Reactive Power and FACTS Cost Models’ Impact on Nodal Pricing in Hybrid Electricity Markets

In a competitive environment reactive power management is an essential service provided by independent system operator taking into account the voltage security and transmission losses. The system operator adopts a transparent and non-dis-criminatory procedure to procure the reactive power supply for optimal deployment in the system. Since generators’ are the main source of reactive power generation and the cost of the reactive power should be considered for their noticeable impact on both real and reactive power marginal prices. In this paper, a method based on marginal cost theory is presented for locational marginal prices calculation for real and reactive power considering different reactive power cost models of generators’ reactive support. With the presence of FACTS controllers in the system for more flexible operation, their impact on nodal prices can not be ignored for wheeling cost determination and has also to be considered taking their cost function into account. The results have been obtained for hybrid electricity market model and results have also been computed for pool model for comparison. Mixed Integer Non-linear programming (MINLP) approach has been formulated for solving the complex problem with MATLAB and GAMS interfacing. The proposed approach has been tested on IEEE 24-bus Reliability Test System (RTS).

Effect of Probabilistic Pattern on System Voltage Stability in Decentralized Hybrid Power System

This paper presents an proportional integral (PI) based voltage-reactive power control for wind diesel based decentralized hybrid power system with wide range of disturbances to demonstrate the compensation effect on system with intelligent tuning methods such as genetic algorithm (GA), artificial neural network (ANN) and adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The effect of probabilistic load and/or input power pattern is introduced which is incorporated in MATLAB simulink model developed for the study of decentralized hybrid power system. Results show how tuning method becomes important with high percentage of probabilistic pattern in system. Testing of all tuning methods shows that GA, ANN and ANFIS can preserve optimal performances over wide range of disturbances with superiority to GA in terms of settling time using Integral of Square of Errors (ISE) criterion as fitness function.

含新能源和电动汽车充电站并网的主动配电网无功优化模型

针对新能源和电动汽车充电站规模化并网引起的无功优化问题,首先建立以主动配电网运行成本和电压偏差最小,系统稳定性最优的多目标无功优化模型。其次,基于PV曲线上、下半支解的接近程度,提出一种新的静态电压稳定性指标,以改善系统电压稳定性。最后,采用具有交叉反馈机制的混合优化算法对模型进行求解,并提出一种基于Tent混沌映射和自适应变异算子的改进飞蛾扑火算法提高求解效率。仿真结果表明,所提模型在降低系统运行成本,减少电压波动的同时,还能提高系统稳定性,且该混合优化算法能够快速、准确地求解混合整数的非凸、非线性优化模型。

Reactive power control and optimisation of hybrid off shore tidal turbine with system uncertainties

This paper projects an isolated hybrid model of Offshore wind-diesel-tidal turbine and discusses the stability and reactive power management issue of the whole system.The hybrid system often loses its stability as it becomes prone to uncertain load and input parameters and therefore the necessity of Reactive power management becomes necessary.The overall stability of the hybrid offshore wind-diesel-tidal turbine is made possible by the management of reactive power in the hybrid system through the application of FACTS devices.And therefore the dynamic hybrid model of the DFIG and DDPMSG based offshore wind-diesel-tidal turbine is analysed for stability with different input parameters like wind and tidal energies.For detailed modelling and simulation,a small signal model of the whole hybrid system is designed and reactive power management of the system is achieved by the incorporation of a STATCOM controller.For improvement of stability and reactive power compensation of the hybrid system,GA and PSO optimised STATCOM controller is used.

Hybrid intelligence approach for multi-load level reactive power planning using VAR compensator in power transmission network

This paper formulates and solves a techno-economic planning problem of reactive power (VAR) in power transmission systems under loadings. The objective of the proposed research work is to minimize the combination of installation cost of reactive power sources, power losses and operational cost while satisfying technical constraints. Initially, the positions for the placement of reactive power sources are determined technically. Different cost components such as VAR generation cost, line charging cost etc. are then added in the total operating cost in a most economical way. Finally, the optimal parameter setting subjected to reactive power planning (RPP) is obtained by taking advantages of hybrid soft computing techniques. For the justification of the efficiency and efficacy of the proposed approach the entire work is simulated on two inter-regional transmission networks. To validate the robustness and ease of the soft computing techniques in RPP the responses of benchmark functions and statistical proof are provided simultaneously.

