Effects of Light Stress on Oxygen Evolution and Photochemical Energy Stor age of Hybrid Poplar Clones Determined by Photoacoustic Technique

The oxygen evolution, thermal dissipation, and photochemical energy storage of three hybrid poplar clones, namely the triploid clone B342, the diploid clone B11 [(Populus alba×P. glandulosa)×(P.tomentosa×P.bolleana)], and the triploid clone B346 [(P.tomentosa×P. bolleana)×(P. alba×P.glandulosa)], under light stress were studied using photoacoustics. The oxygen evolution signal and photochemical energy storage varied negatively with the pretreatment_PFD (photon flux density), whereas the thermal signal varied positively with the pretreatment_PFD. Photochemical energy storage was reallocated to PSⅡ more than to PSⅠ, while the photochemical energy storage in PSⅠ was more stable than that in PSⅡ when subjected to light stress. The inhibitors streptomycin (SM), dithiothreitol (DTT) and sodium fluoride (NaF) could all affect the oxygen evolution signal. Clones B11 and B342 were more resistant to light stress than clone B346.

Potential production and spatial distribution of hybrid poplar as a biofuel crop in Connecticut,USA

The objective of this study was to assess the biomass production potential from hybrid poplars using marginal lands in the state of Connecticut,USA.A land-use suitability model was developed to identify and classify marginal lands in the state that could be used for growing hybrid poplars as a biofuel woody energy crop.The model was built on a geographic information system(GIS)platform,consisting of an exclusion area section,an ecological suitability section,and an economic/land-use suitability section.The model then was used to estimate the total biomass of the land-cover forests,annual biomass from forest and agricultural residues,and in particular the production potential of biomass from hybrid poplars over marginal lands in the state at county level.The results indicated that about 50%of the land in this state is unavailable for hybrid poplar cultivation and that less than 5%is highly suitable.The amount of usable area is highly variable on the county level.Without large-scale land use change,it appears that biofuel production in this state can only be a supplemental resource to the current energy supply.

Drought tolerance in three hybrid poplar clones submitted to different watering regimes

Aims Poplars grownin North Chinamay experience water-deficient periods in their life cycle.The aim of the present paper was to quantify the response of three clones to different watering regimes and to determine whichcloneamongthe three is the best adapted to drought conditions.Methods Three hybrid poplar clones(clone DN-34,R-247 and OP-367)were used in the present experiment.The seedlings of the three clones were grown under four watering regimes:control(well watered,100%field water capacity(FC))and three drought treatments(drought stress I,50%FC;drought stress II,40%FC;drought stress III,30%FC).Changes in morphological,physical and biochemical indicators of the three hybrid poplar clones were investigated.Important Findings Drought treatment(50%,40%and 30%FC)decreased net photosynthetic rate(Pn),transpiration rate(Tr),stomatal conductance(gs),shoot height,total biomass and chlorophyll(Chl)content in all the three clones and it increased activities of antioxidant enzymes and free proline content.The highest values of the above-mentioned morphological and physiological parameters were recorded in clone OP-367 under 30%FC,followed by clone DN-34 and R-247.Relative leaf water content(RWC)and stem diameter(sd)markedly declined in clone R-247 and DN-34 under drought stress I,II and III,whereas RWC and sd declined in clone OP-367 only under drought stress II and III.Clone OP-367 had more RWC and sd than DN-34 and R-247.Only the 30%FC induced an increase in the root-to-shoot ratio(rs)and water use efficiency(WUE)in all the three clones.OP-367 was the most efficient clone in water absorption and use,for plants of the clone had the highest values of rs and WUE.Our data demonstrate that among the three clones,OP-367 was better able to maintain photosynthesis and growth and lower the damage caused by drought.

