapotranspiration(PET) was predicted using a modified Penman-Monteith(P-M) model. The region's ratio of precipitation to evapotranspiration was calculated as the humidity index(HI). The data obtained was used to analyze climatic responses to land cover conversions from the perspectives of evapotranspiration and humidity variations. The results show that, from 1997 to 2009, the average annual PET increased in the early years and decreased later. In terms of overall spatial distribution, a significant reciprocal relationship appeared between annual PET and annual HI. In 1997,the annual PET was higher in the lower reaches than in the upper reaches of the TGRR, but the areas with high PET shifted substantially westward by 2003. The annual PET continued to increase in 2006, but the areas with high PET shrank by 2009. In contrast, the annual HI showed varying degrees of localized spatial variability. Over the three periods, the dominantforms of land cover conversions occurred from evergreen cover to seasonal green cover, from seasonal green cover to evergreen cover, and from seasonal green cover to seasonally inundated areas, respectively. These accounted for 48.0%, 38.4%, and 23.8% of the total areas of converted land covers in the three periods, respectively. During the period between 1997 and 2003, the main forms of land cover conversions resulted in both positive and negative growths in the average annual PET, while all of them pushed down the average annual HI. From 2003 to 2006, the reservoir region experienced neither a decrease in the annual PET nor an increase in the annual HI. The period between 2006 and 2009 saw a consistent downward trend in the annual PET and a consistent upward trend in the annual HI.

Spatial-temporal characteristics and influencing factors of relative humidity in arid region of Northwest China during 1966–2017

Playing an important role in global warming and plant growth,relative humidity(RH)has profound impacts on production and living,and can be used as an integrated indicator for evaluating the wet-dry conditions in the arid and semi-arid area.However,information on the spatial-temporal variation and the influencing factors of RH in these regions is still limited.This study attempted to use daily meteorological data during 1966–2017 to reveal the spatial-temporal characteristics of RH in the arid region of Northwest China through rotated empirical orthogonal function and statistical analysis method,and the path analysis was used to clarify the impact of temperature(T),precipitation(P),actual evapotranspiration(ETa),wind speed(W)and sunshine duration(S)on RH.The results demonstrated that climatic conditions in North Xinjiang(NXJ)was more humid than those in Hexi Corridor(HXC)and South Xinjiang(SXJ).RH had a less significant downtrend in NXJ than that in HXC,but an increasingly rising trend was observed in SXJ during the last five decades,implying that HXC and NXJ were under the process of droughts,while SXJ was getting wetter.There was a turning point for the trend of RH in Xinjiang,which occurred in 2000.Path analysis indicated that RH was negatively correlated to T,ETa,W and S,but it increased with increase of P.S,T and W had the greatest direct effects on RH in HXC,NXJ and SXJ,respectively.ETa was the factor which had the greatest indirect effect on RH in HXC and NXJ,while T was the dominant factor in SXJ.

THE DISTRIBUTION REGION AND THE DISTRIBUTIVE TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY THRESHOLD OF OSIER WEEVIL IN CHINA

A distribution map of osier weevil (Crytorrynchus lapathi L.) was drown up based on widely collecting information and field survey. The results showed that Osier weevil has a widespread in China, stretching from 33°21' to 51°42' N latitude and 83°00' to 132°58' E longitude, and distributes in forms of big or small patches or sports uncontinously. According to the analysis of meteorological data, the temperature and humidity threshold for osier weevil's distribution were determined by methods of PCA (Principle Component Analysis) and RA(Relativity Analysis): January temperature is -30~ 0℃. Annual temperature -4~13℃, Annual precipitation from 411~ 1,136 min.The areas with January temperature under 0℃, annual temperature above 0℃ and annual precipitation of 400~ 800 mm are the optimum distributing places for osier weevil in China.

Application of natural ventilation of residential buildings in hot-humid regions

The current ventilation condition of the hot and humid regions was analyzed through on-site investigation. It is found that residents in this region expect to improve indoor thermal environment through natural ventilation as much as possible. Then,it comes to a conclusion by the field test that natural ventilation has certain practical effect on improving indoor thermal environment. CFD simulation software is employed to verify the test result. Based on PMV modified model,and according to norms,geography and climate combined with the measured and simulated results,the application of the time and effectiveness of natural ventilation in hot and humid region were analyzed,to some extent,providing a basis for reducing the air-conditioner's runtime with natural ventilation.

