Research on DC Protection Strategy in Multi-Terminal Hybrid HVDC System

Multi-terminal hybrid high-voltage direct current(HVDC)systems have been developed quickly in recent years in power transmission area.However,for voltage-source converter(VSC)stations in hybrid HVDC systems,no direct current(DC)filters are required.In addition,the DC reactor is also not installed at the line end because the DC fault can be limited by the converter itself.This means that the boundary element at the line end is absent,and the single-ended protections used in line commutated converter(LCC)based HVDC(LCC-HVDC)systems or VSC-HVDC systems cannot distinguish the fault line in multi-terminal hybrid HVDC systems.This paper proposes a novel singleended DC protection strategy suitable for the multi-terminal hybrid HVDC system,which mainly applies the transient information and active injection concept to detect and distinguish the fault line.Compared with the single-ended protections used in LCC-HVDC and VSC-HVDC systems,the proposed protection strategy is not dependent on the line boundary element and is thus suitable for the multiterminal hybrid HVDC system.The corresponding simulation cases based on power systems computer aided design(PSCAD)/electromagnetic transients including DC(EMTDC)are carried out to verify the superiority of the proposed protection.

Design Aspects of Hybrid HVDC System

Hybrid high voltage direct current transmission(Hybrid HVDC)is a new type of HVDC technology developed in recent years.It combines the characteristics of large-capacity and low cost of the line commutated converters(LCC)and non-commutation failure and dynamic reactive power support of the voltage sourced converters(VSCs)in one HVDC system.It has technical advantages in the fields of unidirectional power transmission and in the application of improving the stability of multi-infeed HVDCs,giving it broad application prospects.This paper defines the basic form of hybrid HVDC first and discusses the characteristics and challenges of different hybrid HVDCs.Then,it analyzes the matching characteristics between LCC and VSC in the station-station hybrid HVDC,studies the key technologies,such as VSC topologies and control strategies for clearing the DC overhead line faults,and introduces the key technologies for analyzing and suppressing the high-frequency resonances between VSC and the power grid.In this paper,using the Wudongde UHV multi-terminal HVDC as an example,the proposed key technologies are analyzed and verified.

Single-ended protection method for hybrid HVDC transmission line based on transient voltage characteristic frequency band

Hybrid high-voltage direct current(HVDC)transmission has the characteristic of long transmission distance,complex corridor environment,and rapid fault evolution of direct current(DC)lines.As high fault current can easily cause irreversible damage to power devices,rapid and reliable line protection and isolation are necessary to improve the security and reliability of hybrid HVDC transmission system.To address such requirement,this paper proposes a single-ended protection method based on transient voltage frequency band characteristics.First,the frequency characteristics of the smoothing reactor,DC filter,and DC line are analyzed,and the characteristic frequency band is defined.A fault criterion is then constructed based on the voltage characteristic frequency band energy,and faulty pole selection is performed according to the fault voltage characteristic frequency band energy ratio.The proposed protection method is verified by simulation,and the results show that it can rapidly and reliably identify internal and external faults,accurately select faulty poles without data communication synchronization,and has good fault-resist-ance and anti-interference performance.

AC fault ride through control strategy on inverter side of hybrid HVDC transmission systems

Hybrid high-voltage direct current(HVDC)transmission systems employ a new type of HVDC transmission topology that combines the advantages of the linecommutated converter system and the voltage-source converter system.They can improve the efficiency and reliability of long-distance power transmission.However,realizing alternating-current(AC)grid-fault ride through on the inverter side of a hybrid HVDC transmission system is a challenge considering that a voltage-source converter based HVDC(VSC-HVDC)is used on the inverter side.In this study,a control strategy for an overvoltage fixed trigger angle based on the power-balance method is developed by fully utilizing the operation characteristics of a hybrid HVDC transmission system.The strategy reduces the inverter-side overvoltage of the HVDC system under a fault in the inverter-side AC system.Simulations based on Gezhou Dam are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.

