Micro Hydro Power Plant for Sustainable Energy in Rural Electrification: A Case Study in Cameroon

The state of Cameroon, faced with the situation the electricity deficits, is promoting the development of renewable energies in general and to meet rural electrification needs in particular. The purpose of this work is to study the feasibility of the MHP of Batcheu, to show its contribution to sustainable development in this locality and to prove that it is a profitable project. After study, it appears that the waterfall of Batcheu is favourable to the establishment of a MHP with an installed power of 260 kW with an operating diagram corresponding to a Francis turbine. Given that it is a renewable energy that can supply more than 800 households in rural areas, its contribution to sustainable development is obvious. Its investment cost is estimated at 171,465,396 FCFA. It is a profitable project with a payback time of 7 years and 2 months.

Hydro Power in Norway- Development, Political Priorities and Public Opinion ——Lessons learned through mora than 100 years of developments

The production of hydro power from its natural water resources has come to mean more to Norway than to possibly any other country in world. The right to utilize the falling water in the rivers belonged to whoever owned the adjacent ground. The acquisition of water rights is not allowed without a license from the government. Any development is also dependent on a governmental licence. Important conditions such as return of the property to the government without any compensation after 60 years, compulsory delivery of power at production cost and license fees to the local municipalities have been important incentives for the public and political acceptance of hydro power development in Norway during a long period of economic development. Today, Norway is a rich and materially well developed country, and there is no longer any acceptance for further hydro power development. Some of the remaining potential will be utilized for small-scale local developments, but most of it will be incorporated in governmental conservation plans.

The Economic and Environmental Impacts of Constructing Hydro Power Plants in Turkey:A Dynamic CGE Analysis(2004-2020)

Since Turkey’s economy and population is rapidly growing, Turkey mostly meets its energy demand from imported fossil sources due to the very limited indigenous oil and natural gas resources. However, Turkey has abundant renewable resources especially, hydro power potential to be used for generation of electricity. But only one-third of this significant economical potential could be used. This usage seems insufficient when compared with that of European countries. In order to analyze the potential long term impacts of the hydro power expanding shock on some macroeconomic variables of interest such as GDP, real consumption, real investment, exports, imports, trade balance, and carbon emissions, we developed TurGEM-D, a dynamic multisectoral general equilibrium model of the Turkish economy. Using TurGEM-D, we analyzed the impact of hydro power shock under policy scenario doubling hydro power generation. The simulation results show that doubling hydro power have slightly positive effects on macro indicators and carbon emissions for Turkish economy.

Development of a Renewable Energy Based DC Excitation System in a Micro Hydro Power Plant

MHPPs （micro hydro power plants） have become prominent in hydropower plants as a solution to provide the energy demands of the grid. In this study, a new hybrid renewable energy based DC excitation system for synchronous generator in the developed MHPP system is introduced. Proposed hybrid DC excitation system consists of solar ＆ hydrogen energy based power generating systems. Hybrid renewable energy based system is used for the excitation of the synchronous generator in the MHPP test system. The renewables are used as a secondary energy source to provide the excitation current to a synchronous generator that generates energy in MHPP. A PV （photovoltaic） array is used as the main source of excitation, and a FC （fuel cell） stack is used for DC excitation in the lack of sunshine. In the experimental setup, an electrical control card is developed, and a microcontroller is used to perform the proposed excitation system. All experimental results obtained from 5 kW rated power MHHP test system. Experimental results show that, the proposed method provides the continuous excitation current, and the operation of the synchronous generator is uninterrupted. The proposed method is also practical and easily implemented for MHPP systems.

Sustainable Development around Small Scale Mining Areas by the Development of Micro Hydro Power: Application Cases in Cameroon

Of all the precious metals buried in the Cameroonian subsoil, gold is certainly the longest exploited. It has longtime been the subject of artisanal exploitation. In 2014, the monthly national production was estimated at around 170 kg. In these mining areas, people still live in a screaming precariousness of which one of the main causes is often the lack of electricity, because of the distance of these localities to the national electricity network. Cameroon has a great hydroelectric potential, but the access rate to electricity is still very low in isolate or rural areas of this country. The objective of this work is to show that it is possible to efficiently exploit gold in isolated areas and contribute to the sustainable development of these localities through the development of micro hydro power (MHP). The mining community of Tikondi in the East Region of Cameroon is the practical case study for an illustration. The results of this study show that the development of the MHP project can be developed with installed power of 87 kW, where the Banki-Michell turbine is recommended according to the Sulzer-Escher Wyss diagram. The investment cost evaluated at 79,832,775 FCFA (1 Euro = 656 FCFA). It is a profitable project with a maximum payback period of 8 years. This project can be easily funded by gold mining activity. That Tikondi’s MHP can make this village becoming attractive for others activities, improving the quality of education of children (there is not any school and lots of them do not go to school), the building of health centers and the quality of life in that locality and therefore contribute to their sustainable development too.

