Magnetic Properties and Intergranular Action in Bonded Hybrid Magnets

Magnetic properties and intergranular action in bonded hybrid magnets,based on NdFeB and strontium ferrite powders were investigated.The long-range magnetostatic interaction and short-range exchange coupling interaction existed simultaneously in bonded hybrid magnets,and neither of them could be neglected.Some magnetic property parameters of hybrid magnets could be approximately obtained by adding the hysteresis loops of two magnets pro rata.

Transient multi-physics behavior of an insert high temperature superconducting no-insulation coil in hybrid superconducting magnets with inductive coupling

A transient multi-physics model incorporated with an electromagneto-thermomechanical coupling is developed to capture the multi-field behavior of a single-pancake(SP)insert no-insulation(NI)coil in a hybrid magnet during the charging and discharging processes.The coupled problem is resolved by means of the finite element method(FEM)for the magneto-thermo-elastic behaviors and the Runge-Kutta method for the transient responses of the electrical circuits of the hybrid superconducting magnet system.The results reveal that the transient multi-physics responses of the insert NI coil primarily depend on the charging/discharging procedure of the hybrid magnet.Moreover,a reverse azimuthal current and a compressive hoop stress are induced in the insert NI coil during the charging process,while a forward azimuthal current and a tensile hoop stress are observed during the discharging process.The induced voltages in the insert NI coil can drive the currents flowing across the radial turns where the contact resistance exists.Therefore,it brings forth significant Joule heat,causing a temperature rise and a uniform distribution of this heat in the coil turns.Accordingly,a thermally/mechanically unstable or quenching event may be encountered when a high operating current is flowing in the insert NI coil.It is numerically predicted that a quick charging will induce a compressive hoop stress which may bring a risk of buckling instability in the coil,while a discharging will not.The simulations provide an insight of hybrid superconducting magnets under transient start-up or shutdown phases which are inevitably encountered in practical applications.

Modeling and Analysis of Novel Integrated Radial Hybrid Magnetic Bearing for Magnetic Bearing Reaction Wheel

Conventional ball bearing reaction wheel used to control the attitude of spacecraft can＇t absorb the centrifugal force caused by imbalance of the wheel rotor,and there will be a torque spike at zero speed,which seriously influences the accuracy and stability of spacecraft attitude control.Compared with traditional ball-bearing wheel,noncontact and no lubrication are the remarkable features of the magnetic bearing reaction wheel,and which can solve the high precision problems of wheel.In general,two radial magnetic bearings are needed in magnetic bearing wheel,and the design results in a relatively large axial dimension and smaller momentum-to-mass ratios.In this paper,a new type of magnetic bearing reaction wheel（MBRW） is introduced for satellite attitude control,and a novel integrated radial hybrid magnetic bearing（RHMB） with permanent magnet bias is designed to reduce the mass and minimize the size of the MBRW,etc.The equivalent magnetic circuit model for the RHMB is presented and a solution is found.The stiffness model is also presented,including current stiffness,position negative stiffness,as well as tilting current stiffness,tilting angular position negative stiffness,force and moment equilibrium equations.The design parameters of the RHMB are given according to the requirement of the MBRW with angular momentum of 30 N ？ m ？ s when the rotation speed of rotor reaches to 5 kr/min.The nonlinearity of the RHMB is shown by using the characteristic curves of force-control current-position,current stiffness,position stiffness,moment-control current-angular displacement,tilting current stiffness and tilting angular position stiffness considering all the rotor position within the clearance space and the control current.The proposed research ensures the performance of the radial magnetic bearing with permanent magnet bias,and provides theory basis for design of the magnetic bearing wheel.

Torque Ripple Reduction of Synchronous Reluctance Machine by Using Asymmetrical Barriers and Hybrid Magnetic Core

As there is no need of permanent magnet(PM)material and only silicon steel sheet required on the rotor,synchronous reluctance machine(SynRM)can be used for many applications and draws a great research interest.For the SynRM,the torque ripple is a big issue and a great of work could been done on reducing it.In this paper,asymmetrical magnetic flux barriers in the SynRM rotor were studied comprehensively,including angle and width of each layer and each side of the magnetic barrier.The SynRMb with asymmetrical and parallel magnetic flux barrier was found as the best way to design SynRM based on the multi-objective design optimization method.Moreover,each parameter was studied to show the design rule of the asymmetrical magnetic flux barrier.As the average torque will be reduced with the asymmetrical barrier is used,the grain-oriented silicon steel is used on stator teeth of the SynRMb(SynRMbG)was proposed and studied.The analysis results show that the proposed new method can make the SynRM have better performance.

