Optimization Control of Multi-Mode Coupling All-Wheel Drive System for Hybrid Vehicle

The all-wheel drive(AWD)hybrid system is a research focus on high-performance new energy vehicles that can meet the demands of dynamic performance and passing ability.Simultaneous optimization of the power and economy of hybrid vehicles becomes an issue.A unique multi-mode coupling(MMC)AWD hybrid system is presented to realize the distributed and centralized driving of the front and rear axles to achieve vectored distribution and full utilization of the system power between the axles of vehicles.Based on the parameters of the benchmarking model of a hybrid vehicle,the best model-predictive control-based energy management strategy is proposed.First,the drive system model was built after the analysis of the MMC-AWD’s drive modes.Next,three fundamental strategies were established to address power distribution adjustment and battery SOC maintenance when the SOC changed,which was followed by the design of a road driving force observer.Then,the energy consumption rate in the average time domain was processed before designing the minimum fuel consumption controller based on the equivalent fuel consumption coefficient.Finally,the advantage of the MMC-AWD was confirmed by comparison with the dynamic performance and economy of the BYD Song PLUS DMI-AWD.The findings indicate that,in comparison to the comparative hybrid system at road adhesion coefficients of 0.8 and 0.6,the MMC-AWD’s capacity to accelerate increases by 5.26%and 7.92%,respectively.When the road adhesion coefficient is 0.8,0.6,and 0.4,the maximum climbing ability increases by 14.22%,12.88%,and 4.55%,respectively.As a result,the dynamic performance is greatly enhanced,and the fuel savings rate per 100 km of mileage reaches 12.06%,which is also very economical.The proposed control strategies for the new hybrid AWD vehicle can optimize the power and economy simultaneously.

Research on Energy Efficiency Characteristics of Mining Shovel Hoisting and Slewing System Driven by Hydraulic-Electric Hybrid System

Mining shovel is a crucial piece of equipment for high-efficiency production in open-pit mining and stands as one of the largest energy consumption sources in mining.However,substantial energy waste occurs during the descent of the hoisting system or the deceleration of the slewing platform.To reduce the energy loss,an innovative hydrau-lic-electric hybrid drive system is proposed,in which a hydraulic pump/motor connected with an accumulator is added to assist the electric motor to drive the hoisting system or slewing platform,recycling kinetic and potential energy.The utilization of the kinetic and potential energy reduces the energy loss and installed power of the min-ing shovel.Meanwhile,the reliability of the mining shovel pure electric drive system also can be increased.In this paper,the hydraulic-electric hybrid driving principle is introduced,a small-scale testbed is set up to verify the feasibil-ity of the system,and a co-simulation model of the proposed system is established to clarify the system operation and energy characteristics.The test and simulation results show that,by adopting the proposed system,compared with the traditional purely electric driving system,the peak power and energy consumption of the hoisting electric motor are reduced by 36.7%and 29.7%,respectively.Similarly,the slewing electric motor experiences a significant decrease in peak power by 86.9%and a reduction in energy consumption by 59.4%.The proposed system expands the application area of the hydraulic electric hybrid drive system and provides a reference for its application in over-sized and super heavy equipment.

Modeling and Control of Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle Using Sea-Lion Optimization

This paper develops a parallel hybrid electric vehicle(PHEV)propor-tional integral controller with driving cycle.To improve fuel efficiency and reduce hazardous emissions in hybrid electric vehicles(HEVs)combine an electric motor(EM),a battery and an internal combustion engine(ICE).The electric motor assists the engine when accelerating,driving longer highways or climbing hills.This enables the use of a smaller,more efficient engine.It also makes use of the concept of regenerative braking to maximize energy efficiency.In a Hybrid Electric Vehicle(HEV),energy dissipated while braking is utilized to charge the battery.The proportional integral controller was used in this paper to analyze engine,motor performance and the New European Driving Cycle(NEDC)was used in the vehicle driving test using Matlab/Simulink.The proportional integral controllers were designed to track the desired vehicle speed and manage the vehi-cle’s energyflow.The Sea Lion Optimization(SLnO)methods were created to reduce fuel consumption in a parallel hybrid electric vehicle and the results were obtained for the New European Driving Cycle.

