Degradation of Refuse in Hybrid Bioreactor Landfill

Objective To explore the process of refuse decomposition in hybrid bioreactor landfill. Methods The bioreactor landfill was operated in sequencing of facultative-anaerobic and aerobic conditions with leachate recirculation, pH, COD, and ammonia in the leachate and pH, biodegradable organic matter （BDM）, and cation exchange capacity （CEC） in refuse were detected. Results CEC increased gradually with the degradation of refuse, which was negatively correlated with BDM. COD and ammonia in the leachate was declined to 399.2 mg L^-1 and 20.6 mg N L^-1, respectively, during the 357-day operation. The respective concentrations of ammonia and COD were below the second and the third levels of current discharge standards in China. Conclusion The refuse is relatively stable at the end of hybrid bioreactor landfill operation. Most of the readily biodegradable organic matter is mineralized in the initial phase of refuse degradation, whereas the hard-biodegradable organic matter is mainly humidified in the maturity phase of refuse degradation.

Start-up of the anammox process from the conventional activated sludge in a hybrid bioreactor

The anaerobic ammonium oxidation （anammox） process was successfully started up from conventional activated sludge using a hybrid bioreactor within 2 months.The average removal efficiencies of ammonia and nitrite were both over 80%,and the maximum total nitrogen removal rate of 1.85 kg N/（m^3 ·day） was obtained on day 362 with the initial sludge concentration of 0.7 g mixed liquor suspended solids （MLSS）/L.Scanning electron microscope （SEM） observation of the granular sludge in the hybrid reactor clearly showed a high degree of compactness and cell sphericity,and the cell size was quite uniform.Transmission electron microscope photos showed that cells were round or oval,the cellular diameter was 0.6-1.0 μm,and the percentage of the anammoxosome compartment was 51%-85% of the whole cell volume.Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis （FISH） indicated that anammox bacteria became the dominant population in the community （accounting for more than 51% of total bacteria on day 250）.Seven planctomycete 16S rRNA gene sequences were present in the 16S rRNA gene clone library generated from the biomass and affiliated to Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis and Candidatus Brocadia sp.,a new anammox species.In addition,the average effluent suspended solid （MLSS） concentrations of outlets I （above the non-woven carrier） and II （below the non-woven carrier） were 0.0009 and 0.0035 g/L,respectively.This showed that the non-woven carrier could catch the biomass effectively,which increased biomass and improved the nitrogen removal rate in the reactor.

Performance study and kinetic modeling of hybrid bioreactor for treatment of bi-substrate mixture of phenol-m-cresol in wastewater:Process optimization with response surface methodology

Performance of a hybrid reactor comprising of trickling filter （TF） and aeration tank （AT） unit was studied for biological treatment of wastewater containing mixture of phenol and m-cresol, using mixed microbial culture. The reactor was operated with hydraulic loading rates （HLR） and phenolics loading rates （PLR） between 0.222-1.078 m3/（m2-day） and 0.900-3.456 kg/（m3.day）, respectively. The efficiency of substrate removal varied between 71%-100% for the range of HLR and PLR studied. The fixed film unit showed better substrate removal efficiency than the aeration tank and was more resistant to substrate inhibition. The kinetic parameters related to both units of the reactor were evaluated and their variation with HLR and PLR were monitored. It revealed the presence of substrate inhibition at high PLR both in TF and AT unit. The biofilm model established the substrate concentration profile within the film by solving differential equation of substrate mass transfer using boundary problem solver tool ＇bvp4c＇ of MATLAB 7. 1 software. Response surface methodology was used to design and optimize the biodegradation process using Design Expert 8 software, where phenol and m-cresol concentrations, residence time were chosen as input variables and percentage of removal was the response. The design of experiment showed that a quadratic model could be fitted best for the present experimental study. Significant interaction of the residence time with the substrate concentrations was observed. The optimized condition for operating the reactor as predicted by the model was 230 mg/L of phenol, 190 mg/L of m-cresol with residence time of 24.82 hr to achieve 99.92% substrate removal.