Optimization Design and Analysis of a Hybrid Permanent Magnet Flux-Switching Motor with Compound Rotor Configuration

This paper proposes a type of flux-switching permanent magnet(FSPM)motor,where the design concept of the hybrid permanent magnets(HPM)and the compound rotor are incorporated into the motor design.In such design,the proposed motor can not only realize the significant reduction of NdFeB volume,but also artfully convert external magnetic flux leakage into the air-gap field to achieve competitive torque density and desirable PM usage efficiency.For extensive investigation,two topologies of the HPM are designed and analyzed for the proposed motor,which consist of the parallel-magnetic-hybrid(PMH)mode and serial-magnetic-hybrid(SMH)mode.To fully exploit the potential advantages of the proposed motor,a multi-objective optimization design is conducted,where the response surface method(RSM)and sequential non-linear programming(SNP)method are purposely utilized.After optimization,the electromagnetic performances of the motor with PMH mode and SMH mode are evaluated and compared by using finite element method(FEM),which include the back-EMF,cogging torque,output torque,and so on.Furthermore,the partial demagnetization of the ferrite PM is also investigated in the paper.Finally,the theoretical analysis and simulation study verify the effectiveness of the proposed motor and corresponding optimization design.

High-Performance Sodium Bose-Einstein Condensate Apparatus with a Hybrid Trap and Long-Distance Magnetic Transfer

We report on the production of large sodium Bose^Einstein condensates in a hybrid of magnetic quadrupole and optical dipole trap. With an optimized spin-flip Zeeman slower, 2 ~ 1010 sodium atoms are captured in the magneto-optical trap （MOT）. A long distance magnetic transfer setup moves the cold atom over 46cm from the MOT chamber to the UHV science chamber, which provides great optical access and long conservative trap lifetime. After evaporative cooling in the hybrid trap, we produce nearly pure condensates of 1 ~ 107 atoms with lifetime of 80 s in the optical dipole trap.

Earth-observation satellite attitude control using passive and active hybrid magnetically suspended flywheels

The control strategy is presented using passive and active hybrid magnetically suspended flywheels（P＆A MSFWs）,which can help meet the requirements of high precision and high stability for earth-observation satellites.Compared with the conventional flywheel,P＆A MSFW has more rotation degrees of freedom（DOFs）since the rotor is suspended by magnetic bearings,and thus requires more efficient controllers.A modified sliding mode control law（SMC）to our novel nonlinear and coupled system is presented,which is interrupted by inertia matrix uncertainties and external disturbances.SMC law via Lyapunov method is improved,and a fuzzy control scheme is used to attenuate the chatting and control attitude accuracy and maintain the robustness of SMC.Simulation results are provided to illustrate the efficiency of our model by using our control law.

Magnetic properties and magnetization mechanism of anisotropic NdFeB/SmFeN hybrid bonded magnets prepared with different coercivity NdFeB powders

Anisotropic NdFeB/SmFeN hybrid bonded magnets were prepared by warm compaction process under an orientation magnetic field of 22 kOe,mixing with anisotropic SmFeN powders in different addition and HDDR-NdFeB powders in different coercivity.With the addition of 20 wt% SmFeN,the density and remanence of hybrid magnets increase from 5.58 g/cm~3,8.4 kGs to 6.02 g/cm~3,9.0 kGs,respectively.And as the addition amount of SmFeN powders varies from 20 wt% to 40 wt%,the maximum energy product changes less than 0.5 MGOe.In addition,the magnetization process and the interactions between two powders were studied.It is found that the magnetization process of anisotropic NdFeB powders shows distinction in different initial states.The addition of SmFeN powders promotes the rotation of NdFeB powders together with applied field,which is beneficial to the degree of alignment of NdFeB powders.Because of the micron-sized long range coupling effect,the coercivity of hybrid magnets decreases slowly with the increase of low coercivity SmFeN.Meanwhile,the magnetization process of hybrid magnets is different from pure magnets,it increases rapidly at low field and then slowly,next leads to rapidity again and achieves the saturation magnetization finally.

