Shear behaviour of a rock bridge sandwiched between incipient joints under the influence of hydraulic pressures

The rock bridges sandwiched in incipiently jointed rock mass were considered as barriers that block the fluid seepage,and provide certain shear strength reservation.For better revealing the influence of hydraulic pressure on the failure behaviour of rock bridges,direct shear tests were carried out through a newly proposed method on rock samples that contain two parallel incipient joints.By developing the gypsum-silicone pad coupling samples,a conventional triaxial test system was qualified to implement direct shear tests with satisfied sealing capability.The results showed that the rock bridges could be failed through the tensile failure,shear failure and mixed failure mechanism.The hydraulic pressure would facilitate the tensile failure mechanism and induce rougher fracture surfaces;while the normal stress would facilitate the shear failure mechanism and induce less rough fracture.The hydraulic pressure reduced the global shear strength of the rock block through reducing the efficient normal stress applied on the rock bridge area,which was highly dependent on the joint persistence,k.Moreover,because of the iterating occurrence of the hydraulic pressure lag with the fracture propagation,the rock bridge failure stage in the shear stress-shear displacement curves displayed a fluctuation trend.

Wellbore Cleaning Degree and Hydraulic Extension in Shale Oil Horizontal Wells

The efficient development and exploitation of shale oil depends on long-distance horizontal wells. As the degreeof cleaning of the wellbore plays a key role in these processes, in this study, this problem is investigated experimentallyby focusing on the dimensionless cuttings bed height. A method is proposed to calculate the horizontalwellhydraulic extension taking into account the influence of the wellbore cleaning degree on the wellborepressure distribution and assess the effect of a variety of factors such as the bottom hole pressure, the circulatingpressure drop, the drilling pump performance and the formation properties. The analysis shows that the hydraulicextension of horizontal wells decreases with an increase in the cuttings bed height, and the higher the displacementof drilling fluid, the faster the hydraulic extension declines. The annular pressure drop of the horizontalsection increases with the increase of the cuttings bed height, resulting in a higher bottom-hole pressure. Severalarguments are provided to guide the safe drilling of shale oil horizontal wells and overcome the limits of currenttechnological approaches.

Fractured rock mass hydraulic fracturing under hydrodynamic and hydrostatic pressure joint action

According to the stress state of the crack surface, crack rock mass can be divided into complex composite tensile-shear fracture and composite compression-shear fracture from the perspective of fracture mechanics. By studying the hydraulic fracturing effect of groundwater on rock fracture, the tangential friction force equation of hydrodynamic pressure to rock fracture is deduced. The hydraulic fracturing of hydrostatic and hydrodynamic pressure to rock fracture is investigated to derive the equation of critical pressure when the hydraulic fracturing effect occurs in the rock fracture. Then, the crack angle that is most prone to hydraulic fracturing is determined. The relationships between crack direction and both lateral pressure coefficient and friction angle of the fracture surface are analyzed. Results show that considering the joint effect of hydrodynamic and hydrostatic pressure, the critical pressure does not vary with the direction of the crack when the surrounding rock stationary lateral pressure coefficient is equal to 1.0. Under composite tensile-shear fracture, the crack parallel to the direction of the main stress is the most prone to hydraulic fracturing. Under compression-shear fracture, the hydrodynamic pressure resulting in the most dangerous crack angle varies at different lateral pressure coefficients; this pressure decreases when the friction angle of the fracture surface increases. By referring to the subway tunnel collapse case, the impact of fractured rock mass hydraulic fracturing generated by hydrostatic and hydrodynamic pressure joint action is calculated and analyzed.

Wing crack model subjected to high hydraulic pressure and far field stresses and its numerical simulation

By considering the effect of hydraulic pressure filled in wing crack and the connected part of main crack on the stress intensity factor at wing crack tip, a new wing crack model exerted by hydraulic pressure and far field stresses was proposed. By introducing the equivalent crack length leq of wing crack, two terms make up the stress intensity factor KI at wing crack tip: one is the component for a single isolated straight wing crack of length 2l subjected to hydraulic pressure in wing crack and far field stresses, and the other is the component due to the effective shear stress induced by the presence of the equivalent main crack. The FEM model of wing crack propagation subjected to hydraulic pressure and far field stresses was also established according to different side pressure coefficients and hydraulic pressures in crack. The result shows that a good agreement is found between theoretical model of wing crack proposed and finite element method (FEM). In theory, an unstable crack propagation is shown if there is high hydraulic pressure and lateral tension. The wing crack model proposed can provide references for studying on hydraulic fracturing in rock masses.