Early differentiation in biomass production and carbon sequestration of white poplar and its two hybrids in Central Iran

We assessed the potential of white poplar（Populus alba L.） and its inter-sectional hybridization with euphrates poplar（P. euphratica Oliv.） for carbon storage and sequestration in central Iran. Trials were established at planting density of 2,500 trees per hectare in block randomized design with three replicates. After 6 years, we measured the above-ground biomass of tree components（trunk, branch, bark, twig and leaf）, and assessed soil carbon at three depths. P. alba 9 euphratica plantation stored significantly more carbon（22.3 t ha-1） than P. alba（16.7 t ha-1） and P. euphratica 9 alba（13.1 t ha-1）.Most of the carbon was accumulated in the above-ground biomass（61.1 % in P. alba, 72.4 % in P. alba 9 euphratica and 56.0 % in P. euphratica 9 alba）. There was no significant difference in soil carbon storage. Also, biomass allocation was different between white poplar P. alba and its inter-sectional hybridization. Therefore, there was a yield difference due to genomic imprinting, which increased the possibility that paternally and maternally inherited wood production alleles would be differentially expressed in the new crossing.

An improved draft genome sequence of hybrid Populus alba×Populus glandulosa

Populus alba × P.glandulosa clone 84 K,derived from South Korea,is widely cultivated in China and used as a model in the molecular research of woody plants because of hi gh gene transformation efficiency.Here,we combined63-fold coverage Illumina short reads and 126-fold coverage PacBio long reads to assemble the genome.Due to the hi gh heterozygosity level at 2.1% estimated by k-mer analysis,we exploited TrioCanu for genome assembly.The PacBio clean subreads of P.alba × P.glandulosa were separated into two parts according to the similarities,compared with the parental genomes of P.alba and P.glandulosa.The two parts of the subreads were assembled to two sets of subgenomes comprising subgenome A(405.31 Mb,from P.alba)and subgenome G(376.05 Mb,from P.glandulosa) with the contig N50 size of 5.43 Mb and 2.15 Mb,respectively.A high-quality P.alba × P.glandulosa genome assembly was obtained.The genome size was 781.36 Mb with the contig N50 size of 3.66 Mb and the longest contig was 19.47 Mb.In addition,a total of 176.95 Mb(43.7%),152.37 Mb(40.5%)of repetitive elements were identified and a total of 38,701 and 38,449 protein-coding genes were predicted in subgenomes A and G,respectively.For functional annotation,96.98% of subgenome A and 96.96% of subgenome G genes were annotated with public databases.This de novo assembled genome will facilitate systematic and comprehensive study,such as multi-omics analysis,in the model tree P.alba X P.glandulosa.

速生杨木有机-无机杂化改性工艺研究

利用真空-加压浸渍法,将糠醇和蒙脱土复合制备的有机-无机杂化改性剂浸注到速生杨木中,得到复合改性材。结果分析,改性剂填充在木材细胞壁以及细胞壁与细胞腔之间的过渡区域,复合改性材力学性能显著增强,且具有良好的疏水性。

转双抗虫基因741毛白杨的选择及抗虫性

用部分改造BtCrylAc基因与慈菇蛋白酶抑制剂 (API)基因构建的双抗虫基因表达载体 ,通过农杆菌介导法转化了 741毛白杨 [PopulusalbaL .× (P .davidianaDode +P .simoniiCarr .)×P .tomentosaCarr .]。本文报道了选择转化植株的条件。在含卡那霉素 (Km’)的生根培养基中初步选择到转化植株 ,PCR检测表明 80 %的植株呈现阳性反应。对初步选择的转基因植株用杨扇舟蛾 (ClosteraanachoretaFabricius)和舞毒蛾 (LymantriadisparLinnacus)幼虫进行饲虫试验。其结果按照死亡率划分了高、中、低和对照 4类昆虫死亡率的植株 ,并对这 4类的定期死亡率、生长发育的延迟性后效应等进行了比较研究 ,为选择具有显著抗虫性的植株 (无性系 )提供依据。分子生物学检测结果 ,证明被选择植株 (无性系 )的基因已转入 ,且生长发育正常 ,占参试饲虫试验植株的 38 1 %

中国杨树杂交育种研究进展

对我国 5 0余年杨属派内和派间杂交育种研究进行了综述。在众多的杨树杂交组合中 ,派内种间杂交以白杨派、黑杨派成就显著 ,派间杂交以青杨派与黑杨派杂交成果最为突出。从杂交方式看 ,有单交、双交、三交、回交等 ,以杂种作亲本进行再杂交能够获得显著杂种优势 ;从育种目标看 ,有速生、抗寒、抗旱、抗病虫、窄冠、生根等 ;从育种方法看 ,以常规人工杂交为主 ,将常规人工杂交与物理辐射、化学诱导等技术有机结合 ,能够创造出生产潜力较大的三倍体新品种。选育的杨树良种已在生产中产生了巨大的经济效益、生态效益和社会效益。最后 ,对目前我国杨树杂交育种中存在的主要问题以及应对策略进行了讨论。