High-temperature magnetic properties of anisotropic Mn Bi/Nd Fe B hybrid bonded magnets

Anisotropic MnBi/NdFeB （MnBi contents of 0 wt%, 20 wt%, 40 wt%, 60 wt%, 80 wt%, and 100 wt%） hybrid bonded magnets were prepared by molding compression using MnBi powders and commercial hydro-genation disproportionation desorption and recombination （HDDR） NdFeB powders. Magnetic measurements at room temperature show that with MnBi content increasing, the magnetic properties of the MnBi/NdFeB hybrid bonded magnets all decrease gradually, while the density of the hybrid magnets improves almost linearly. In a temperature range of 293-398 K, the coercivity temperature coefficient of the hybrid magnets improves gradually from -0.59 %.K^-1 for the pure NdFeB bonded magnet to -0.32 %.K^-1 for the hybrid bonded magnet with 80 wt% MnBi, and the pure MnBi bonded magnet exhibits a positive coercivity temperature coefficient of 0.61%-K^-1.

Cogging Torque Reduction in Axial Flux PMSM with Different Permanent Magnet Combination

With the increasing requirement for the mechanical vibration and acoustic noise of the permanent magnet synchronous motor(PMSM)drive system,the demand for cogging torque reduction of PMSM has been considerably increased.To solve the problem of oversized cogging torque of axial flux PMSM,a rotor topology with hybrid permanent magnet is proposed to weaken the cogging torque.Firstly,the expression of the cogging torque of the axial flux motor is derived,and the influence of the pole-arc ratio of the permanent magnet on the cogging torque is analyzed.Secondly,the rotor structure with hybrid permanent magnet is adopted to reduce the cogging torque.According to the analytical analysis,the constraints of the size and pole-arc ratio between the hybrid permanent magnets are obtained,and the two permanent magnets related to the minimum cogging torque are determined.And the analysis results are verified by the finite element simulation.Furthermore,the motor performance with and without the hybrid permanent magnet is compared with each other.Finally,the cogging torque is significantly reduced by adopting a rotor structure with hybrid permanent magnets.

Recent Advances in Variable Flux Memory Machines for Traction Applications: A Review

This paper overviews the recent advances in variable flux memory machines(VFMMs)for traction applications with particular reference to newly emerged machine topologies and related control strategies.Due to the use of flux memorable low coercive force(LCF)magnets,the air-gap flux of VFMM can be flexibly varied via a magnetizing current pulse.Thus,the copper loss associated with the flux weakening current and high-speed iron loss can be significantly reduced,and hence high efficiency can be achieved over a wide speed and torque/power operation.These merits make VFMM potentially attractive for electric vehicle(EV)applications.Various novel VFMMs are reviewed with particular reference to their topologies,working principle,characteristics and related control techniques.In order to tackle the drawbacks in the existing VFMMs,some new designs are introduced for performance improvement.Then,the electromagnetic characteristics of an exemplified EV-scaled switched flux memory machine and various benchmark traction machine choices,such as induction machine,synchronous reluctance machines,as well as commercially available Prius 2010 interior permanent magnet(IPM)machine are compared.Finally,the key challenges and development trends of VFMM are highlighted,respectively.

Synthesis,Structural Characterization and Magnetic Properties of{[Gd(DMF)_(3)(DMSO)(H_(2)O)_(3)](μ-CN)(Fe)(CN)_(5)]}·2H_(2)O

A new cyano-bridged Gadolinium^(Ⅲ)-Iron^(Ⅲ)complex{[Gd(DMF)_(3)(DMSO)(H_(2)O)_(3)]2H_(2)0(DMF=N,N·-dimethylformamide;DMSO=dimethylsulfoxidel}was synthesized by the grinding reaction method,.It crysta-]llizes in the triclinic.,space group P1 with ceIl parameters:a=O.90363(2)nm,b=1.25078(3)nm,c=1.41303(1)nm,穋m^(-3),Z=2,Mr=756.72,F(000)=760,Ⅲ)and the approxi-mately oriented octahedrally sixfold-coordinated Fe(Ⅲ)are linked by a cyano-bridge group to construct a dinuclear compound.The{[Gd(DMF)_(3)(DMSO)(H_(2)O)_(3)](Ⅲ)-Fe(Ⅲ)interaction is antiferromagnetic.CCDC:223430.