严寒地区某高校体育馆室内热环境研究

采用现场测量和问卷调查的方法对严寒地区某高校体育馆比赛场地及观众席的室内热环境进行了研究。通过测量体育馆室内空气的温度、相对湿度、CO_(2)含量等,对数据进行整理分析,得到体育馆温度在21℃~23℃高于标准值;供暖前后甲醛含量、TVOC含量和CO_(2)浓度均符合标准;昼间平均噪声为53 dB,小于55 dB(国家规范);40%的被调查人员认为体育馆较暖;适当的通风能有效改善室内热环境和提高人体热舒适性。通过计算PMV,PPD,按照国家规范分析体育馆室内热环境舒适度,为严寒地区体育馆室内热湿环境的改进提供参考依据。

Quantitative Analysis of the Outdoor Thermal Comfort in the Hot and Humid Summertime of Shenzhen, China

Outdoor thermal comfort has always been a major issue due to its irreplaceable role in maintaining good health and energy use. Thus,quantitative analysis of outdoor thermal comfort and discussions on influential factors seem very necessary to achieve the climate-conscious urban design. Therefore,an outdoor thermal comfort questionnaire survey and the simultaneous field measurement were conducted in six different places during the hot and humid summertime in Shenzhen. The results show that the overall weather conditions during the investigation can be expressed with high temperature and high humidity with strong solar radiation. The micro-meteorological parameters of six test sites vary greatly due to their different regional spatial layouts.Moderate range of air temperature( Ta) is between 28 to 30 ℃ while that of relative humidity( RH) mainly concentrates in 60%-70% with the thermal sensation votes. The main influential factors impacting outdoor thermal comfort are obtained and Tahas the greatest effect. The overall thermal comfortable ranges in Shenzhen are expressed by the range of 28. 14-32. 83 ℃ of PET and 24. 74-30. 45 ℃ of SET*. With the correlation analysis between the characteristic parameters of regional spatial layout and thermal climate and thermal comfort,it reveals that increasing the coverage ratio of water and green space( S) helps lower Taand increase RH. The global solar radiation( G) has a significant negative correlation with the height of buildings( H) and a positive correlation with sky view factor( SVF). Overall,reasonable configuration of the regional spatial layout contributes to providing a thermal comfortable environment.

基于野外观测实验的中国东部湿润区降雨入渗模拟分析——以宁波画龙溪流域为例

本文以中国东部湿润区典型小流域浙江宁波画龙溪为例,将野外原位定点观测与模型模拟分析相结合,建立了HYDRUS-1D土壤水模拟模型,选取2016年9月29日、2016年10月7日典型降雨事件分别对模型进行率定和验证,并对2016―2020年不同降雨强度下不同土地利用类型的场次土壤水分入渗开展了观测与模拟,以揭示中国东部湿润区不同土地利用类型下的降雨-入渗规律。结果表明:(1)从土壤水分变化过程模拟来看,HYDRUS-1D模型模拟土壤水分动态变化特征具有较高的精度,90%模拟结果的纳什效率系数达到0.80以上。(2)在同等降雨强度下,4种土地利用类型土壤下渗量从大到小依次为农田、杨梅林、坡耕地、竹林。下渗率受降雨量及降雨强度影响较大,不同土地利用下土壤下渗量随着降雨强度增强而显著增加。(3)土壤下渗量同时也受到降雨历时与前期降雨情况深刻影响。当降雨强度从小雨逐级增加到大暴雨,各土地利用类型下渗量略微增加,但增加量均小于5%。对于历时短、强度高的极端降雨事件,降雨强度超过了下渗强度,形成超渗产流,将出现降雨量大但下渗量反而小的现象。本研究成果可为中国东部湿润区农业生产、三水转化规律等提供理论参考。

甘肃省植被时空动态变化及其归因分析

甘肃省作为中国西部生态安全屏障的重要组成部分,其植被覆盖变化直接关系中国西部的生态安全。采用2000-2020年植被覆盖度(FVC)数据,并从自然和人文影响方面选取16个影响因子,涵盖气候、地形地貌、土壤、人类活动,利用趋势分析法、地理探测器模型和偏最小二乘结构方程建模(PLS-SEM),从甘肃省不同干湿区、不同时间节点的角度探究其植被覆盖的变化特征及驱动力。结果表明,1)2000-2020年,甘肃省FVC整体持续改善,高植被覆盖度显著增加,其中陇东高原、陇中高原和疏勒河南部地区改善最为明显。2)不同干湿区的植被覆盖变化差异显著。干旱和半干旱区植被改善较慢,受降水量波动和土地利用方式影响大;而半湿润和湿润区植被改善明显,得益于良好的气候条件、生态工程的推动以及土壤有机碳含量的增加。3)降水和土地利用对FVC解释力最大,“退耕还林工程”对FVC的增加起到积极作用,但不合理的土地利用和城市化等也引起植被退化。随着时间推移,气候对FVC的影响一直在积极增加,不合理人类活动对FVC的负面影响相对稳定且较大,部分抵消了退耕还林的正面效果。此外,土壤有机碳含量对FVC的影响显著下降,且间接受到气候的正向影响。4)利用PLS-SEM模型,可有效分离自然与人为因素对植被覆盖的驱动作用,也可探究因素间的作用强度与途径。该研究增强了对区域植被动态变化规律的理解,也为生态恢复和环境管理提供了科学支持。