Design and Simulation for the Pulse High-Voltage DC Power Supply (HVPS) of 1.2 MW/2.45 GHz HT-7U Lower Hybrid Current Drive System

The superconducting tokamak HT-7U [1] has been designed by the Institute of Plasma Physics since 1998 and will be set up before 2003. The 1.2 MW /2.45 GHz HT-7U LHCD (Lower hybrid current drive) system which being the most efficient non-induction device can heat the plasma and drive the plasma current has been efficiently in operation 'owl and a particular design of the 2.8 MW/-35 kV high-voltage DC power supply has been already completed and will apply to the klystron of LHCD on HT-7 and the future HT-7U, and the project of the power supply has been examined and approved professionally by an authorized group of high-level specialist in the institute of Plasma Physics. The detailed design of the power supply and the simulation results are referred in the paper.

Experimental Research on Lower Hybrid Current Drive in Superconducting Tokamak HT-7

?Fundamental experiments on lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) have been undertaken on HT-7 superconducting tokamak. The experiments on LHCD efficiency reveal its depen- deuce on plasma density and the toroidal magnetic field. Furthermore, the experiments on HT-7 successfully demonstrate the ability for LHCD to sustain long pulse tokamak discharges, such as discharges with full non-inductive current drive for several seconds. The experimental study to improve plasma confinements by LHCD suggests that the improvement should be due to the change o f current profile. It has also been demonstrated by the experiments that the lower hybrid wave may lead to an enhanced ionization of particles in the region where the wave is deposited.

Effect of Wave Accessibility on Lower Hybrid Wave Current Drive in Experimental Advanced Superconductor Tokamak with H-Mode Operation

The effect of the wave accessibility condition on the lower hybrid cm＇rent drive in the experimental advanced superconductor Tokamak （EAST） plasma with H-mode operation is studied. Based on a simplified model, a mode conversion layer of the lower hybrid wave between the fast wave branch and the slow wave branch is proved to exist in the plasma periphery for typical EAST H-mode parameters. Under the framework of the lower hybrid wave simulation code （LSC）, the wave ray trajectory and the associated current drive are calculated numerically. The results show that the wave accessibility condition plays an important role on the lower hybrid current drive in EAST plasma. For wave rays with parallel refractive index n｜｜= 2.1 or n｜｜ = 2.5 launched from the outside midplane, the wave rays may penetrate the core plasma due to the toroida] geometry effect, while numerous reflections of the wave ray trajectories in the plasma periphery occur. However, low current drive efficiency is obtained. Meanwhile, the wave accessibility condition is improved if a higher confined magnetic field is applied. The simulation results show that for plasma parameters under present EAST H-mode operation, a significant lower hybrid wave current drive could be obtained for the wave spectrum with peak value n｜｜ = 2.1 if a toroidal magnetic field BT =2.5 T is applied.

Investigation of lower hybrid current drive during H-mode in EAST tokamak

H-mode discharges with lower hybrid current drive （LHCD） alone are achieved in EAST divertor plasma over a wide parameter range. These H-mode discharges are characterized by a sudden drop in Da emission and a spontaneous rise in main plasma density. Good lower hybrid （LH） coupling during H-mode is obtained by putting the plasma close to the antenna and by injecting D2 gas from a pipe near the grill mouse. The analysis of lower hybrid current drive properties shows that the LH deposition profile shifts off axis during H-mode, and current drive （CD） efficiency decreases due to the increase in density. Modeling results of H-mode discharges with a general ray trueing code GENRAY are reported.