Simulating hydraulic fracturing processes in laboratory-scale geological media using three-dimensional TOUGH-RBSN

In this context, recent developments in the coupled three-dimensional(3 D) hydro-mechanical(HM)simulation tool TOUGH-RBSN are presented. This tool is used to model hydraulic fracture in geological media, as observed in laboratory-scale tests. The TOUGH-RBSN simulator is based on the effective linking of two numerical methods: TOUGH2, a finite volume method for simulating mass transport within a permeable medium; and a lattice model based on the rigid-body-spring network(RBSN) concept. The method relies on a Voronoi-based discretization technique that can represent fracture development within a permeable rock matrix. The simulator provides two-way coupling of HM processes, including fluid pressure-induced fracture and fracture-assisted flow. We first present the basic capabilities of the modeling approach using two example applications, i.e. permeability evolution under compression deformation, and analyses of a static fracturing simulation. Thereafter, the model is used to simulate laboratory tests of hydraulic fracturing in granite. In most respects, the simulation results meet expectations with respect to permeability evolution and fracturing patterns. It can be seen that the evolution of injection pressure associated with the simulated fracture developments is strongly affected by fluid viscosity.

流固耦合作用下深部岩石动态力学响应研究进展

深部岩石处于高地应力、高渗透压和强动态扰动的复杂地质环境之中,3者作用下岩石体更加容易发生损伤破裂,诱发突涌水、渗漏、井喷等工程地质灾害,因而探究流固耦合作用下岩石的动态力学响应是开展岩石工程建设的前提之一。近年来,国内外众多学者在考虑水和不同应力状态下的岩石动态力学实验研究方面取得了显著的成果。为给工程建设提供更加全面的指导并为后续研究奠定基础,从实验装置、测试结果以及围压与水的作用机理层面,对上述工作进行了回顾与总结。首先介绍了分离式霍普金森压杆测试装置的基本原理,以及用于模拟深部岩石赋存环境所进行的装置改进,包括围压分离式霍普金森压杆实验系统和孔压(渗透压)耦合的分离式霍普金森压杆实验系统,简要分析了各类装置在研究流固耦合作用下岩石动力学问题时的优势和不足。其次,总结了考虑不同应力状态(单向加载、三向围压加载)的流固耦合作用下岩石的动态力学响应特性。详细介绍了固定预设孔压、渗透压耦合作用下深部岩石的动态力学响应及其随孔隙水压、渗透压变化的规律。随后,概述了围压对岩石动力学性质的影响机理,分析了不同围压条件下的影响规律;总结了水对岩石动态力学性质的强化、弱化微观机制和定量表达。最后,对流固耦合作用下深部岩石的动态力学响应进行了概括总结,并对未来实验研究工作和深部赋存条件下岩石动态力学的研究方向进行了展望。

液压ABS/ESC柱塞泵子系统关键特性设计及试验方法

作为主动安全及线控制动技术的基础,液压刹车防抱死系统(ABS)/车身电子稳定控制系统(ESC)国产化虽然有了一定的理论研究基础,但原始设计需求认识不足和失效管理体系尚不完善,使得理论研究到工程实践过程中会遇到各种实际问题。文章基于柱塞泵基本结构原理,从液压制动的ABS减压功能、ESC减压功能、ESC主动增压功能三个方面分别研究柱塞泵子系统相关零件关键特性参数的设计需求,重点分析和解决所关联的轮边负压问题及失效机理。介绍了所设计的功能、性能和失效验证的液压台架试验方法,该试验台架集成度高,试验方法具有较强的实用性和工程应用价值。