Model-free adaptive control for three-degree-of-freedom hybrid magnetic bearings

Mathematical models are disappointing due to uneven distribution of the air gap magnetic field and significant un- modeled dynamics in magnetic bearing systems. The effectiveness of control deteriorates based on an inaccurate mathematical model, creating slow response speed and high jitter. To solve these problems, a model-free adaptive control （MFAC） scheme is proposed for a three-degree-of-freedom hybrid magnetic bearing （3-DoF HMB） control system. The scheme for 3-DoF HMB depends only on the control current and the objective balanced position, and it does not involve any model information. The design process of a parameter estimation algorithm is model-free, based directly on pseudo-partial-derivative （PPD） derived online from the input and output data information. The rotor start-of-suspension position of the HMB is regulated by auxiliary bearings with different inner diameters, and two kinds of operation situations （linear and nonlinear areas） are present to analyze the validity of MFAC in detail. Both simulations and experiments demonstrate that the proposed MFAC scheme handles the 3-DoF HMB control system with start-of-suspension response speed, smaller steady state error, and higher stability.

Progress in graphene-based magnetic hybrids towards highly efficiency for microwave absorption

Nowadays, the yearning for microwave absorption materials(MAMs) are more and more urgent for dealing with the increasingly serious electromagnetic pollution and the demand of modern military security.Among potential candidates, the graphene(GE) based magnetic hybrids have advantages in structural controllable and designing flexibility, providing opportunities for achieving highly efficiency of microwave absorption(MA). Thus, the structural regulation and MA performances of GE-based magnetic hybrids arouse great attention in related fields. In this review, we summarize the recently progress in MA performance of GE-based magnetic hybrids. Typical absorption process and corresponding mechanism are firstly introduced, for guiding the design of GE-based magnetic MAMs. Then, the magnetic components, synthesis methods, structural features and regulation strategies of these GE-related magnetic materials are reviewed, and their influences on MA performances have also been discussed. Challenges, and prospects of the GE-based magnetic MAMs are suggested. This review provides a brief but systematic introduction to GE-based magnetic MAMs, which may pave the way for the design of MAMs with highly efficient MA performances.

The kinetics of force-dependent hybridization and strand-peeling of short DNA fragments

Deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) carries the genetic information in all living organisms. It consists of two interwound single-stranded(ss) strands, forming a double-stranded(ds) DNA with a right-handed double-helical conformation. The two strands are held together by highly specific basepairing interactions and are further stabilized by stacking between adjacent basepairs. A transition from a dsDNA to two separated ssDNA is called melting and the reverse transition is called hybridization. Applying a tensile force to a dsDNA can result in a particular type of DNA melting, during which one ssDNA strand is peeled away from the other. In this work, we studied the kinetics of strand-peeling and hybridization of short DNA under tensile forces. Our results show that the force-dependent strand-peeling and hybridization can be described with a simple two-state model. Importantly, detailed analysis of the force-dependent transition rates revealed that the transition state consists of several basepairs dsDNA.

Electric field control of deterministic current-induced magnetization switching in a hybrid ferromagnetic/ferroelectric structure

Subject Code:F04 With the support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,a study by the research group led by Prof.Wang Kaiyou(王开友)from the Institute of Semiconductors,Chinese Academy of Sciences demonstrates all-electric and programmable manipulations of ferromagnetic bits without external

Suspension Power Optimization of Unbalanced Structure Permanent-electro Hybrid Magnet Using Genetic Algorithm

The permanent magnet electromagnetic hybridmagnet (PEHM) has the advantages of low energy consumptionand a large suspension air gap. In this study, an unbalancedPEHM structure is proposed, which combines the advantages ofthe previous hybrid magnet structure. First, by establishing themagnetic circuit model of the new hybrid magnet structure, theinfluence of magnetic field distribution on the working magneticcircuit of the magnet is analyzed, and the method of magneticforce correction calculation of the new structure magnet isgiven. Then, the validity of the magnetic calculation method isverified by the 3D finite element method (FEM). Furthermore, theaverage suspension power force ratio is used as the optimizationgoal, and the system parameters of the hybrid magnet under aworking air gap of 6–10 mm and a load condition of 15000–20000 N are optimized by a genetic algorithm. Compared withthe previous hybrid magnet, the optimized hybrid magnet systemcan maintain lower power consumption under comprehensiveworking conditions.