A Simulation of the Effect of Collisional Dissipation of Fast Electrons on the Radial Profiles of the Current Driven by Lower-Hybrid-Waves on the HT-7 Tokamak

For the effect of the collisional dissipation of fast electrons driven by the lower-hybrid waves, a predictive simulation is made for the HT-7 plasma. The simulation results show that the dissipation of fast electrons counteracts the effect of radial diffusion to some extent, thereby making the lower-hybrid driven current profile closer to the power deposition profile. So, in the case of an off-axis lower-hybrid wave power launching, the dissipation is helpful in maintaining a center-hollowed current profile in lower hybrid current drive （LHCD） plasmas, and thus possibly maintains the desired reversed magnetic shear.

Effects of trapped electrons on off-axis lower hybrid current drive in tokamaks

The effects of trapped electrons on off-axis lower hybrid current drive （LHCD） in tokamaks are studied, A computer code for solving the Fokker-Planck equation in a toroidal geometry is developed and employed. The code is suitable for various auxiliary heating and current drive schemes in tokamak plasmas. The influence of the resonance regime on the current drive efficiency as well as the influence of trapped particle fraction on the current drive efficiency are emphasized. It is shown that, as an electrostatic force, the lower hybrid wave causes some of the trapped electrons to be untrapped and lose their energy, which can cut the LHCD efficiency by about 30%. The ITER scaling law is also used to estimate the trapped electron effects.

MicroRNA-502-3p regulates GABAergic synapse function in hippocampal neurons

Gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA)ergic neurons,the most abundant inhibitory neurons in the human brain,have been found to be reduced in many neurological disorders,including Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's disease-related dementia.Our previous study identified the upregulation of microRNA-502-3p(miR-502-3p)and downregulation of GABA type A receptor subunitα-1 in Alzheimer's disease synapses.This study investigated a new molecular relationship between miR-502-3p and GABAergic synapse function.In vitro studies were perfo rmed using the mouse hippocampal neuronal cell line HT22 and miR-502-3p agomiRs and antagomiRs.In silico analysis identified multiple binding sites of miR-502-3p at GABA type A receptor subunitα-1 mRNA.Luciferase assay confirmed that miR-502-3p targets the GABA type A receptor subunitα-1 gene and suppresses the luciferase activity.Furthermore,quantitative reve rse transcription-polymerase chain reaction,miRNA in situ hybridization,immunoblotting,and immunostaining analysis confirmed that overexpression of miR-502-3p reduced the GABA type A receptor subunitα-1 level,while suppression of miR-502-3p increased the level of GABA type A receptor subunitα-1 protein.Notably,as a result of the overexpression of miR-502-3p,cell viability was found to be reduced,and the population of necrotic cells was found to be increased.The whole cell patch-clamp analysis of human-GABA receptor A-α1/β3/γ2L human embryonic kidney(HEK)recombinant cell line also showed that overexpression of miR-502-3p reduced the GABA current and overall GABA function,suggesting a negative correlation between miR-502-3p levels and GABAergic synapse function.Additionally,the levels of proteins associated with Alzheimer s disease were high with miR-502-3p overexpression and reduced with miR-502-3p suppression.The present study provides insight into the molecular mechanism of regulation of GABAergic synapses by miR-502-3p.We propose that micro-RNA,in particular miR-502-3p,could be a potential therapeutic to rget to modulate GABAergic synapse function in neurological disorders,including Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's diseaserelated dementia.

Analysis of Charge-Exchange Spectrum during Lower Hybrid Current Drive on HT-7 Tokamak

A perpendicular neutral particle analyzer (NPA) is used on HT-7 tokamak experiment to provide the measurements of neutral particle flux and ion temperature. The measured results were compared with calculated data by Monte-carlo method for ohmic heating. In lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) experiments, the ion heating of LHCD was identified. The chargeexchange neutral particle flux enhanced was observed. The energy spectrum clearly showed a high-energy ions tail. The bulk ion temperature increased by 0.4-0.5 keV after the onset of LHCD. Efficient ion heating of 1 eV. kW-1 was obtained.