坚硬顶板切顶卸压技术对巷道围岩变形规律影响

针对特厚煤层坚硬顶板、宽煤柱条件下临空巷道面临的高围岩应力、大变形等问题,以老石旦煤矿16403综放工作面为工程研究背景,从宽煤柱顶板侧向破断结构角度对临空巷道大变形的影响因素进行了理论分析,采用数值模拟方法研究了对16402运输巷实施不同切顶卸压方案时,临近采空区的16403回风巷侧向顶板采动应力传递规律,并在现场施工水力压裂钻孔进行切顶卸压,实现临空巷道围岩变形控制。研究结果表明:“低位坚硬岩层悬臂梁+高位坚硬岩层砌体梁”破断结构是特厚煤层宽煤柱临空巷道大变形的主要原因,可采用切顶卸压技术破坏宽煤柱顶板侧向破断结构来控制临空巷道围岩大变形;切顶角变化可使关键块B长度发生改变,切顶角越大,则关键块B长度越小,临空侧顶板载荷向煤柱传递的程度越弱,临空巷道围岩承受的采动应力越小,切顶角为100°时临空巷道围岩垂直应力与变形量最小;在16402运输巷以切顶角100°施工水力压裂钻孔后,16403回风巷顶底板变形量较未实施切顶卸压的16402回风巷减小86.5%,两帮变形量减小87.1%,临空巷道围岩稳定性得到极大提高。

基于离散裂隙网络的围岩注浆加固规律研究

基于输水隧洞裂隙围岩特征建立了二维离散裂隙网络模型,将宾汉姆流体在单一饱和裂隙中的两相流本构扩展到裂隙网络,模拟浆液在裂隙岩体中的流动扩散过程,得到不同注浆时间下注浆圈的形成范围;将注浆圈导入三维裂隙网络模型,基于水力耦合计算研究了在衬砌和注浆加固下,隧洞围岩的应力、变形与水压分布特性。结果表明:围岩注浆圈几何形态受裂隙分布特征的影响,呈各向异性分布;衬砌可有效控制围岩变形,相比无衬砌的工况隧道最大位移量减少了约50%,而注浆圈的形成可有效降低作用在衬砌上的围岩应力,缓解由外水压力引起的应力集中。本文成果可为富水岩体中隧道和地下洞室等深地工程的加固设计提供技术支撑。

履带式果园喷药机遥控作业系统设计

为解决传统喷药机依靠人工驾驶,易引起工作人员中毒的问题,针对履带式果园喷药机,设计了一种喷药机遥控作业系统。遥控系统采用ECU作为控制核心,采用飞控系统替代传统的遥控系统进行无线远距离通信,采用液压阀组控制液压油缸来驱动操纵杆动作,从而实现对喷药机的启停、转向和喷药等远距离操纵。在履带式果园喷药机上集成该系统,对系统进行了性能测试,结果表明:系统的有效遥控距离不小于200m,在遥控距离不超过200m的条件下,行走控制响应时间不大于0.6s,遥控距离对系统响应时间几乎没有影响。通过人为切断无线信号的方法,进行了模拟掉线试验,结果表明:喷药机在遥控系统掉线后的停车成功率达到100%。系统具有响应快、通信稳定和安全性高的特点,能够满足果园喷药作业要求。

坚硬顶板强矿压动力灾害超前区域控制技术研究

厚层坚硬顶板条件下大采高综放工作面采场矿压显现强烈,极易引发冲击地压、矿震等灾害。为掌握坚硬顶板大采高综放开采条件下覆岩破断演化规律,采用理论分析、数值模拟、现场监测等方法,揭示了坚硬顶板岩层呈现大“悬臂梁”形式垮落及破断冲击能致灾机理,并提出了坚硬顶板分段压裂超前弱化解危技术。研究表明:低位坚硬岩层在覆岩运移过程中常以“悬臂梁”结构出现,该结构不易垮落,进而导致能量积聚,引发矿压动力灾害。而在水力压裂超前弱化技术治理后,顶板垮落步距显著减小,平均降幅54%,来压强度降幅21.67%,且有效改变了低位坚硬顶板破碎程度,扩大了工作面垮落带范围,增加了采空区矸石充填程度,达到了顶板结构改造及动力灾害有效控制的目的。