4种杂交杨对土壤水分变化的生态学响应

以田间持水量的100%(T1,对照)、70%(T2)、50%(T3)和30%(T4)为4个水分处理梯度,比较研究了4种不同品系的杂交杨(Populus)——15-29(P.trichocarpa×P.deltoids)、DN-2(P.deltoids×P.nigra)、DN-14274(P.deltoids×P.nigra)和R-270(P.deltoids×P.nigra)在不同水分处理和不同处理阶段对水分亏缺的反应。结果表明,4种杂交杨品系对水分亏缺较敏感,都通过关闭气孔、降低叶面积以有效地调节水分的散失,降低光合速率、蒸腾、水势,增加水分利用效率,改变生物量的分配等一系列生理适应机制以及形态策略,来应对不同程度的水分亏缺,只是不同品系的适应程度不同。在生物量分配上,R-270主要降低叶干重,而其它3个品系的叶、茎和根干重全部降低;随着水分亏缺的加重,15-29和R-270的根冠比增加,根部获得更多的同化物分配,从而有利于水分的吸收,增加其抗旱性。DN-2的碳同位素组成δ13与水分利用效率呈显著正相关(r=0.631,p<0.01)。而R-270的δ13与水分利用效率呈负相关,但不显著,只有在处理T4下呈显著负相关(r=-0.732,p<0.01),表明土壤水分影响了碳同位素的分馏,不同品系相反的结果表明同位素分馏的遗传变异。与T3和T4相比,T1和T2处理的苗木具有较高的生物量、叶面积、光合速率、蒸腾、水势以及气孔导度,说明4个杂交杨品系在充足或适当的灌溉条件下具有较高的生产力。在T3和T4处理下,4个品系表现出不同的生存策略,但生产力均较低,因此在干旱胁迫下很难形成高生产力。与DN-2和DN-14274相比,15-29和R-270对水分胁迫表现出更强的适应性反应,具有较强的抗旱性,可用作防护林品种。

3种杂交杨在不同盐碱地上的生长和生理适应性研究

杂交杨树是松嫩平原盐碱地重要的园林和造林树种,野外长期监测是评价和优选优良品种的关键。本研究在自然条件下(5～12月),以大庆不同盐碱地上生长的青山杨(Populus pseudo-cathayana×P.deltodides cv.Shan Hai Guan)、小黑14(Populus×xiao hei T.S.Hwang et Liang‘14’)及中黑防(Populus deltoids×P.cathayana)的4年生扦插苗为研究对象,通过对3种杂交杨生长量、根系活力、根呼吸量和叶绿素含量的对比和分析,探讨其在盐碱地生长的适应性及耐盐能力的差异。结果表明,随盐碱胁迫加强(土壤电导率609.33～910.48μs.cm-1,pH值(8.92～8.98),各杂交杨的生长量受到明显抑制,其中中黑防和小黑14株高均下降达到40%,而青山杨的株高只下降了20%,是前者的一半。随盐碱胁迫加强,根系活力和呼吸作用增强,青山杨、中黑防和小黑14的根系活力分别提高了10.75%、15.90%和33.17%,而根系呼吸青山杨仅上升3.59%,中黑防和小黑14则上升了24%以上。但是盐碱胁迫对于叶绿素含量影响较小,年平均值稍有降低,叶绿素a/b的比值则增大,不同品种间差异较小。综合对3种杂交杨的各项指标的研究,青山杨的耐盐碱能力更强,生长量显著高于目前在盐碱地区较为普遍应用的小黑14和中黑防,比较而言,青山杨是盐碱地区造林与绿化树种的优良杂交杨品种。

转基因741杨对桑天牛的抗性鉴定

利用树上套笼接虫方法 ,对 18个转Bt基因和凝集素基因的 74 1杨无性系进行了抗桑天牛特性鉴定 ,初步确定了P10、CC11、CC2 5、CC5 3等 4个抗天牛无性系和 1个轻感天牛无性系P2 2。