Sequential auto-reclosing strategy for hybrid HVDC breakers in VSC-based DC grids

The use of overhead lines for power transmission in the future high-voltage and large-capacity voltagesource converter(VSC)-based direct current(DC) grid will significantly increase the probability of temporary faults.To eliminate potential adverse impacts such as erroneous protection, line-insulation failure, and even damage to power electronic devices resulting from a DC breaker reclosing operation with the traditional sequential autoreclosing strategy, a new sequential auto-reclosing strat-egy for hybrid HVDC breakers(HHBs) in VSC-based DC grids is proposed. This strategy is based on the step-by-step operation of the transfer branch in the HHB. As a result,du/dt resulting from the HHB reclosing operation is greatly reduced, and therefore those potential negative impacts can be eliminated. Several other advantages are also presented.The feasibility and validity of the proposed strategy are verified in a four-terminal annular VSC-based DC grid electromagnetic transient model.

System security of hybrid AC-HVDC-systems challenges and new approaches for combined security assessment,preventive optimization and curative actions

The intense application of Voltage Source Converter based HVDC interconnections and grids will result in a hybrid AC-HVDC-system. The operation of such a system becomes complex regarding system security and system operation. This paper describes major challenges and proposes potential solutions, including a combined security assessment, preventive optimization and curative actions. A coordination of both systems enables an efficient application of existing transport capacity.

Fault Diagnosis with Wavelet Packet Transform and Principal Component Analysis for Multi-terminal Hybrid HVDC Network

In view of the fact that the wavelet packet transform(WPT) can only weakly detect the occurrence of fault, this paper applies a fault diagnosis algorithm including wavelet packet transform and principal component analysis(PCA) to the inverter-side fault diagnosis of multi-terminal hybrid highvoltage direct current(HVDC) network, which can significantly improve the speed and accuracy of fault diagnosis. Firstly, current amplitude and current slope are used to sample the data,and the WPT is used to extract the energy spectrum of the signal. Secondly, an energy matrix is constructed, and the PCA method is used to calculate whether the squared prediction error(SPE) statistics of various signals that can reflect the degree of deviation of the measured value from the principal component model at a certain time exceed the limit to judge the occurrence of the fault. Further, its maximum value is compared to determine the fault types. Finally, based on a large number of MATLAB/Simulink simulation results, it is shown that the PCA method using the current slope as the sampled data can detect the occurrence of a ground fault with small transition resistance within 2 ms, and identify the fault types within 10 ms,without being affected by the sampling frequency.

远距离大型DFIG风电场的混合型HVDC建模及控制

针对远距离大型双馈感应发电机(DFIG)风电场,提出了一种混合型高压直流(Hybrid HVDC)输电方式并给了出其控制策略。在该方案中,HVDC整流侧采用基于晶闸管的相控换流器(LCC),并以STATCOM作为电压支撑为DFIG提供励磁和整流器换向电压;逆变侧采用基于全控器件的电流源型逆变器(CSI),从而达到对电网提供独立无功支撑的目的。文章首先建立了DFIG风电场及混合型HVDC并网系统的动态数学模型,然后针对其中的STATCOM子系统、整流器子系统和逆变器子系统给出了相应的控制器设计方法。经Matlab/Simulink仿真验证,该系统能够顺利完成黑启动,具有精确的功率跟踪和快速的功率响应能力,还能够向电网提供独立的无功支撑。

用于大型DFIG风电场的混合型HVDC系统中整流器的建模与控制

针对DFIG风电场-混合型HVDC系统,建立了dq坐标系下整流器子系统的状态空间标准模型。根据逆变器子系统采用的不同控制模式,定量分析了整流器子系统的有功、无功电流的动态特性,由此推导出用于控制的整流器子系统近似动态模型。基于该模型,设计了整流器子系统双闭环控制器。最后,采用Matlab/Simulink进行仿真,仿真验证了整流器子系统动态特性分析的正确性,同时,基于SimPowerSystems环境对"DFIG风电场-混合型HVDC系统"进行了仿真,结果表明,所提出的整流器控制方案能有效提高HVDC系统对风电场输出电流的跟踪能力。

一种利用VSC-HVDC提高发电机阻尼的新控制策略

在交直流混合输电系统中,可以利用直流系统的功率调制来提高交流系统的运行稳定性。文章在建立含有VSC-HVDC的交直流混合输电系统模型的基础上,提出了一种新的VSC-HVDC混合功率调制方法来提高发电机阻尼,该方法利用Bang-bang控制原理设计混合调制信号,并将其加入到常规的PI调节器中。仿真结果表明,加入混合调制信号可以增强系统的阻尼并有效地抑制振荡,能够改善系统在各种扰动下的动态性能。