A Study of Energy Conversion Efficiency Versus Plasma Density by Lower Hybrid Current Drive in HT-7 Tokamak

Ramp-up experiments by means of lower hybrid wave on HT-7 superconducting tokamak have been performed and analyzed. A ramp-up rate of over 300 kA/s is obtained and a conversion efficiency of over 1.0% has been achieved during the ramp-up phase. The study of the dependence of conversion efficiency on plasma density shows that the conversion efficiency is affected by the driven current, which is mainly dominated by the competition of impurity concentration with wave accessibility condition. In addition, the effect of current profile may play an important role in determining the conversion efficiency.

Hybrid Ⅲ-50th-RS假人上腹部冲击试验探究

列车碰撞事故中,人体腹部是一个比较容易受到严重损伤的部位之一,为开发设计出适用于列车碰撞试验所用假人——Hybrid Ⅲ-50th-RS假人的腹部,开展针对假人上腹部的冲击试验探究。Hybrid Ⅲ-50th-RS假人上腹部的研究主要是参考THOR-NT假人上腹部冲击试验标准,结合国外Hybrid Ⅲ-50th-RS上腹部标定方法进行的试验探索。利用假人生产制作的常用材料,研究假人上腹部多层泡沫材料的组合方案、假人坐姿、压力分配板与腹袋是否连接、是否穿胸部皮肤以及假人上腹部的结构等对假人上腹部标定的影响及其响应特性。通过对试验数据进行分析,总结Hybrid Ⅲ-50th-RS假人上腹部冲击标定的影响因素及试验规律。根据所参考的THOR-NT假人上腹部冲击试验生物力学响应标准,确定符合试验要求的Hybrid Ⅲ-50th-RS假人上腹部的材料组合及其结构方案。研究结果表明:进行Hybrid Ⅲ-50th-RS假人上腹部冲击试验时,假人配有胸部皮肤,保持上腹部水平,压力分配板与腹袋保持连接更符合试验要求。采用后层2块丁晴橡胶板+中层三元乙丙泡沫+前层聚氨酯泡沫的“四层式”腹部结构和“前软中软”的材料搭配方案,具有较好的生物力学响应特性,适合用做列车碰撞试验假人上腹部。

HL-2M装置低杂波钛泵电流监测器的研制

选用Arduino nano开源硬件平台、OLED图形显示器和SD卡等器件,研制了钛泵电流监测器,实现了在非实验期间钛泵电流长期低速采集、存储和趋势图显示功能。同时启用内部中断和外部中断,提升采样频率到1k Hz,拓展了监测器的应用范围。测试结果表明,监测器趋势图与测试信号一致,最大采集误差为0.25μA。

3RPS-SPS并联机构的力位混合冗余驱动控制

为了提升冗余并联机构的运动精度和承载能力,以新型3RPS-SPS冗余并联机构为对象,研究并联机构的驱动控制策略。首先,对该并联机构运动学进行研究,根据螺旋理论分析了机构自由度;其次,运用解析法获得并联机构位置反解和位置正解的解析表达式;第三,根据位置反解表达式,求导得到速度、加速度模型,并通过拉格朗日法建立并联机构的动力学模型;最后,提出冗余驱动控制方式下的驱动力分配方法,设计了力位混合控制策略,并搭建了基于Simulink的联合仿真系统进行仿真实验。研究结果表明:该机构具有2个转动自由度和1个移动自由度,在2个转动自由度上,机构旋转运动的角度最大误差分别为5.66×10^(-4)rad与3.45×10^(-4)rad,在移动自由度机构平移运动的位移最大误差为4.01×10^(-2)mm;所提出的力位混合控制策略的最大驱动力(66 N)小于传统位置控制策略的最大驱动力(190 N),并且机构驱动支链驱动力在力位混合控制策略下的分配更均衡。设计的控制策略使3RPS-SPS并联机构具有了较高的运动精度和较强的承载能力。