转双抗虫基因741杨的抗虫效应及其规律研究

通过室内饲虫试验 ,应用昆虫的总死亡率、各龄期死亡率、各龄历期及发育速率、昆虫体重增长速率等指标 ,测定了转双抗虫基因 74 1杨的抗虫性。研究结果表明 ,转基因抗虫杨不同株系对昆虫的致死效应有显著差异 ;不同昆虫种类和同一昆虫幼虫的不同龄级对转基因杨株系的敏感性有明显差异 ,4种测试昆虫的敏感性强弱依次为 :杨小舟蛾 >美国白蛾 >杨扇舟蛾 >舞毒蛾 ,随着昆虫幼虫龄级的增加 ,昆虫对转基因杨株系的敏感性逐渐降低 ;高抗虫株系主要表现为对低龄幼虫的强致死作用 ,中等抗虫株系表现为对各龄幼虫稍低的但是持续的致死效应 ;各转基因杨株系对测试昆虫的生长和发育都有明显抑制作用 ,可导致昆虫的发育历期延长、发育速率和体重增长速率降低。

转基因741杨抗虫性研究

采用群体和单体饲养的方法,用转双抗虫基因741杨叶片饲养舞毒蛾和美国白蛾幼虫,测定其死亡率、各龄期的发育速率、体重增加速率和取食效率。结果表明:4个转双抗虫基因的741杨株系对舞毒蛾和美国白蛾均有明显抗虫效果,主要表现为对低龄幼虫的毒杀作用和对高龄幼虫生长发育的抑制作用。用转抗虫基因杨树叶片饲养的昆虫幼虫死亡率均高于对照,最高可达100%,而且,可导致存活幼虫的不正常的发育,使其发育历期明显延迟,发育速率、体重增加速率和取食增长率均显著降低。

向小黑杨转化蜘蛛杀虫毒素基因(英文)

近年来,危害小黑杨Populussimonii×P.nigra的害虫发生严重,给林业生产造成很大损失。为了提高小黑杨的抗虫能力,避免使用杀虫剂带来的污染,用农杆菌介导法将澳大利亚漏斗蛛Atraxrobustus的毒蛋白基因和苏云金芽孢杆菌CryⅠA(b)基因C末端的融合基因BGT转化入小黑杨。PCR和Southern印记分析转基因植株,结果表明,BGT杀虫基因已经整合在小黑杨基因组上。活性实验表明,取食转基因杨树6天和9天后,舞毒蛾Lymantriadispar2龄幼虫的校正死亡率分别是37.0%和92.6%。方差分析表明取食转基因和对照杨树的舞毒蛾幼虫体重差异显著。这些结果显示转基因杨树上的舞毒蛾的发育速率受到影响。

转基因741杨林节肢动物群落结构的研究

研究了不同抗虫性的转基因 74 1杨节肢动物群落的组成结构及节肢动物群落、害虫亚群落、天敌亚群落的丰富度、优势度、均匀度和多样性指数 ,并对不同抗虫性转基因 74 1杨的节肢动物群落进行相似性分析 .结果表明 ,转基因74 1杨能明显降低群落中食叶害虫的数量 ,同时 ,使群落中食叶害虫优势种的优势度降低 .随抗虫性的增强 ,害虫亚群落的多样性指数和均匀度有不同程度的增高 .不同抗性的转基因 74 1杨 ,抗性越强所形成的节肢动物群落与未转基因节肢动物群落的相似性越低 .

转双抗虫基因741杨节肢动物群落生态安全性评价——转基因741杨对节肢动物群落空间结构的影响

应用群落抽样调查方法,在田间试验林,调查比较研究了转双抗虫基因741杨不同抗虫株系节肢动物群落的垂直结构和组成,发现转基因植株和土壤节肢动物亚群落对抗虫基因的灵敏性较高,且优于对照741杨。其中高抗虫741杨植株亚群落结构较为合理。而土壤节肢动物群落则以中等抗虫株系为好。转双抗虫基因741杨地表层和灌草层节肢动物群落多样性、均匀度指数高,优势集中性指数低,稳定性较强,且3个转双抗虫基因741杨株系群落之间差异不大。综合分析表明,转双抗虫基因741杨对节肢动物群落垂直结构具有一定的正面效应。