综采工作面液压支架测高传感器设计

针对综采工作面液压支架高度测量困难和可靠性、稳定性差等问题,设计了一种基于帕斯卡定律的液压支架测高传感器。该测高传感器内置一根细长液管,液管中充满甲基硅油,测高传感器两端安装压力传感器,通过测量密闭液管的两端压力,得到测高传感器两端位置的高度差。甲基硅油在环境温度变化时具有明显的热胀冷缩特性,会引起密闭空间内的压力急剧变化,影响测量精度,提出了一种补偿方法:采用波纹管存储一部分甲基硅油,利用波纹管自身的弹性补偿甲基硅油热胀冷缩造成的体积变化;并在软件中通过算法校准甲基硅油体积变化带来的密度变化,从而确保测高传感器的测量精度。试验结果表明:测高传感器可工作在0~40℃环境下,测量误差在4 cm以内。在薄煤层、中厚煤层综采工作面液压支架的现场应用结果表明:与人工测量结果相比,测高传感器的高度测量误差在5 cm以内,说明该传感器可靠性较高。

动压巷道水力压裂切顶卸压技术研究与应用

针对晋城矿区动压巷道多、服务周期长、服务期间受多次强烈采动影响等特点带来的围岩控制难题,以王坡煤矿典型动压巷道为工程背景,通过现场地应力与围岩强度实测,分析了复用巷道围岩变形破坏的原因,通过分析诱发巷道围岩变形的主要力源,揭示了水力压裂切顶卸压维护复用巷道围岩稳定的作用机理。利用理论计算确定了合理压裂层位高度及相关参数,制定了水力压裂卸压技术方案,并成功应用于井下试验。现场应用效果表明,水力压裂卸压技术有效缩短了工作面悬顶、降低周期来压步距,同时减小来压时动压系数;显著降低了支架所受顶板压力。压裂段巷道顶板移近量减少了55.7%,采动影响范围明显减小,水力压裂能够极大减小复用巷道围岩的收敛量与收敛速度的同时在远场上形成了应力缓冲区,缓解了复用巷道的高应力状态,起到了良好的卸压效果,维护了巷道围岩的相对稳定。

三种岩体变形试验方法及其工程应用研究

现场岩体变形参数的准确测量对于岩体工程的合理设计至关重要.为了研究承压板法、钻孔弹模法和隧洞液压枕径向加压法三种岩体变形原位测试方法的适用性,详细阐述三种岩体变形测试方法的试验原理、使用范围及影响因素,探讨了不同方法的优缺点,在此基础上以东庄水利枢纽工程坝体两岸灰岩的现场实测为例,对不同方法测量结果进行了对比分析.结果表明,刚性承压板法所测得水平方向和垂直方向岩体变形试验结果相近,而柔性承压板法试验结果中PD18洞和PD409洞具有较大差异;刚性承压板法所测岩体变形模量要略大于钻孔弹模法所测试验结果;与其他方法相比,隧洞液压枕径向加压法能计算岩体变形模量和单位抗力系数等力学参数,可以更好地反映现场岩体各向异性和地质条件等特征.研究结果可为工程岩体力学参数的科学测量提供参考,确保工程设计的合理性.

矿用电磁先导阀自动化试验台的可行性研究

为了提高电磁先导阀的试压效率、降低劳动强度、适应智能化发展需要,设计了一种用于测试电磁先导阀的机电液一体的自动化试验台。主要论述了试验台的设计方案及设计要点,基于试验台液压系统的原理,着重介绍了设计方案的可行性,包含独创的自动试压工位装置、试压逻辑流程等,并对人机交互应用等方面进行说明。最后根据试验台的成品运行情况,通过了评审验证,达到了设计及使用目的。