Impact of Wind Power on the ATC Values in Hydro-Dominated Power System

The wind power generation is increasing in many countries as a result of decreasing technology costs, active government policies for renewable energy sources, environmental concerns, etc.. This paper investigates the impact of wind power generation on ATC （available transmission capacity） calculation. In order to determine the maximum incremental MW transfer possible between two parts of a power system without violating any specified limits, ATCs are calculated. When calculating ATC values, it is necessary to assume production and consumption pattern in power system. Production of wind power depends on the wind speed, which is a random variable and it is impossible to forecast exactly the production of wind power that is needed for the ATCs calculation. In order to investigate influence of the stochastic wind power production on the ATCs value, computer model of Croatian electric power system is made in Power World Simulator. ATCs are calculated for southern part of Croatian power system in which besides wind power, hydro power plants are only type of power generation. Available wind speed measurements are used as input data for wind power production. The results of the ATC calculation for different scenario of wind power production and location in the Southern Croatian power system are presented and discussed in the paper.

Mid-long Term Optimal Dispatching Method of Hydro-thermal Power System Considering Scheduled Maintenance

在中长期水火发电调度中考虑检修计划的影响是目前中长期水火发电调度面临的难题。利用现代整数代数建模技术，建立发电计划和检修计划协调优化的多场景调度模型。在该模型中，鉴于设备检修计划的连续性，在预测场景树的基础上，将场景节点划分成不同的场景，通过节点和场景关联矩阵，实现多场景下设备检修模型的构建。同时，鉴于中长期调度计划中发电计划和检修计划对时段间隔要求的不同，分别设置电量相关节点和电力相关节点，实现中长期发电计划和检修计划的协调。上述模型是一个大规模混合整数线性规划（mixed integer linear programming，MILP）问题，采用商用MILP求解器进行求解。大规模实际水火电系统的实例分析结果表明，所提模型和方法是可行、有效的。

Characteristics on Hydro-mechanical Transmission in Power Shift Process

To improve the vehicular power and acceleration performance and reduce the shift impact, the study of the characteristics on power shift is necessary. Based on the flexible hydraulic unit of hydro-mechanical transmission, this paper explores the feasibility of shift without power interruption. With the four models concerning displacement ratio, rotational speed, rotational torque and power at ideal shift point, the characteristics on power shift in different running conditions are analyzed, and the rules of power shift are revealed. The theoretical analysis and test results show that the hydro-mechanical transmission can shift without power interruption in different running conditions. Furthermore, there exists an ideal shift point in theory, at which point the cycle power in hydro-mechanical transmission can＇t be generated, and the impact on the system can be reduced to the minimum. However, if before or after this ideal shift point, a cycle power can be generated.

Hydro and Wind Power Integration: A Case Study of Dargai Station in Pakistan

Pakistan is facing acute energy crises since last few years. Due to shortage of fuel oil and its sky touching prices, it seems very uneconomical to generate electricity from fuel oil. In order to generate cheap electricity we have to rely on renewable energy resources. To address these challenges, wind power generation is among the popular options in the world which is now being considered in Pakistan as well. However unremitting change in wind speed from calm to stormy introduces real challenges. Storing wind energy in batteries during the periods of low demand seems an expensive option, especially when dealing with large scale power generation. Due to incessantly varying nature of wind speed, it is not feasible to rely only on wind power for cheap power production. Also, it is not thriftily possible to construct separate transmission line. However if we integrate wind power with hydro power, we can utilize the maximum possible transmission capacity. Existing hydro power station operating in that area or pumped storage scheme can be used. This paper is an attempt to analyze coordination of wind generation with hydro power in those areas of Pakistan where both wind and hydro power sources exist. In this paper, different issues have been analyzed taking case study of Dargai. This paper is first attempt in Pakistan about integration of wind and hydro power to draw some general conclusions and to point out some areas in which further research can be done.

Research and practice of designing hydro/ photovoltaic hybrid power system in microgrid

Small-hydro power station is often used in remote areas beside a river,but it doesn't match electricity demand so well,especially in dry seasons. A photovoltaic (PV) system with battery is a suitable option to complement the electricity gap. In this paper,a new structure of megawatt-class PV system integrating battery at DC-bus (DC: direct current) is proposed to be used in hydro/PV hybrid power system,and 4 main designing considerations and several key equipments are discussed. In 2011,a 2 MWp PV station with the proposed structure was built up in Yushu,China. From stability analysis,the station shows a strong stability under load cut-in/off and solar irradiance's fluctuation.

