Modeling and Simulation of a Hybrid Energy Storage System for Residential Grid-Tied Solar Microgrid Systems

Present-day power conversion and conditioning systems focus on transferring energy from a single type of power source into a single type of load or energy storage system (ESS). While these systems can be optimized within their specific topology (e.g. MPPT for solar applications and BMS for batteries), the topologies are not easily adapted to accept a wide range of power flow operating conditions. With a hybrid approach to energy storage and power flow, a system can be designed to operate at its most advantageous point, given the operating conditions. Based on the load demand, the system can select the optimal power source and ESS. This paper will investigate the feasibility of combining two types of power sources (main utility grid and photovoltaics (PV)) along with two types of ESS (ultra-capacitors and batteries). The simulation results will show the impact of a hybrid ESS on a grid-tied residential microgrid system performance under various operating scenarios.

Analysis of Hybrid Rechargeable Energy Storage Systems in Series Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Based on Simulations

In this paper, an extended analysis of the performance of different hybrid Rechargeable Energy Storage Systems (RESS) for use in Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) with a series drivetrain topology is analyzed, based on simulations with three different driving cycles. The investigated hybrid energy storage topologies are an energy optimized lithium-ion battery (HE) in combination with an Electrical Double-Layer Capacitor (EDLC) system, in combination with a power optimized lithium-ion battery (HP) system or in combination with a Lithium-ion Capacitor (LiCap) system, that act as a Peak Power System. From the simulation results it was observed that hybridization of the HE lithium-ion based energy storage system resulted from the three topologies in an increased overall energy efficiency of the RESS, in an extended all electric range of the PHEV and in a reduced average current through the HE battery. The lowest consumption during the three driving cycles was obtained for the HE-LiCap topology, where fuel savings of respectively 6.0%, 10.3% and 6.8% compared with the battery stand-alone system were achieved. The largest extension of the range was achieved for the HE-HP configuration (17% based on FTP-75 driving cycle). HP batteries however have a large internal resistance in comparison to EDLC and LiCap systems, which resulted in a reduced overall energy efficiency of the hybrid RESS. Additionally, it was observed that the HP and LiCap systems both offer significant benefits for the integration of a peak power system in the drivetrain of a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle due to their low volume and weight in comparison to that of the EDLC system.

Towards Implementation of Smart Grid: An Updated Review on Electrical Energy Storage Systems

A smart grid will require, to greater or lesser degrees, advanced tools for planning and operation, broadly accepted communications platforms, smart sensors and controls, and real-time pricing. The smart grid has been described as something of an ecosystem with constantly communication, proactive, and virtually self-aware. The use of smart grid has a lot of economical and environmental advantages;however it has a downside of instability and unpredictability introduced by distributed generation (DG) from renewable energy into the public electric systems. Variable energies such as solar and wind power have a lack of stability and to avoid short-term fluctuations in power supplied to the grid, a local storage subsystem could be used to provide higher quality and stability in the fed energy. Energy storage systems (ESSs) would be a facilitator of smart grid deployment and a “small amount” of storage would have a “great impact” on the future power grid. The smart grid, with its various superior communications and control features, would make it possible to integrate the potential application of widely dispersed battery storage systems as well other ESSs. This work deals with a detailed updated review on available ESSs applications in future smart power grids. It also highlights latest projects carried out on different ESSs throughout all around the world.

Average Current Control with Internal Model Control and Real-time Frequency Decoupling for Hybrid Energy Storage Systems in Microgrids

Among hybrid energy storage systems(HESSs),battery-ultracapacitor systems in active topology use DC/DC power converters for their operations.HESSs are part of the solutions designed to improve the operation of power systems in different applications.In the residential microgrid applications,a multilevel control system is required to manage the available energy and interactions among the microgrid components.For this purpose,a rule-based power management system is designed,whose operation is validated in the simulation,and the performances of different controllers are compared to select the best strategy for the DC/DC converters.The average current control with internal model control and real-time frequency decoupling is proposed as the most suitable controller according to the contemplated performance parameters,allowing voltage regulation values close to 1%.The results are validated using real-time hardware-in-the-loop(HIL).These systems can be easily adjusted for other applications such as electric vehicles.