含VSC-HVDC的交直流混合发输电系统可靠性评估

建立了含柔性直流输电(voltage source converter based high voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)的交直流混合发输电系统的可靠性分析模型,该模型既考虑了VSC-HVDC的稳态功率特性,还计及了发输电网络的故障率和输电线路的有功限制,采用非序惯蒙特卡罗仿真实现;在满足系统安全约束的前提条件下,对系统进行模拟调度,重点评价了与发输电网络连接的VSC-HVDC对电网可靠性的影响,给出系统和节点的风险指标,为VSC-HVDC规划和运行提供参考依据,最后算例分析证明了该算法的可行性和合理性。

采用VSC-HVDC改善LCC-HVDC直流侧暂态特性的无功协调控制

为了抑制常规直流输电换相失败引起的整流侧直流过电流和交流暂态电压,提出了一种适用于柔性直流输电和常规直流输电整流侧并联情况下的混合多馈入直流系统的暂态无功协调控制策略。首先分析了换相失败后混合多馈入直流系统的暂态特性,然后基于常规直流输电的定直流电流控制和柔性直流输电的定交流电压控制的控制特点,设计了混合多馈入直流系统的暂态无功协调控制模块,包括故障判断模块、快速触发角响应模块和快速无功响应模块,抑制换相失败引起的过电流和暂态电压。在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建混合多馈入直流系统的模型并进行仿真对比分析,结果验证了所提暂态无功协调控制策略的控制效果优于柔性直流输电采用定无功功率控制和定交流电压控制。

基于LCC-HVDC和VSC-HVDC的混合双极直流输电系统的建模及仿真分析

近年来,我国传统换相型高压直流输电(LCC-HVDC)技术在电力系统中已经发展成熟;由于电力电子器件在实际工程应用中越来越成熟甚至达到完美状态,电压源换流器型高压直流输电(VSC-HVDC)也应用到了现代电网中。由于LCC-HVDC和VSC-HVDC有各自的优点与不足,为了发挥两者的优势,对由LCC-HVDC和VSC-HVDC两个子系统分别位于上下两极所组成的混合双极直流输电系统(Hybrid Bipolar-HVDC)进行了进一步的分析。文章介绍了Hybrid Bipolar-HVDC系统内部包含的一些基本结构,对LCC和VSC的主电路和其控制电路、在PSCAD环境下正极LCC-HVDC和负极VSC-HVDC的主电路和控制电路分别进行了具体分析,最后用PSCAD对Hybrid Bipolar-HVDC进行了仿真,并分析了其稳定运行的状态。

接入MMC-HVDC的交流系统线路自适应距离保护研究

接入MMC-HVDC的交直流混合系统中,当与柔性直流线路直接相连的下级交流线路保护不能正确切除区内故障时,将由上级交流线路的距离Ⅱ段或Ⅲ段动作切除故障。柔性直流输电线路运行方式的变化将导致上级线路距离保护Ⅱ段的保护范围缩小,以很大的概率发生拒动,此时只能依靠距离保护Ⅲ段动作,故障清除时间延长。针对这一问题开展研究,深入分析了MMC-HVDC运行方式对交流系统距离保护的影响,提出了一种基于柔性直流输电公共连接点处量测信息的自适应距离保护方法。该方法能够有效降低MMC-HVDC对上级交流线路距离保护的影响,保证距离Ⅱ段的正确动作,减小了故障的清除时间。在PSCAD/EMTDC仿真环境中搭建含MMC-HVDC的交直流混合系统,仿真验证了所做分析和所提出方法的有效性。

送端交流不对称故障下LCC-MMC-HVDC穿越控制策略研究

混合直流输电系统将LCC-HVDC和VSC-HVDC进行优势互补,其发展面临的一个问题是:当送端交流系统发生不对称故障时,LCC-MMC混合直流输电系统将面临输送功率跌落甚至中断和直流侧二倍频波动的问题。首先阐述了LCC-MMC-HVDC的拓扑结构、数学模型和基本控制策略,在分析系统在送端交流不对称故障情况下暂态特性的基础上,提出集功率续传和二倍频波动抑制为一体的穿越控制策略:基于主动降压控制的功率续传策略通过改变逆变侧MMC运行点减小输送功率跌落幅度;三次谐波注入法增大了逆变侧直流电压的可调节范围;直流电压波动抑制策略中,逆变侧直流电压作为唯一控制变量,有效降低送端交流系统负序分量对系统逆变器及受端系统造成的影响。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC中建立仿真模型,算例仿真结果验证了所提出穿越控制策略的有效性。