Improved Hybrid Reactive Power Compensation System Based on FC and STATCOM and Its Control Method

The purpose of this study is to solve the main problems in distribution networks,including increased line loss and reduced power supply quality caused by insufficient capacitive reactive power.To reduce the capacity,voltage,and current stress of an active module of a compensation device and improve the cost performance of the device,an improved hybrid reactive power compensation system based on a fixed capacitor(FC)and a static synchronous compensator(STATCOM)is proposed.The topological structure and basic operating principle of the proposed reactive power compensation system are introduced.In addition,from the perspectives of output voltage,current,power,loss of the active part,and system compensation cost,the performances of the proposed reactive compensator and the inductively coupled STATCOM(L-STATCOM)are compared and analyzed.Furthermore,the key parameters of the proposed system are designed,and the joint optimization control strategy of the FC and STATCOM is studied.The correctness and effectiveness of the proposed topology structure and control method are verified by simulations.

可控型混合无功补偿对瞬态恢复电压影响研究

可控型混合无功补偿(hybrid reactive power compensation,HRPC)对输电线路暂态特性的影响亟待研究。在分析可控型混合无功补偿结构功能的基础上,以晋东南-南阳-荆门特高压示范线路为背景,建立特高压混合无功补偿线路单相接地故障等效模型,研究可控串联补偿+可控并联电抗器(thyristor controlled series compensation+thyristor controlled transformer,TSCT+TCT)混合无功补偿对断路器开断特性的影响。基于拉氏变换和等值参数集中电路,分析瞬态恢复电压(transient recovery voltage,TRV)影响因素,得出瞬态恢复电压随可控型混合无功补偿度变化规律。利用PSCAD/EMTDC,研究安装可控型混合无功补偿前后对瞬态恢复电压的影响,验证分析方法的有效性。结果表明:随着可控型混合无功补偿度的增加,TRV峰值和上升率R RRV不断增大,而TCT对瞬态恢复电压影响较小。

换相失败引发送端混合级联直流系统换流母线暂态电压波动机理及抑制策略

与电网换相高压直流输电(line commutated converter HVDC,LCC-HVDC)相比,送端混合级联直流系统具有灵活性高、弱网适应性强等优势,但其换相失败后交流系统暂态电压波动机理尚不明晰。为此,首先建立了暂态电压与系统强度、功率不平衡量之间的定量关系。考虑有功、无功不平衡量对暂态电压的影响,推导了暂态电压变化率表达式。明确了换相失败及其恢复期间换流母线暂态电压特性。其次,为抑制换流母线暂态过电压,推导了LCC直流电流指令值与模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)无功指令值表达式,提出了基于多换流器的协同抑制策略。最后,基于PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台搭建仿真模型,验证了机理分析的正确性及抑制策略的有效性。

考虑光热光伏混合电站内外双重电压安全的两阶段无功优化控制

针对实际运行的大规模光热光伏混合电站并网后面临的“内忧外患”电压问题,既受电站内部节点电压状态的影响,也受外部电网系统静态电压稳定状态的影响,提出一种考虑光热光伏混合电站内外双重电压安全的两阶段无功优化控制方法。首先,通过静态电压稳定裕度、节点电压均衡度和无功储备裕度3种指标表征混合电站电压安全状态。然后,结合小时级长时间尺度的光伏出力预测信息,在第I阶段实施有载变压器和电容器慢速调整。针对分钟级短时间尺度内的光伏出力波动,以混合电站内的光伏发电单元、光热发电单元和静止同步补偿器为第II阶段的优化控制对象,实现快速精细化电压调节。所提方法能有效避免全站设备频繁参与优化调整,从而提高控制效率。最后,通过测试系统验证分析结果表明:通过两阶段无功控制协调,所提方法能够抑制光伏出力的波动冲击,有效降低站内电压安全越限和失稳风险。