Evaluation of a novel hybrid bioartificial liver based on a multi-layer flat-plate bioreactor

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a hybrid bioartificial liver (HBAL) system in the treatment of acute liver failure. METHODS: Canine models with acute liver failure were introduced with intravenous administration of D-galactosamine. The animals were divided into: the HBAL treatment group (n = 8), in which the canines received a 3-h treatment of HBAL; the bioartificial liver (BAL) treatment group (n = 8), in which the canines received a 3-h treatment of BAL; the non-bioartificial liver (NBAL) treatment group (n = 8), in which the canines received a 3-h treatment of NBAL; the control group (n = 8), in which the canines received no additional treatment. Biochemical parameters and survival time were determined. Levels of xenoantibodies, RNA of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) and reverse transcriptase (RT) activity in the plasma were detected. RESULTS: Biochemical parameters were significantly decreased in all treatment groups. The TBIL level in the HBAL group was lower than that in other groups (2.19 ± 0.55 mmol/L vs 24.2 ± 6.45 mmol/L, 12.47 ± 3.62 mmol/L, 3.77 ± 1.83 mmol/L, P < 0.05). The prothrombin time (PT) in the BAL and HBAL groups was significantly shorter than the NBAL and control groups (18.47 ± 4.41 s, 15.5 ± 1.56 s vs 28.67 ± 5.71 s, 21.71 ± 3.4 s, P < 0.05), and the PT in the HBAL group was shortest of all the groups. The albumin in the BAL and HBAL groups significantly increased and a significantly higher level was observed in the HBAL group compared with the BAL group (27.7 ± 1.7 g/L vs 25.24 ± 1.93 g/L). In the HBAL group, the ammonia levels significantly decreased from 54.37 ± 6.86 to 37.75 ± 6.09 after treatment (P < 0.05); there were significant difference in ammonia levels between other the groups (P < 0.05). The levels of antibodies were similar before and after treatment. The PERV RNA and the RT activity in the canine plasma were all negative. CONCLUSION: The HBAL showed great efficiency and safety in the treatment of acute liver failure.

免曝气混合填料反应器处理生活污水的性能

采用沸石-塑料混合填料为载体构建固定床生物膜反应器,周期性进水(厌氧)-排水(好氧)富集培养聚糖菌(GAOs),结合沸石颗粒吸附作用实现厌氧条件下COD和氨氮的去除。在进水COD和氨氮浓度分别为(508±19)mg/L和(40±3)mg/L、HRT为12 h(厌氧6 h、好氧6 h)的运行条件下,单级反应器COD、氨氮和总氮去除率分别为89.2%、57.5%、57.5%。双级反应器条件下,COD、氨氮和总氮的平均去除率分别为93.1%、84.9%、70.8%。缩短50%HRT(厌氧/缺氧3 h+好氧3 h)后,双级反应器总氮去除率提升到81.7%。16S rRNA高通量测序结果显示,聚糖菌Candidatus Competibacter的相对丰度在塑料填料表面上升了30.43倍(0.46%→14%),而在沸石颗粒表面上升了14.35倍(0.46%→6.60%),表明塑料填料表面更有利于聚糖菌的富集。

膜-复合式生物反应器组合系统操作条件及稳定运行特性

对膜－复合式生物反应器的操作条件和稳定运行特性进行研究，采用平板式聚丙烯腈超滤膜进行实验，适宜操作压力为０．１５ＭＰａ；适宜膜面流速为１．４—１．７ｍ／ｓ；ＨＲＴ至少可以控制在４ｈ；悬浮污泥浓度是影响膜通透量的重要因素之一，适宜值为２—２．５ｇ／Ｌ左右．系统长期稳定运行可达６０ｄ以上，ＣＯＤ和ＮＨ３－Ｎ去除率均可达９５％以上，运行过程中未发现微生物代谢产物的明显积累，但污泥的活性有所降低．

复合式竹丝填料生物反应器处理化粪池出水

为寻找适合化粪池出水的处理工艺,采用批式试验研究了复合式竹丝填料生物反应器对化粪池出水中COD、SS的去除效果。结果表明:复合式竹丝填料生物反应器能有效去除化粪池出水中的COD和SS,平均去除率分别达到了85.4%和90%以上;复合式竹丝填料生物反应器的微生物数量较多、微生物链较长、微生物种群丰富;复合式竹丝填料生物反应器中的污泥增加量极少。将复合式竹丝填料生物反应器内的活性污泥和竹丝分开组成两个独立的生物反应器并处理化粪池污水,结果发现,竹丝生物膜反应器能在短期(18h)内超过活性污泥反应器的处理效果,且竹丝生物膜反应器的产泥量很低。可见,竹丝填料较为适合处理化粪池出水,是一种价格低廉、污染少、运行管理费用较低的良好填料。