MMC-HVDC混合旁路直流故障保护及重合闸控制策略

直流线路故障保护是基于模块化多电平的柔性直流输电(MMC-HVDC)系统必须解决的关键问题。首先分析了基于混合旁路直流故障隔离的原理与隔离步骤,通过旁路桥臂转移故障电流,在零电流下断开快速机械开关,实现换流器与直流线路的物理隔离并清除直流故障电流。系统重合闸无需解锁子模块,通过旁路桥臂判断故障是否消除,并在零电压下闭合快速机械开关恢复系统运行。当判断直流故障为永久性故障时,换流器能够重启作为STATCOM运行。混合旁路直流故障保护方案能有效应对永久性、瞬时性直流双极短路故障。最后通过在PSCAD/EMTDC建立双端柔性直流输电仿真模型验证该方案的可行性。

HVDC和FACTS控制与保护系统的实时测试技术

阐述了HVDC和FACTS控制与保护系统实时测试技术的发展和应用情况。分析了实时测试的步骤和内容,实时测试对仿真步长、等值系统及仿真模型的要求。论述了模拟仿真器与数字实时仿真系统各自的特点及数模混合实时仿真系统的结构和应用情况。提出了先进的集成混合实时仿真系统和实时数字混合接口的原理、数据交互方式和电压预测技术,对经济有效地扩大实时测试系统的规模具有重要意义。

含VSC-HVDC的交直流混合系统状态估计

针对以电压源换流器(VSC)为基础的新一代高压直流输电(HVDC),对含VSC-HVDC的交直流混合系统进行静态状态估计。介绍了VSC-HVDC的稳态模型,通过确定交直流混合系统的量测函数、状态变量和雅可比矩阵,建立了含VSC-HVDC的交直流混合系统的状态估计模型;在基本加权最小二乘状态估计算法的基础上,提出了含VSC-HVDC的交直流混合状态估计同时迭代求解法;对经过修改的IEEE 14、IEEE30、IEEE 57节点系统算例进行仿真,从算法的估计误差、迭代次数和计算速度等方面验证了算法的有效性和实用性。

降低多回HVDC同时换相失败风险的交直流混联受端系统STATCOM配置方案

在有多回直流馈入的交直流混联受端系统中,若交流系统短路故障引起多回直流同时换相失败,甚至闭锁,将对电网的安全运行造成严重影响。将风险的概念引入交直流系统同时换相失败问题,以三相短路故障为研究对象,提出一种以降低多回直流同时换相失败风险为目标的静止无功补偿器（static synchronous compensator,STATCOM）配置方法。首先提出一种考虑故障发生位置随机性的多回直流同时换相失败风险评价指标;根据换相电压幅值在故障暂态过程中跌落的规律以及STATCOM对暂态电压的调节特点,给出了预选故障的筛选和分类方法;建立了考虑同时换相失败风险的STATCOM优化配置模型,利用遗传算法求解该模型,得到不同风险下STATCOM的最优补偿方案;最后,通过仿真验证了配置方案的有效性。

风电场交直流混合输电并网中VSC-HVDC的控制

为提高风电场交直流混合输电并网的系统性能,提出一种更加灵活的电压源换流器高压直流(voltage source converter based high voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)控制策略。对于风电场侧电压源换流器,设计了一种新的交流电压–功角控制方法。对于交直流混合输电模式,该方法通过调节风电场交流母线电压与电压源换流器输出电压间的功角来实现定有功功率控制。对于纯柔性直流输电模式,风电场交流母线电压自动被调节为具有恒幅恒频的交流电压,实现了对波动风电的同步输送。该方法中输电模式的变化无需切换控制;另外,通过附加电流高通滤波器增强了对系统谐振的阻尼作用。对电网侧电压源换流器,采用一种新的直接电流矢量控制,使直流电压稳定在参考值上。运用PSCAD/EMTDC仿真软件对分别接入笼型感应发电机(squirrel cage induction generator,SCIG)风电场和双馈感应发电机(doubly fed induction generator,DFIG)风电场的交直流混合输电系统建模仿真。一系列运行条件下的仿真结果验证了控制方法的有效性与可行性。