含风光储联合发电系统的主动配电网无功优化

为了提高风、光能的利用率及降低其出力波动性对配电网的冲击,利用风力与太阳能时间与空间上的互补性及储能装置对功率的平抑作用建立含风光储联合发电系统的主动配电网模型,以无功补偿装置作为优化变量对主动配电网进行多时段动态无功优化,以电压偏差及网络损耗最小为多目标建立优化模型,利用凸松弛技术将优化模型转换为具有凸可行域的二阶锥规划(SOCP)模型。在IEEE 33节点配电系统上进行仿真,对含不同类型的分布式电源发电方式的配电网进行无功优化,对比分析其对主动配电网调压降损的作用,并且对风光储联合发电系统的优化策略进行分析,最后验证了二阶锥规划松弛技术的精确性及可靠性。

基于鲸鱼群算法的交直流混联系统无功电压控制方法研究

高效安全地实现交直流混联系统降损与电压控制受到广泛关注,以网络损耗或电压偏移量为单一目标的传统的无功优化模型不能精确反映电网的安全性和经济性。该文针对交直流混联系统,建立了兼顾网络损耗和电压偏差的多目标无功电压控制优化模型,提出一种基于传统的鲸鱼算法(whale optimization algorithm,WOA)与粒子群(particle swarm optimization,PSO)相结合的鲸鱼群(WOA-PSO)模型求解算法。通过引入基于鲸鱼算法的包围策略,加速粒子群的迭代搜索过程,从而提高算法的全局优化能力;通过算例验证,并与基本粒子群算法、鲸鱼算法对比分析,说明所提方法具有良好的收敛性和寻优能力。

LCC-MMC混合型直流融冰装置拓扑结构及控制方法研究

直流融冰装置是电网应对冰雪灾害的重要设备,传统晶闸管器件的直流融冰技术存在无功消耗高、谐波含量大等问题,而基于全控器件的融冰技术存在装置容量和经济性不足问题。为发挥2种融冰装置自身优势,设计了一种由电网换相换流器(line commuted converter,LCC)和模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)共同组成的混合型直流融冰装置,其中MMC换流器采用全桥子模块和半桥子模块混合结构。依据不同线路长度和覆冰工况需求,设计了直流融冰装置工作模式的切换方案与协调控制策略;同时,设计了提高装置利用率的复用功能模式。通过MATLAB/Simulink仿真平台构建了LCC-MMC混合型直流融冰装置模型,对不用工况进行直流侧融冰能力及交流侧电流特性的仿真,结果表明,装置具有无功补偿、谐波抑制、融冰电流高等优点。

大规模风电接入的特高压混合级联直流系统送端无功协调控制策略

随着新能源发电占比的不断提高,特高压直流输电系统的送端电网强度变弱,送端交流系统可能存在电压质量较差的问题。为提高送端弱交流系统的电压质量,基于大规模风电接入的特高压混合级联直流系统,提出了滤波器与模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)协调参与送端电网调压的无功协调控制策略。分别分析了该级联直流系统的运行特性、滤波器的无功控制原理以及MMC在不同运行工况下影响其无功支撑能力的因素。针对MMC在过载的运行工况下对弱交流系统无功支撑能力较弱的问题,提出了一种MMC直流电压自适应控制策略,根据MMC传输的有功功率调整其直流电压,以扩大MMC的无功功率极限。仿真算例表明,所提无功协调控制策略能够有效支撑送端弱交流系统的电压,提高送端交流系统的电压质量。

大规模海上风力发电直流输电新型混合整流阀拓扑及其控制策略

当功率达到吉瓦级时,基于模块化多电平变流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)的海上风力发电输电系统的庞大的体积和巨大的重量极大地增加了海上平台建造难度和成本。为此,提出了一种基于全桥型模块化多电平变流器(full-bridge modular multilevel converter,FB-MMC)和12脉波二极管整流单元(diode rectifier unit,DRU)的直流侧串联、交流侧并联混合整流阀拓扑(series DC parallel AC hybrid rectifier valve,SDCPAC-HV)。该拓扑中,MMC维持海上风电场汇集母线(point of common coupling,PCC)电压,DRU单元在此电压下分担部分输送功率,各并网逆变器采用传统PQ控制模式。首先,探讨了为了维持PCC电压,MMC直流电压占发送阀总电压的比例(即MMC直流电压占比)与MMC调制比之间的关系。然后,分析了MMC无功功率、DRU无功功率和风电场无功功率的平衡问题。同时,给出了正常工况下MMC的控制策略以及直流短路故障和PCC母线短路故障恢复时的控制策略。最后,通过PSCAD/EMTDC电磁暂态仿真软件搭建了完整的海上风力发电系统仿真模型,验证了所提拓扑及其控制策略的正确性。