复合床生物反应器处理恶臭气体和污水

复合床生物反应器内充填了粘土陶粒和轻质悬浮填料 ,是生物滤池和移动床生物膜反应器结合为一体的新型生物反应器。该生物反应器能够同时处理臭气和污水 ,且除臭效果好 ,无堵塞问题。试验结果表明 ,在 11～ 15℃气温下 ,当恶臭气体中H2 S含量为 5 0 0mg/L、污水的COD为 2 0 0～ 80 0mg/L时 ,H2 S与COD的去除率分别为 90 %和 80 %。

复合式膜生物反应器处理生活污水

采用以粉末活性炭(PAC)作为填料的复合式膜生物反应器处理小区生活污水.该反应器在不人为排泥,不对膜进行任何处理(不空曝、不清洗)的情况下,连续运行100d.结果表明,系统运行稳定,出水水质优良(COD<25mg/L,NH4+-N<0.6mg/L,无色无味,无SS,没有检测出大肠杆菌).PAC不仅改善了膜生物反应器中的污泥混合液的沉淀性能与可过滤性,同时也改善了膜表面滤饼层的水力特性,从而达到了减小膜过滤阻力,延缓膜污染的目的,而且还降低了运行成本.

淹没式复合型MBR处理城市生活污水的效能研究

为了缓解缺水压力,在传统膜生物反应器(CMBR)的基础上开发出了一种新型城市污水处理回用工艺——淹没式复合型膜生物反应器(SHMBR),并考察了对城市生活污水的处理效果。试验结果表明,SHMBR可以在CMBR的基础上进一步提高生物量,并明显改善了对有机物和NH4+-N的去除效果。试验中对TN、TP的去除效果没有提高,原因可能是生物膜的厚度不够,没有在生物膜内部形成厌氧微环境。另外,SHMBR的除磷效果没有增强还可能与生物膜的SRT较长以及聚磷菌主要生活在活性污泥中有关。

复合式CASS反应器处理酒精废水特性研究

在传统的循环活性污泥系统（CASS）反应器中投加人工合成填料组建复合式CASS反应器,用于进一步处理上流式厌氧污泥床（UASB）预处理后的酒精废水,研究了去除酒精废水中的TN、NH3-N、COD、TP的效果特性及相关机理,同时与传统的CASS反应器进行了比较。结果表明,当体积填充率为30%,运行周期为6h的条件下,进水COD为424.3～850.2 mg/L,NH3-N、TN、TP的质量浓度分别为17.53～33.24、24.02～40.22、21.37～35.74 mg/L时,对TN、COD、NH3的平均去除率分别为88.81%、85.76%、96.51%。发现复合式CASS反应器处理效果要好于传统的CASS反应器。通过投加填料,强化了反应器中的生物量、生物种类和生物含量及系统多样化的微生物环境,使复合式CASS反应器中的生态系统更加复杂、更加稳定、更加多样化是除污效果强化的主要原因。

复合式膜生物反应器去除城市污水中TN的研究

采用复合式膜生物反应器(HMBR)中试装置处理城市污水,考察了对TN的去除效果并探讨了脱氮机理。试验结果表明,HMBR能够显著提高脱氮效果,对TN的平均去除率为50.9%,比常规膜生物反应器(CMBR)提高了13.8%。由于生物膜对松散附着型胞外聚合物(LB-EPS)的吸附作用,HMBR中的LB-EPS与CMBR的相比明显降低。LB-EPS的降低使HMBR中絮体的粒径增加了近1倍,絮体密度明显增大,提高了同步硝化反硝化的效果。另外,一定厚度的生物膜同样可以进行同步硝化反硝化。与CMBR相比,HMBR中的活性污泥絮体和生物膜在提高脱氮效果上分别贡献了8%、5.8%。

A／HMBR组合工艺处理生活垃圾中转站废水

采用厌氧—复合式膜生物反应器(A/HMBR)组合工艺处理模拟生活垃圾中转站废水,考察了水力停留时间和回流比对COD、NH3-N、TN去除效果的影响。结果表明,在水力停留时间为42h、回流比为3时,系统对COD、NH3-N、TN的去除率最高,分别为95%、89%、78%。复合式膜生物反应器中膜污染的主要原因为溶解性有机物对膜孔的堵塞。

复合式膜生物反应器处理城市污水特性研究

在传统膜生物反应器(CMBR)的生物反应区内投加一定量的悬浮填料作为生物载体,组成复合式膜生物反应器(HMBR)系统用于处理城市污水.经过连续实验,结果表明:HMBR较CMBR能更有效地去除有机物、氨氮、TN和TP;随着载体上生物膜的形成及增多,TN和TP去除率显著提高,当生物膜量达到1400mg/L时,TN和TP的去除率分别由挂膜前的28.7%和71.2%提高到60.3%和82.3%;HMBR生物脱氮除磷的效果受生物膜量和厚度的影响.