基于FCS-MPC的分布式HESS功率协调控制

针对孤岛直流微电网中分布式混合储能系统(HESS)协调运行问题,提出一种基于有限控制集模型预测控制(FCSMPC)的功率协调控制策略。该策略采用小波包变换来分解分布式HESS的功率需求,由于分解后信号的特点和分布式HESS中蓄电池初始状态的不同,于是对分解后最低频信号基于蓄电池荷电状态(SOC)设计自适应因数来进一步再分解。由于DC/DC变换器开关状态组合数量较少,使得多步FCS-MPC的滚动优化计算量较少,于是采用FCS-MPC取代双闭环PI控制,提高系统动态响应。搭建含有分布式HESS的孤岛直流微电网模型,并做了3种方案的仿真对比,验证该策略有效平缓了直流母线波动并实现蓄电池SOC一致。该策略有利于提高电网运行的稳定性,并延长蓄电池使用寿命。

A Model Predictive Control Method for Hybrid Energy Storage Systems

The traditional PI controller for a hybrid energy storage system(HESS)has certain drawbacks,such as difficult tuning of the controller parameters and the additional filters to allocate high-and low-frequency power fluctuations.This paper proposes a model predictive control(MPC)method to control three-level bidirectional DC/DC converters for grid-connections to a HESS in a DC microgrid.First,the mathematical model of a HESS consisting of a battery and ultra capacitor(UC)is established and the neutral point voltage imbalance of a three-level converter is solved by analyzing the operating modes of the converter.Secondly,for the control of the grid-connected converters,an MPC method is proposed for calculating steady-state reference values in the outer layer and the dynamic rolling optimization in the inner layer.The outer layer ensures the voltage regulation and establishes the current predictive model,while the inner layer,using the model predictive current control,makes the current follow the predictive value,thus reducing the system current ripple.This cascaded topology has two independent controllers and is free of filters to realize the high-and low-frequency power allocation for a HESS.Therefore,it allows two types of energy storage devices to independently regulate the voltage and realizes the power allocation of the battery and UC.Finally,simulation studies are conducted in PSCAD/EMTDC,and the effectiveness of the proposed HESS control strategy is verified in a case,such as a controller comparison and fault scenario.

Supercharging of Diesel Engine with Compressed Air: Experimental Investigation on Greenhouse Gases and Performance for a Hybrid Wind-Diesel System

Supercharging is the process of supplying air for combustion at a pressure greater than that achieved by natural or atmospheric induction, as applied to internal combustion engines. As a consequence of demonstrated technological, economical and energetic advantages in multiple literature evaluations concerning the large scale wind-compressed air hybrid storage system with gas turbines, the utilization of a hybrid wind-diesel system with compressed air storage (HWDCAS) has been frequently explored. These will mainly have average or small scale application such as the powering of isolated sites. It has been proven in numerous studies that the HWDCAS combined with an additional supercharging of the diesel engines will contribute to the increase of the power and efficiency of the diesel engine, the reduction of both fuel consumption and the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). This article presents the obtained results from experimental validation of the selected design with an aim to valorize this innovative solution and become trustworthy.

Modelling and Optimal Design of Hybrid Power System Photovoltaic/Solid Oxide Fuel Cell for a Mediterranean City

This work presents a hybrid power system consisting of photovoltaic and solid oxide fuel cell(PV-SOFC)for electricity production and hydrogen production.The simulation of this hybrid system is adjusted for Bou-Zedjar city in north Algeria.Homer software was used for this simulation to calculate the power output and the total net present cost.The method used depends on the annual average monthly values of clearness index and radiation for which the energy contributions are determined for each component of PV/SOFC hybrid system.The economic study is more important criterion in the proposed hybrid system,and the results show that the cost is very suitable for the use of this hybrid system,which ensures that the area is fed continuously with the sufficient energy for the load which assumed to be 500 kW in the peak season.The optimized results of the present study show that the photovoltaic is capable of generating 8733 kW electricity while the SOFC produces 500 kW electricity.The electrolyzer is capable of producing 238750 kg of hydrogen which is used as fuel in the SOFC to compensate the energy lack in nights and during peak season.

Hybrid Power System Options for Off-Grid Rural Electrification in Northern Kenya

For domestic consumers in the rural areas of northern Kenya, as in other developing countries, the typical source of electrical supply is diesel generators. However, diesel generators are associated with both CO2 emissions, which adversely affect the environment and increase diesel fuel prices, which inflate the prices of consumer goods. The Kenya government has taken steps towards addressing this issue by proposing The Hybrid Mini-Grid Project, which involves the installation of 3 MW of wind and solar energy systems in facilities with existing diesel generators. However, this project has not yet been implemented. As a contribution to this effort, this study proposes, simulates and analyzes five different configurations of hybrid energy systems incorporating wind energy, solar energy and battery storage to replace the stand-alone diesel power systems servicing six remote villages in northern Kenya. If implemented, the systems proposed here would reduce Kenya’s dependency on diesel fuel, leading to reductions in its carbon footprint. This analysis confirms the feasibility of these hybrid systems with many configurations being profitable. A Multi-Attribute Trade-Off Analysis is employed to determine the best hybrid system configuration option that would reduce diesel fuel consumption and jointly minimize CO2 emissions and net present cost. This analysis determined that a wind-diesel-battery configuration consisting of two 500 kW turbines, 1200 kW diesel capacity and 95,040 Ah battery capacity is the best option to replace a 3200 kW stand-alone diesel system providing electricity to a village with a peak demand of 839 kW. It has the potential to reduce diesel fuel consumption and CO2 emissions by up to 98.8%.