Economic feasibility of large-scale hydro–solar hybrid power including long distance transmission

Solar PV is expected to become the most cost-competitive renewable energy owing to the rapidly decreasing cost of the system. On the other hand, hydropower is a high-quality and reliable regulating power source that can be bundled with solar PV to improve the economic feasibility of long-distance transmitted power. In this paper, a quantification model is established taking into account the regulating capacity of the reservoir, the characteristics of solar generation, and cost of hydro and solar PV with long-distance transmission based on the installed capacity ratio of hydro–solar hybrid power. Results indicate that for hydropower stations with high regulating capacity and generation factor of approximately 0.5, a hydro–solar installed capacity ratio of 1:1 will yield overall optimal economic performance, whereas for hydropower stations with daily regulating capacity reservoir and capacity factor of approximately 0.65, the optimal hydro–solar installed capacity ratio is approximately 1:0.3. In addition, the accuracy of the approach used in this study is verified through operation simulation of a hydro–solar hybrid system including ultra high-voltage direct current(UHVDC) transmission using two case studies in Africa.

Non-dominated sorting culture differential evolution algorithm for multi-objective optimal operation of Wind-Solar-Hydro complementary power generation system

Due to the intermittency and instability of Wind-Solar energy and easy compensation of hydropower, this study proposes a Wind-Solar-Hydro power optimal scheduling model. This model is aimed at maximizing the total system power generation and the minimum ten-day joint output. To effectively optimize the multi-objective model, a new algorithm named non-dominated sorting culture differential evolution algorithm(NSCDE) is proposed. The feasibility of NSCDE was verified through several well-known benchmark problems. It was then applied to the Jinping Wind-Solar-Hydro complementary power generation system. The results demonstrate that NSCDE can provide decision makers a series of optimized scheduling schemes.

Optimal Scheduling Strategy for Energy Consumption Minimization of Hydro-Thermal Power Systems

A comparison analysis based method for computing the water consumption volume needed for electric energy production of optimal scheduling in hydro-thermal power systems is presented in this paper. The electric energy produced by hydroelectric plants and coal-fired plants is divided into 4 components: potential energy, kinetic energy, water-deep pressure energy and reservoir energy. A new and important concept, reservoir energy, is proposed, based on which is divided into a number of water bodies, for example 3 water bodies, and a reservoir is analyzed in a new way. This paper presents an optimal scheduling solution of elec-tric energy production of hydro-thermal power systems based on multi-factors analytic method, in which some important factors, such as load demand, reservoir in-flow, water consumption volume increment rate of hydroelectric plants or converted from coal-fired plants, and so on are given to model the objective function and the constraints. A study example with three simulation cases is carried out to illustrate flexibility, adapta-bility, applicability of the proposed method.

基于二层规划的省际非水可再生能源电力配额分配模型

立足中国当前的行业管理体制,充分考虑中央政府和地方政府利益诉求的异质性,构建了基于二层多目标非线性规划的省际非水可再生能源电力配额分配模型,基于中国30个省区的相关数据资料,得到了一个兼顾成本、环境与公平的最优分配方案。结果显示,由于各省区能源替代成本和减排成本的不同,各省区在执行中央政府分配的指标任务时的实施意愿存在较为明显的差异。比较分析结果表明:与政府分配方案相比,二层优化方案节省了42.22亿元的补贴成本,降低了2595.12亿元的能源替代成本,并减少了791.39亿元的减排成本。同时,求解得到的二层优化方案的基尼系数小于0.2,属于绝对公平的范畴。该模型可以真实反映中国可再生能源电力配额分配博弈过程的复杂动态,为政府制定非水可再生能源电力配额方案提供更为有效的决策工具和参考。

考虑可再生能源配额的风水火多能源电力系统年度调度模型

通过分析配额制的实施对购电策略的影响,建立考虑可再生能源配额的风水火多能源电力系统的年度调度模型。为减小计算负担,将月度的负荷与风电用数个典型场景及其占比来表示。提出能够自动选择最佳聚类数的改进k-means算法,并应用于典型场景生成过程中。将同一天的负荷与风电的历史数据曲线拼接为一条功率曲线,并基于改进k-means算法进行聚类,得到考虑负荷与风电时序相关性的典型场景。仿真结果表明:(1)所提典型场景生成方法对年度电量刻画的精度平均提高了12.7%,由其所生成典型场景的平均符合率提高了20.25%,所提方法具有更好的年度电量刻画效果和更高的平均场景符合率;(2)当绿色证书的价格高于风电与火电价格差值时,实施配额制后能够提高风电的消纳量,这对绿色证书价格的确定具有重要参考价值。