不同光质LED光源对转基因杨树叶片Bt毒蛋白含量及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为探明不同光质对杨树幼苗生长的影响,以转基因741杨株系Pb29为试材,利用LED精量调制光源,设置红光、蓝光、红蓝光、白光4个处理,测定不同光质处理下Pb29的Cry1Ac毒蛋白含量、形态指标、光合色素含量及叶绿素荧光参数。结果表明,蓝光处理下的Cry1Ac毒蛋白的表达量最大,白光次之。除了叶片长/宽的值在蓝光处理下最大外,红蓝光处理下的741杨叶片数、叶片长、叶片宽、叶面积及株高均高于其它处理。除叶绿素b的含量在红光处理下最大外,叶绿素a、叶绿素a+b、类胡萝卜素含量及叶绿素a/b比值均在白光处理下最大,红蓝光次之,且白光与红蓝光间无显著差异。叶绿素荧光参数(ΦPSⅡ、ETR、q P)在蓝光和红蓝光处理下高于其它处理,在白光和红蓝光处理下的Fv/Fm高于其它处理,q N在红光处理下最大。由此可知,不同光质对杨树幼苗的生长具有调控作用。本试验结果为深入研究不同光质对杨树的生长发育进行调控提供了科学依据。

转不同抗虫基因741杨的抗虫选择性

以转抗虫基因(BtCry3A)741杨7个株系和转双抗虫基因(BtCrylAc+API)741杨2个株系为材料,从分子生物学检测、毒蛋白的表达、抗虫性检测3个方面,研究转不同Bt基因741杨对不同类型害虫的抗虫选择性。结果表明:2种Bt抗虫基因分别在转基因741杨不同株系中稳定存在。转BtCry1Ac的2个株系毒蛋白含量分别为0.0127%和0.0099%,具高抗虫性的株系pb29的毒蛋白含量高于中等抗虫性的株系pb17。转BtCry3A基因的5个株系毒蛋白含量为0.0678%～0.1521%,不同株系间存在一定差异。BtCry3型的毒蛋白表达量非常高,是BtCry1型的10倍。用对鳞翅目害虫具高抗虫性和中等抗虫性的转双抗虫基因(BtCrylAc+API)741杨株系叶片饲养鞘翅目害虫柳蓝叶甲,幼虫死亡率达到28.4%～42.8%,转基因株系与未转基因的对照没有明显差异。用转BtCry3A基因741杨不同株系叶片饲养柳兰叶甲幼虫,均表现出高抗虫性,死亡率在2天之内均可达到100%;而饲养杨扇舟蛾幼虫,死亡率为0～42.86%,未表现出明显抗虫性,与未转基因对照没有明显差异。

转基因741杨节肢动物群落主要害虫及天敌的动态变化

在时间序列过程中,转基因741杨对目标害虫鳞翅目食叶害虫表现出持续的抗性,其数量明显减少,高抗和中抗741杨之间差异不大。研究表明,转基因741杨对目标昆虫和非目的植食性害虫存在负效应,而对天敌和中性节肢动物组成和发生无明显负作用。因而在制定害虫综合治理策略和途径上宜采取与对照741杨不同的措施,抗性株系应以生态调控为主。

转双抗虫基因741杨节肢动物群落营养结构及生态位变化

转双抗虫基因741杨(简称转基因741杨)节肢动物群落中,基位物种的植食性昆虫丰富度显著降低,但中性节肢动物丰富度却明显增加。高抗和中抗的节肢动物群落中位物种和顶位物种较之对照有所增多。转基因741杨节肢动物群落的害虫功能团,其优势状况,与对照相比有所改变:天敌优势度高于对照,中性节肢动物丰富度增加,并在天敌-害虫的营养链中起着重要的调控作用。鳞翅目害虫的空间生态位宽度最小,其它各功能类群的生态位宽度较大;捕食性和寄生性天敌与鳞翅目害虫的生态位重叠均较小,而与腐生和游逛种类的生态位重叠较大;各类害虫之间、捕食性天敌与寄生性天敌之间亦存在激烈竞争。转基因741杨对寄生性天敌和捕食性天敌在利用时间资源上有正作用。各种功能类群的时-空二维生态位宽度和生态位重叠均不如单维生态位宽度和生态位重叠值大,但抗性株系天敌类群对环境的适应性优于对照。