硅橡胶膜生物反应器连续发酵与乙醇分离耦合动力学研究

在发酵罐体积为4 L、膜面积为0.08 m2的硅橡胶膜生物反应器中,进行了酿酒酵母连续发酵生成乙醇和产物原位分离的耦合动力学研究。建立了耦合过程中细胞生长、产物合成和基质消耗随时间变化的数学模型,通过对实验数据的非线性拟合,得出了对应的动力学模型参数值;该模型计算结果与实验值吻合良好,可较好地预测膜生物反应器稳定操作参数,对该类膜生物反应器的开发设计和操作具有指导意义。

化学絮凝预处理对膜生物反应器膜污染的影响

以生活污水为原水,对复合式膜生物反应器(HMBR)与传统膜生物反应器(CMBR)进行了对比研究,探讨化学絮凝预处理对膜污染和除污效果的影响。结果表明,相对于CMBR系统,HMBR系统的膜污染速率很低,在近50d的运行中,HMBR的跨膜压差几乎维持在同一水平,而在同等条件下运行的CMBR则从4.59kPa上升到26.18kPa。EPS分析结果表明,HMBR系统中SMP和LB各组分的浓度相对于CMBR系统大大减小,膜污染的速率得到了大幅降低。化学絮凝预处理可有效减缓后续MBR的膜污染,可以作为膜生物反应器的有效预处理方法。此外,HM-BR的出水水质也优于CMBR系统的。

一体化复合式膜生物反应器除磷研究

本文通过对比实验 ,研究了不同工艺组合条件下一体化复合式膜生物反应器 ( HCMBR)的除磷效果。研究表明 ,在无厌氧段的情况下 ,反应器内保持好氧状态的同时 ,填料内部存在厌氧环境 ,TP的去除率为 2 2 % ;在有厌氧段 ( A/ O)的情况下 ,TP的去除率可达 70 % ;采用化学方法时 ,TP去除率可达 82 .1 % ,但过高的 n( Al3+ ) / n( TP)值将会影响污泥的活性。并且 HCMBR对NH3- N、CODCr、TN等污染物有十分良好的去除效果。

混凝沉淀/复合式生物反应器处理乳品废水

通过对某乳品公司废水水量、水质的调查,选择混凝沉淀/复合式生物反应器处理乳品废水。工程运行结果表明,该工艺运行稳定,耐冲击负荷,出水水质可满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978—1996)的一级标准。另外,还对工程中出现的问题及解决办法进行了探讨。

复合式膜生物反应器膜污染机理研究

通过在膜生物反应器中添加填料,在保持良好出水水质的前提下可有效降低悬浮污泥浓度,从而减轻膜表面的污泥沉积,减轻膜污染。在处理生活污水的试验中,膜表面泥饼层阻力在总阻力中的比例下降到10%,而膜孔吸附阻力中由溶解性有机物所造成的阻力占到83.3%,这表明由于膜表面的污泥沉积降低,膜组件对溶解性有机物的吸附增加,因而应当选择合适的污泥浓度以得到最佳的综合效果。

复合膜生物反应器处理采油废水的挂膜及污泥驯化

向膜生物反应器（MBR）中投加聚丙烯（PP）填料作为生物膜载体,构建复合膜生物反应器（HMBR）。为了改善HMBR对采油废水的生化处理效果,对系统内活性污泥进行驯化及挂膜培养。分别研究了驯化期系统内污泥性能、填料挂膜效果、微生物相的变化情况以及对废水的处理效果。结果表明,经过25 d的驯化培养后,评价污泥浓度与沉降性能的指标如MLSS、MLVSS、SVI等明显改善。填料挂膜成熟,填料上的生物量稳定在1 500 mg/L,生物膜厚2~3 mm,在生物膜表面以及悬浮污泥中,一些表征污泥成熟的微生物相包括菌胶团、轮虫、纤虫大量出现。系统出水的CODCr去除率为88%,含油量去除率为95.6%,表现出了对采油废水的良好处理效果与抗冲击负荷能力。相比传统MBR,HMBR中的膜孔阻力Rp和滤饼层阻力Rc分别降低了48.7%和51.8%,说明HMBR能够有效控制膜污染。