基于风光互补发电系统的压缩空气混合储能系统容量优化

压缩空气储能系统可以有效减少因风能和太阳能随机性造成的弃风弃光现象,但其动态响应时间长,且存储规模配置不合理会影响其发展。为此首先提出液流电池与压缩空气储能组成混合储能系统解决并网型风光互补发电系统输出波动不稳定的问题;其次基于典型小时负荷、风力机发电功率和光伏发电功率,针对不同场景,以系统最大收益为目标函数,利用猫群算法优化压缩空气储能系统的容量配置;最后分析压缩空气储能系统的额定容量与额定功率对系统最大收益的影响,验证算法可靠性。结果表明,基于风力机与光伏系统的装机功率分别为20 MW和3.42 MW的场景,压缩空气储能系统容量配置为4 MW和46.5 MW∙h时,其经济性最佳,每周可节约购电成本183688.24元,周最大收益为30543.86元。

基于Stacking融合模型的PHEV复合储能系统实时能量分配策略

为了解决插电式混合动力汽车单一电池低比功率、无法响应暂态功率需求的问题,设计了电池和超级电容并联式复合储能系统。同时针对采用动态规划法优化负载电流分配时缺乏实时性的问题,利用不同驱动工况下动态规划优化的结果构成训练集进行训练,并综合GRU网络以及XGBoost算法,提出了一种Stacking集成学习框架下多模型融合的能量分配策略。仿真结果表明,与仅使用单一电池的储能系统相比,基于Stacking融合模型的实时能量分配系统在UDDS和US06两种循环工况下,电池峰值电流分别降低了48.7%和50.8%,有效削弱了电池的峰值电流,提升了电池的整体性能。

Energy management strategy for a parallel hybrid electric vehicle equipped with a battery/ultra-capacitor hybrid energy storage system

To solve the low power density issue of hybrid electric vehicular batteries, a combination of batteries and ultracapacitors (UCs) could be a solution. The high power density feature of UCs can improve the performance of battery/UC hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs). This paper presents a parallel hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) equipped with an internal combus- tion engine and an HESS. An advanced energy management strategy (EMS), mainly based on fuzzy logic, is proposed to improve the fuel economy of the HEV and the endurance of the HESS. The EMS is capable of determining the ideal distribution of output power among the internal combustion engine, battery, and UC according to the propelling power or regenerative braking power of the vehicle. To validate the effectiveness of the EMS, numerical simulation and experimental validations are carried out. The results indicate that EMS can effectively control the power sources to work within their respective efficient areas. The battery load can be mitigated and prolonged battery life can be expected. The electrical energy consumption in the HESS is reduced by 3.91% compared with that in the battery only system. Fuel consumption of the HEV is reduced by 24.3% compared with that of the same class conventional vehicles under Economic Commission of Europe driving cycle.

Wavelet-based power management for hybrid energy storage system

A wavelet-based power management system is proposed in this paper with a combination of the battery and ultracapacitor(UC)hybrid energy storage system(HESS).The wavelet filter serves as a frequency-based filter for distributing the power between the battery and UC.In order to determine the optimal level of wavelet decomposition as well as the optimal activation power of the wavelet controller,an optimization procedure is established.The proposed frequency-based power management system moderates the usage of battery current,consequently improving its lifetime.Compared with the conventional threshold-based power management systems,the proposed system has the advantage of enhanced battery and UC power management.A LiFePO4 battery is considered and its life loss is modeled.As a case study,an electric motorcycle is evaluated in the federal test procedure(FTP)driving cycle.Compared with a conventional energy storage system(ESS)and a state of available power(SoP)management systems,the results show an improvement for the battery lifetime by 115%and 3%,respectively.The number of battery replacements is increased,and the energy recovery is improved.The 10-year overall costs of the proposed HESS strategy using wavelet are1500 dollars lower,compared with the ESS.