应用于LCC-HVDC受端STATCOM的PI与滑模切换控制策略

为解决在电网换相换流器型直流输电LCC-HVDC(line commuted converter based high voltage direct cur⁃rent)受端经历大扰动时传统PI控制下的静止同步补偿器STATCOM(static synchronous compensator)加剧受端电压崩溃的问题,提出一种PI与滑模切换控制策略。在小扰动下PI控制的STATCOM通过混合无功灵敏度因子HRPSF(hybrid reactive power sensitivity factor)精确计算无功补偿,在大扰动下STATCOM控制系统切换到滑模控制,通过Lyapunov函数证明滑模控制系统最终会达到稳定。在MATLAB/Simulink平台上将所提出的控制策略应用于LCC-HVDC受端换流站的STATCOM中进行仿真分析,结果验证了其合理性与有效性。

基于混合算法的配电网无功补偿协调控制方法研究

为了保证配电网的稳定运行,提出基于混合算法的配电网无功补偿协调控制方法。通过分析萤火虫算法与量子粒子群算法特点与实现关键,按照串联形式融合两种算法,架构出分为两个阶段的混合智能算法,并用群体替换算子做进一步优化,设定电容器购置费用、负载率以及总有功网损为目标函数,基于负荷率与目标函数间的层次关系,架构双层配电网无功补偿协调控制数学模型,将模型与混合算法结合,获取寻优结果,实现无功补偿协调控制。仿真实验表明,所提方法的收敛速度、降损效果以及节点电压质量均具有显著优越性。

基于GA、PSO结合算法的交直流系统无功优化

提出了交直流混合输电系统的无功优化模型,求得考虑到电压指标、有功网损等因素的综合效益最佳方案。优化控制变量不仅包含交流部分的发电机无功输出、补偿电容器容量、变压器分接头,还引入直流部分换流器的控制电压、控制电流、控制功率,以及换流变压器变比。根据遗传算法(GA)收敛效果好以及粒子群算法(PSO)收敛速度快的特点,将两者结合对模型优化求解。计算结果表明:该模型是正确的,算法是收敛、有效的。

变电站谐波抑制与无功补偿的大功率混合型电力滤波器(英文)

阐述了一种用于高电压变电站谐波抑制与无功补偿的大功率混合型电力滤波器。该系统包括无源滤波器和有源滤波器两部分,其中有源电力滤波器能同时补偿大容量变电站的功率因素和电流谐波。文章提出了大功率混合型电力滤波器的一种配置,讨论了其工作原理,给出了无源滤波器的设计和有源滤波器的谐波电流注入分析。阐述了有源滤波器中基于DSP的数字控制器。最后,仿真结果和实际工程应用都证明这个系统有着良好的无功补偿和谐波滤波性能。

新型注入式混合有源滤波器的研究

提出了一种新型混合有源滤波器的拓扑结构。其基本思想是根据分流原理,对有源部分进行适当控制来等效增大系统支路的谐波阻抗,提高无源滤波器的滤波效果;将有源部分与基波谐振电路并联来减小有源部分容量,同时将基波谐振电路作为一组单调谐无源滤波器的部分和其他无源滤波器组一起构成分流支路;无源部分还可以提供很大无功补偿容量,而且不影响有源部分的容量。仿真和实验结果证明了所提出的混合有源滤波器的可行性和正确性。

配电网综合电气节能关键技术研究

针对目前配电网综合电气节能技术单一,尚无系列化关键技术,节能设备存在固有缺陷等问题,文章提出了高压配电网高品质节能的无功动态补偿与谐波治理混合系统、低压配电网低成本高效节能的混合型无功补偿器、全局优化节能的实时无功优化调度系统,并研发了相应的节能设备。在深入分析上述系统拓扑结构的基础上,提出了相应的控制方法。仿真及现场应用效果表明,这些节能技术可有效解决目前配电网电气节能存在的问题,可保障配电网的安全稳定运行,并大幅减少高压配电网的电能损耗。