基于扩张观测器的HMCVT换段离合器油压跟踪控制

针对液压机械无级变速器(HMCVT)换段离合器油压跟踪控制过程中,不匹配干扰造成实际油压与期望油压产生偏差的问题,提出了一种基于扩张观测器的全局终端滑模控制算法,以实现油压的高精度跟踪控制。通过建立带有不匹配干扰的非线性湿式离合器数学模型,推导了油压控制系统的状态方程,使用扩张观测器对不匹配干扰进行估计,设计了一种能够快速收敛的全局终端滑模控制算法,并将干扰估计值补偿到控制算法中以提高控制精度和降低滑模控制的抖振。基于全局终端滑模控制算法设计了换段离合器油压跟踪控制器,通过试验对控制器效果进行了验证。结果表明,扩张观测器能够有效观测不匹配干扰,与传统终端滑模控制算法相比,基于本文算法设计的油压跟踪控制器动态响应时间仅为0.13 s,超调量为0.08 MPa,且无明显抖振。在换段过程中,冲击度降低12.7%,滑摩功减少10.2%,表明所提油压跟踪控制算法具有较好鲁棒性,能够改善换段离合器的接合品质。

液压支架自动跟机动态规律研究

目前针对综采工作面液压支架自动跟机问题的研究集中在基于外部环境变量来控制液压支架动作,在工作面长时间运行中无法保持很好的效果。考虑外部环境的变化最终会反映到液压系统中,提出以液压系统压力特性预测液压支架跟机动作时间。以陕煤集团神木柠条塔矿业有限公司S1204工作面为工程背景,采用AMESim软件建立了单架液压系统模型和工作面液压系统模型,通过仿真分析得到移架和推溜同时动作时推移液压缸压力、行程等参数的动态变化规律,发现工作面液压支架自动跟机过程中推移液压缸进液口压力与拉架时间呈线性关系,说明可通过进液压力预测跟机动作时间。研发了工作面液压数据采集系统并安装于试验工作面,实时获取液压支架工作过程中推移液压缸进液口压力,并计算出对应的移架时间,得出二者具有强线性相关性,与仿真结果一致。采用线性拟合方法得出进液压力与拉架时间的关系式,实现了基于液压系统进液压力预测拉架时间,提高了自动跟机的准确性,减少了人工调节率。

基于FEM的超高压液压顶升装置力学特性分析

液压顶升装置各部件在超高压下的力学特性是影响其性能的主要因素,也是超高压技术的难题。采用有限元方法研究超高压液压顶升装置各部件的材料、内径、厚度等不同时,其液压系统刚度、模态、固有频率、位移、应力的变化规律。有限元计算结果与压力试验结果较为接近,验证了有限元模型及边界条件的有效性。结果表明:液压弹簧刚度随液压缸内径增大而增加、随振幅增加而下降,其影响随内径增加而减少;系统前3阶固有频率随地面强度增大而增加;Bonded工况极限应力值最小,Frictionless工况极限应力最大,极限应力随地面强度增加而减少;C20地面时,最大位移随摩擦因数增加而增加,最大应力随地面强度增加而增加;C30地面时,最大位移随摩擦因数增大先增后减,其位移、应力临界摩擦值分别为0.43、0.59;结构钢地面时,极限位移显著减少。液压缸同长度不同位置极限位移差值随地面强度而增加;液压缸底端应力值随地面强度增加而增加;液压缸外表面一孔侧位移均小于二孔侧,且极限位移更靠近顶端,并交替出现极值。分析了超高压液压装置的应力-应变过程,为其结构设计、密封设计及使用提供了参考。

基于LSTM网络的矿山压力时空混合预测

矿山压力失衡引起的顶板事故是矿山重大事故之一,超前感知综采工作面矿山压力的变化对保证煤层安全高效具有重要意义。为了提高矿压预测准确性,文中提出了一种基于LSTM网络的时空混合预测模型。该模型采用两个独立的LSTM网络分别提取采空区侧和支架移架侧的压力特征,然后将得到的数据通过全连接层融合,从而实现对矿压的共同预测。文中以MSE和MAE来评估基于LSTM的时空混合模型的预测效果,实验结果表明MSE和MAE分别下降了24.49%和35.24%,说明基于LSTM的时空混合预测模型优于传统LSTM预测模型,且时空混合模型预测方法较传统模型具有更高的可靠性和准确性,能够实现工作面推进过程中对矿压变化的有效预测。