基于水文模型的山东半岛典型流域产流模式探讨

为明晰山东半岛半湿润地区流域产流模式,以龙角山水库流域为例,利用28场洪水资料,以新安江模型和垂向混合产流模型作为蓄满产流和混合产流的代表,探讨半湿润地区流域产流模式。结果表明:(1)垂向混合产流模型的洪峰流量、峰现时间和径流深三个预报项目的平均合格率,在率定期和验证期分别为81.7%和91.7%,达到甲级精度,且模拟结果地面径流与壤中流占比大,对洪峰过程的模拟吻合度高。(2)新安江模型所有预报项目的平均合格率,在率定期和验证期分别为73.3%和83.3%,达到乙级精度,其模拟结果地下径流占比大,对退水过程模拟吻合度高。本研究确定了混合产流模式在龙角山水库流域的适用性要优于蓄满产流模式,对明晰山东半岛半湿润地区产流规律具有促进作用。

2020年1月哈尔滨PM_(2.5)重污染形成机制

分析2020年1月哈尔滨重污染事件期间PM_(2.5)的化学组成和影响因素,采用后向轨迹聚类和权重潜在源贡献因子法定量评估区域传输对PM_(2.5)的贡献,讨论该重污染事件的形成机制。结果表明:PM_(2.5)重污染事件主要来源于一次排放,其中生物质燃烧的贡献显著,而极低气温(-18.0℃)和高相对湿度(80.0%)条件可显著促进二次气溶胶的生成。基于气团后向轨迹以及权重潜在源贡献因子研究发现,绥化、大庆、长春和松原等周边城市的区域传输对哈尔滨空气质量的影响也不可忽视。

玉米膜下滴灌对农田土壤氧化还原电位的影响

为了研究滴灌条件下覆膜对土壤通气性的影响,于东北半湿润区开展了玉米田间试验,设置不覆膜+施肥(NM)、覆膜+施肥(PFM)、不覆膜+不施肥(CNM)和覆膜+不施肥(CPFM)共4个处理,对滴灌条件下土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)进行了观测和分析。结果表明:在小时尺度下,与不覆膜相比,覆膜可提高表层(0~10 cm)土壤氧化还原电位,表现为NM>PFM,差值为2.7~10.0 mV,提高了0.5%~2.0%。在耕作层(0~30 cm)内,覆膜措施对土壤氧化还原电位的分布均无明显影响,各处理土壤氧化还原电位的变化趋势一致,均随深度的增加而增大。覆膜与不覆膜条件下土壤氧化还原电位的生育期变化规律基本一致,随着生育期的发展逐渐降低。地膜覆盖可显著提高玉米生育前期耕作层的氧化还原电位,在拔节期和抽穗期,覆膜处理的Eh均明显高于不覆膜处理,差值为59.5~122.9 mV,提高了9.7%~22.8%。

严寒地区地铁站冬季热湿环境实测研究

地铁站是城市公共交通的重要组成部分,对市民出行质量和体验有着重要影响。以哈尔滨地铁2号线为代表,选取五个代表车站研究严寒地区冬季地铁站公共区域的热湿环境与热舒适性,采用现场实测和问卷调查的方法进行分析与评价,并基于HDR指标对哈尔滨地铁站各公共区域的热环境进行评估。研究表明地铁站公共区域的95%情况下符合对温湿度的要求,能够满足对地铁站的基本要求。根据投票结果得出,地铁站公共区域热环境与湿环境80%以上的乘客可以接受且HDR值在冬季规定舒适范围内,满足热舒适的要求。该研究可为严寒地区地铁站冬季通风运行提供理论参考,有利于营造良好的热湿环境。