Driving Mechanism of Cotton Comber's Detaching Roller Based on Time-Sharing Unidirectional Drive

The high-speed reciprocating motion of a detaching roller limits the velocity of a cotton comber and affects the quality of comber slivers. The article has proposed a controllable time-sharing unidirectional hybrid drive mechanism after analyzing detaching roller's current numerical control drive method. The analysis focuses on the detaching roller motion required according to cotton comber's velocity and process. The double-servo motors of the mechanism consists of differential gear trains. The mechanism addresses the problem of increased servo motor power,and failure of promptly responded to the positive inversion process of mechanism driven by servo motors. A velocity calculation model of the detaching roller controllable drive mechanism will be generated by using superposition method and design of differential gear trains. The accuracy of the model will be verified using the test platform. This study has presented a reliable and practical high-speed drive mechanism and can be a reference to future studies on high-speed reciprocating motion drive.

Integrated System of Solar Cells with Hierarchical NiCo2O4 Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Devices for Self-Driving Light-Emitting Diodes

An integrated system has been provided with a-Si/H solar cells as energy conversion device,NiCo2O4 battery-supercapacitor hybrid(BSH)as energy storage device,and light emitting diodes(LEDs)as energy utilization device.By designing three-dimensional hierarchical NiCo2O4 arrays as faradic electrode,with capacitive electrode of active carbon(AC),BSHs were assembled with energy density of 16.6 Wh kg-1,power density of 7285 W kg-1,long-term stability with 100% retention after 15,000 cycles,and rather low self-discharge.The NiCo2O4//AC BSH was charged to 1.6 V in 1 s by solar cells and acted as reliable sources for powering LEDs.The integrated system is rational for operation,having an overall efficiency of 8.1% with storage efficiency of 74.24%.The integrated system demonstrates a stable solar power conversion,outstanding energy storage behavior,and reliable light emitting.Our study offers a precious strategy to design a self-driven integrated system for highly efficient energy utilization.

HL-2M托卡马克装置中螺旋波与低杂波的协同电流驱动

螺旋波是一种快磁声波,在托卡马克等离子体中通过电子朗道阻尼和渡越期磁泵效应能够高效地离轴驱动等离子体电流.依托HL-2M装置,根据快波等离子体色散关系,分析获得了螺旋波强阻尼条件下对应的波参数范围;然后,通过联合GENRAY/CQL3D计算程序,针对HL-2M装置稳态运行模式下的螺旋波和低杂波协同电流驱动开展了模拟研究.研究结果表明:高比压等离子体参数下的螺旋波和低杂波都可呈现波射线能量强吸收的现象;双波协同使得波驱动的等离子体电流分布在较大的径向位置范围(ρ=0.2—0.9)内;同时,螺旋波在平行磁场方向加速电子,导致了更多的电子进入低杂波共振区,从而有效地增大了两支波的总驱动电流.此外,在强阻尼条件下,系统地研究了螺旋波平行折射率对双波协同电流驱动的影响,结果表明双波总是呈现正协同效应,协同因子高达1.18.

Optimized calculation of the synergy conditions between electron cyclotron current drive and lower hybrid current drive on EAST

The optimized synergy conditions between electron cyclotron current drive （ECCD） and lower hybrid current drive （LHCD） with normal parameters of the EAST tokamak are studied by using the C3PO/LUKE code based on the under- standing of the synergy mechanisms so as to obtain a higher synergistic current and provide theoretical reference for the synergistic effect in the EAST experiment. The dependences of the synergistic effect on the parameters of two waves （lower hybrid wave （LHW） and electron cyclotron wave （ECW））, including the radial position of the power deposition, the power value of the LH and EC waves, and the parallel refractive indices of the LHW （Nr） are oresented and discussed.