基于集控中心的沙溪流域梯级水电站水调自动化系统建设研究

闽江主流沙溪流域集控中心建成后,必须构建基于集控中心的流域水调自动化系统,以集合全流域水情信息,从而加快流域梯级水电站水库调度的决策与响应速度,提高沙溪流域水电集群的综合效益。基于集控中心的沙溪流域梯级电站水调自动化系统建设包括架构“集控中心”、水调自动化系统建设模式、业务节点互联、水情测报系统站点布设、通信组网设计、洪水预报对象规划等,该方案可对水调系统全要素和水调全过程进行数字化映射、智慧化模拟,实现与水电站、设备、气象的同步仿真运行、虚实交互、迭代优化,支撑精准化决策,助力流域梯级水电站绿色高质量发展。

Current State of Energy Production in Cameroon and Projection for 2035

The low electricity supply rate is a major cause of underdevelopment in Cameroon. To address this issue, Cameroon outlined a strategy in 2003 aiming for a production capacity of 3000 MW by 2020. However, by 2020, production had only reached 1040 MW, leading Cameroon to devise a new national energy sector development strategy targeting 5000 MW by 2035. This paper provides an overview of the current state of energy production and projects future output by 2035. Scientific articles and investigative reports on energy production in Cameroon have enabled an assessment of the current electrical energy production. The 2035 production estimate is based on the Energy Sector Development Projects (PDSEN) report in Cameroon. The current production is estimated at around 1600 MW. Considering the ongoing construction of power plants, future projects, and financing delays, achieving the 5000 MW goal by 2035 appears challenging. Nonetheless, diversifying energy production sources could bring Cameroon closer to this target.

考虑避振条件的水风光互补发电系统运行经济性评估

为更加全面、准确评估水电机组在风光水互补发电系统中的经济性表现,本文将水电机组寿命损耗成本纳入机组运行成本,建立以机组运行成本最小、发电量最大、功率负荷偏差最小为目标的风光水互补发电系统经济性评估模型,充分考虑水电机组运行策略的区别,对比机组避振与不避振运行时的系统经济性特征与机组运行特点。基于NSGA-Ⅱ智能优化算法对模型求解,以国内某清洁能源基地为例分析了风光典型出力场景下系统运行经济性。研究结果表明,相比水电机组不避振运行,采用避振运行方式的水风光互补系统虽然发电量和功率与负荷偏差均值分别降低了0.09%(0.02 GWh)和2.10%(1.89 MW),但运行成本均值下降了0.24%(1.71万元)。综合来看,在发电量未有明显提升的情况下,虽然功率与负荷偏差方面不避振运行方式表现较为优越,但由于机组疲劳损耗导致的运行成本显著增加、机组安全问题突出,其综合经济性表现不如避振运行方式。该研究对于优化水风光互补系统中水电机组的运行方式,提高互补发电系统整体经济效益有一定指导意义。

金沙江下游水风光外送消纳分析

金沙江下游拥有丰富的水风光资源,依托现有梯级水电站跨省区直流外送通道,实现水风光打捆外送协同消纳。通过分析受端电网负荷特性,提出最大和最小消纳空间的计算方法,并以2021年资料为例,分析各个受端省市对金沙江下游新能源的消纳能力。广东的消纳空间最大,上海最小;根据不同省市的内负荷特性和外送电站发电特征,对新能源消纳空间较大的月份各不相同。总体上江苏、浙江、广东在枯期的消纳能力大于汛期,广西在汛期的消纳能力略大于枯期。研究成果可供金沙江下游清洁能源跨省区消纳参考。

考虑风电出力和电价不确定性的水风联合现货市场竞价策略

以风电为代表的新能源参与现货市场已是大势所趋,但出力不确定性导致其市场竞争力较弱,而电价的不确定性又进一步增大了其承担的收益风险。联合具有灵活调节能力的水电是有效的解决途径,而制定符合决策者风险意愿的竞价策略则是其中亟须解决的关键问题。为此,从价格接受者角度提出了水电联合风电参与现货市场的竞价模型。模型中采用笛卡尔积组合后的典型场景集描述风电出力、市场电价等多种不确定性,采用条件风险价值衡量不确定性导致的市场风险,并以风险因子作为决策者风险偏好纳入决策过程。通过引入0/1整数变量,将模型中的非线性函数转换为混合整数线性规划模型予以求解。以中国西南某省梯级水电站和风电场为背景,验证了模型的有效性,并进一步分析了风险偏好对竞价决策的影响。