严寒地区车站湿热环境耦合节能改造研究

在“双碳”目标下,针对乡村建筑节能发展不足的问题,文中以杜尔伯特烟筒屯车站为案例,探索了东北乡村建筑的节能改造策略。结合乡村环境、居民习惯及经济成本,通过增加保温层、增设被动式阳光间及优化室外环境等措施。通过绿建斯维尔软件模拟分析,结果显示改造后车站全年节能约35%,冬季室温提升10℃,有效提升了建筑能效与舒适度。为乡村建筑节能改造提供了实践参考,助力乡村绿色建筑发展。

1961—2020年新疆区域性强冷空气及寒潮时空分布特征

选用1961—2020年新疆99个气象站气温、降水观测日资料,通过相关分析、线性趋势分析等方法,分析了新疆全年区域性强冷空气和寒潮的特征,并应用降水资料对新疆全年强冷空气和寒潮过程的干湿状况进行了识别。结果表明:(1)新疆区域性强冷空气和寒潮频次均有减少的趋势,在21世纪10年代更为显著,这种减少主要体现在秋季强冷空气与秋季寒潮频次的减少;(2)新疆寒潮在冬季3个月的发生频次较为接近;春季与秋季寒潮在11月最多,3月和4月次之;超强寒潮时间主要集中在冬季的12月和1月,强寒潮发生的频率则在2月最高;(3)新疆寒潮过程最低气温有所上升,降温幅度有所减小;过程平均降水量以及最大降水量自20世纪90年代以来较之前明显增加;新疆冬季区域性寒潮的降温幅度比春秋季区域性寒潮过程高1℃左右;(4)寒潮过程中最低气温和降水量最大中心基本出现在阿尔泰山及天山山区。新疆春秋季寒潮多为正常或干过程;冬季寒潮过程有76.4%为正常偏干,较湿和湿过程有85.7%集中在20世纪90年代以来。对寒潮过程干湿状况进行初步识别,有助于更全面地认识新疆寒潮的气候新特征,为防灾减灾服务;(5)冬季北疆及天山大多数站点是72 h达到寒潮标准,而南疆则更多是在24 h达到寒潮标准。

基于Gash修正模型的野牡丹灌丛降雨截留模拟

冠层截留是森林降雨再分配过程的重要组成部分,其量化对研究生态系统的水分平衡和养分循环具有重要意义。近年来,许多研究运用不同方法来解释这一过程,并确定不同森林植被的适用模型,但对具有复杂结构的灌丛的冠层截留研究较少。通过实地观测收集气象、降雨组分等数据,分析野牡丹灌丛降雨组成特征,应用Gash修正模型进行冠层截留的模拟及验证,并进行模型敏感性分析。结果表明,Gash修正模型能够很好地模拟野牡丹灌丛对降雨的截留过程。测得穿透雨632.6 mm、茎干流118.2 mm,计算得冠层截留141.4 mm,分别占总降雨的70.9%、13.2%和15.8%。总降雨与穿透雨、茎干流均有显著的线性相关性,表明穿透雨、茎干流随总降雨的增加而增加,而用二次函数拟合总降雨与冠层截留效果较理想(R^(2)=0.71)。对数方程能较好地解释穿透雨率、茎干流率、冠层截留率与总降雨量的相互关系。穿透雨、茎干流和冠层截留模拟分别比实测值高3.6%、低10.6%和7.3%。从模型模拟的各组成部分来看,冠层截留蒸发量占截留总量的44.4%,是截留的主要去向。敏感性分析表明:冠层郁闭度c、树干持水能力St的变化对Gash修正模型模拟冠层截留的影响最显著,而其他参数变化对该模型影响不明显。研究为湿润区结构复杂的灌丛降雨再分配研究提供了思路,有助于量化灌丛生态系统对局地水资源的影响。

温湿效应下寒区水泥路面的破坏模式

为探究我国北方水泥路早期破坏原因,以黑龙江省在役期水泥路为对象,结合数值模拟手段分析环境荷载、轴型、轴重耦合作用下水泥路面的力学性能。结果表明:轴载-温湿度耦合下,水泥路表面最大拉应力急剧增长,约为轴载-路面自重下的14倍;随着轴重增加,板顶拉应力由非线性发展转为线性;多轮轴间的应力叠加作用导致水泥路表面最大拉应力不断增大,其中三轴双轮为单轴双轮的1.079倍,不同轮轴作用下的应力增长趋势均符合二段式模型;轴载-温湿耦合作用是水泥路出现面层-底层拉裂破坏的重要因素,超载及多轮轴间的应力叠加效应是板角出现破碎性破坏的主要原因;建立的二段式回归模型能较好地描述不同轴数、轴重下水泥路表面拉应力发展趋势。