基于潮流转移装置的混合储能接入牵引供电系统控制策略研究

采用单相工频交流制式的电气化铁路具有无污染、运输效率高的优点,但在现有的牵引供电系统中,负序和再生制动能量利用的问题较为突出。因此,文章提出了一种集成混合储能系统的潮流转移拓扑。文章分析了集成混合储能的潮流转移装置的拓扑结构,研究了削峰、填谷、再生制动和同相运行模式及其能量管理策略;为减少系统损耗,进一步提高系统再生制动能量利用率和削峰填谷的控制精度,文章提出了一种协调控制策略,并采用无源控制的非线性电流控制器提升变流器控制响应速度。仿真结果表明,该系统可以充分利用牵引供电系统的再生制动能量,提高系统中能量流动的灵活性,并且解决了牵引供电系统中的负序问题。

基于改进鲸鱼算法的混合储能系统容量优化配置

针对微电网中使用可再生能源的高随机性和间歇性等特征,提出了一种混合储能系统容量优化配置方法。该方法以混合储能系统成本最低、平抑可再生能源功率波动效果最优与电网联络线利用率最高为目标,通过建立混合储能容量优化配置模型并采用改进鲸鱼优化算法对所建立的模型进行求解得到最优混合储能系统容量优化配置。最终对比传统鲸鱼优化算法和传统粒子群算法来验证改进鲸鱼算法可以更合理地配置混合储能系统的容量,使可再生能源功率波动的平抑效果提高,同时也使微网联络线利用率变高,保证微电网可靠、经济地运行,进而实现资源的合理利用。

Economic optimization on two time scales for a hybrid energy system based on virtual storage

This paper proposes an economic optimization method with two time scales for a hybrid energy system based on the virtual storage characteristic of a thermostatically controlled load(TCL). The optimization process includes two time scales in order to ensure accuracy and efficiency. Based on the forecast load and energy supply of the system, the first time scale is day-ahead economic operating optimization, carried out to determine the minimum operating cost for the whole day, and to find the period of greatest cost to which the second time scale optimization is applied. Using the virtual storage characteristic, the second time scale is short-term detailed optimization carried out for these particular hours. By dispatching thermal load in this period and adjusting energy supply accordingly, we can find the optimal economic performance, and customer requests are taken into account to ensure satisfaction. A case study in Tianjin, China illustrates the effectiveness of this method and proves that a TCL can make a great contribution to improving the economic performance of a hybrid energy system.

锂离子电池/超级电容器混合储能系统能量管理方法综述

锂离子电池/超级电容器混合储能系统因其良好的性能、较低的成本和较强的通用性,已成为应用最为广泛的混合储能系统。能量管理技术是混合储能系统的核心技术之一,也是当前主要的研究热点。为了系统地对混合储能系统能量管理方法进行综述,本文首先对锂离子电池/超级电容器混合储能系统的拓扑结构、能量管理架构以及功率分配控制进行了介绍;而后,本文将现有的混合储能系统能量管理方法分为基于经验、基于优化、基于工况模式识别和基于机器学习5大类并进行了详细的对比分析,重点针对规律性工况与随机性工况讨论了各类能量管理方法的效能,并分析了各类方法的鲁棒性与计算复杂度;最后,本文对现有的能量管理方法进行了总结,并对该领域未来的研究方向和发展趋势进行了展望。综合分析表明,提高对随机性负载未来工况的预测精度、建立更加精准的混合储能系统模型并通过云端协同进一步提升能量管理方法的实时性将是未来混合储能系统能量管理研究的重点。

Comparison of the topologies for a hybrid energy-storage system of electric vehicles via a novel optimization method

The combination of batteries and ultracapacitors has become an effective solution to satisfy the requirements of high power density and high energy density for the energy-storage system of electric vehicles.Three aspects of such combination efforts were considered for evaluating the four types of hybrid energy-storage system(HESS)topologies.First,a novel optimization framework was proposed and implemented to optimize the voltage level of a battery pack and an ultracapacitor pack for the four types of HESS topologies.During the optimization process,the dynamic programming(DP)algorithm was iteratively applied to determine the optimal control actions.The simulation results with DP were used to evaluate the energy efficiency of different HESS topologies at different voltage levels.Second,the optimized voltage level of the battery and ultracapacitor in each topology indicates that a higher voltage level usually results in a better system performance.The simulation results also illustrate that the optimized rated voltage level of the battery pack is approximately 499.5 V,while for the ultracapacitor pack,the optimized voltage level is at its maximum allowed value.Note that the constraint of the battery voltage is initialized at200–600 V.Third,the control rules for different HESS topologies were obtained through the systematic analysis of the simulation results.In addition,advantages and disadvantages of the four topologies were summarized through evaluation of the efficiency and operating currents of the batteries and the ultracapacitor.