二阴区紫叶莴笋新品种引进筛选试验

为提高永登县紫叶莴笋的产量和品质,提升商品价值,增加农民收入,2023年在永登县武胜驿镇旅顺村巍林农业生态科技开发有限公司生产基地开展紫叶莴笋新品种引进筛选试验,对引进的12个紫叶莴笋新品种进行田间观察记载及产量品质分析。结果表明,满地红莴苣一号和吉品红蒄2个莴笋品种在生理性状、产量品质及抗病性等方面优于其他参试品种,适宜在永登县武胜驿镇、民乐乡、坪城乡等高海拔二阴区推广种植。

Vegetation-Climate Relationship and Its Application in the Division of Vegetation Zone in China

Distribution of vegetation is closely coupled with climate; the climate controls distribution of vegetation and the vegetation type reflects regional climates. To reveal vegetation_climate relationships is the foundation for understanding the vegetation distribution and theoretically serving vegetation regionalization. Vegetation regionalization is a theoretical integration of vegetation studies and provides a base for physiogeographical regionalization as well as agriculture and forestry regionalization. Based on a brief historical overview on studies of vegetation_climate relationships and vegetation regionalization conducted in China, we review the principles, bases and major schemes of previous vegetation regionalization and discuss on several contentious boundaries of vegetation zones in the present paper. We proposed that, under the circumstances that the primary vegetation has been destroyed in most parts of China, the division of vegetation zones/regions should be based on the distribution of primary and its secondary vegetation types and climatic indices that delimit distribution of the vegetation types. This not only reveals the closed relationship between vegetation and climate, but also is feasible practically. Although there still are divergence of views on the name and their boundaries of the several vegetation zones, it is commonly accepted that there are eight major vegetation regions in China, i.e. cold temperate needleleaf forest region, temperate needleleaf and broadleaf mixed forest region, warm temperate deciduous broadleaf forest region, subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest region, tropical monsoon forest and rain forest region, temperate steppe region, temperate desert region, and Qinghai_Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau high_cold vegetation region. Analyzing characteristics of vegetation and climate of major vegetation boundaries, we suggested that: 1) Qinling Mountain_Huaihe River line is an important arid/humid climatic, but not a thermal climatic boundary, and thus can not also be regarded as the northern limit of the subtropical vegetation zone; 2) the northern limit of subtropical vegetation zone in China is along the northern coast of the Yangtze River, from Hangzhou Bay, via Taihu Lake, Xuancheng and Tongling in Anhui Province, through by southern slope of the Dabie Mountains, to Wuhan and its west, coinciding with a warmth index ( WI ) value of 130-140 ℃·month; 3) the tropical region is limited in a very small area in southeastern Hainan Island and southern edge of Taiwan Island; and 4) considering a significant difference in climates between the southern and northern parts of the warm temperate zone, we suggested that the warm temperate zone in China is divided into two vegetation regions, deciduous broadleaf woodland region and deciduous and evergreen broadleaf mixed forest region, the Qinling Mountain_Huaihe River line being as their boundary. We also claimed that the zonal vegetation in North China is deciduous broadleaf woodland. Finally, we emphasized the importance of dynamic vegetation regionalization linked to climate changes.

相对湿润度指数在农业干旱监测业务中的应用

该文介绍相对湿润度指数在逐日滚动的农业干旱监测业务中应用的处理方法。文中采用联合国粮农组织推荐的方法进行潜在蒸散的计算和作物系数订正,提出了作物根区可吸收土壤总有效含水量的概念,并替代作物根区土壤总有效含水量进行水分胁迫条件下的作物系数订正,观察济南站2008年1—5月冬小麦实际蒸散量的计算结果,发现在蒸发强烈的春季,水分胁迫效果明显;提出了复合相对湿润度指数、区域综合相对湿润度指数等概念,对相对湿润度指数进行应用上的演化,解决了干旱演变过程中存在的前期土壤水分盈亏的累积影响问题,实现了县域内农业干旱状况的综合评定,并突破单种作物生长季的局限,实现了农业干旱的周年监测。通过对山东省114个测墒站2008年2月28日—12月8日人工测墒与区域综合相对湿润度指数的干旱等级对比,3048组有效数据中,2012组数据吻合,总吻合率为66%,其中,黄河、东平湖、微山湖灌溉区及鲁西北大部吻合率在50%以下;中东部地区多在70%以上;从全年情况来看,春季吻合率较低,夏季吻合率较高。