Numerical analysis of reactive turbulent flow in the thrust chamber of RD-108 engine rocket

Combustion chamber modeling and simulation of the liquid propellant engine with kerosene as fuel and liquid oxygen as an oxidizer in the turbulent flow field are performed by CFD technique.The flow is modeled as Single-phase in steady state and using RNG k-ε turbulence model.Simulation results are validated by experimental data of thrust,special impulse and combustion chamber pressure.By comparing t.^wo reaction models of finite rate chemistry and frozen model with experimental data,it is concluded that finite rate chemistry has acceptable results.The optimum value of equivalence ratio(oxidizer to fuel ratio)per reaction and operational parameters of the engine which maximize thrust and special impulse are determined.

Gas film/regenerative composite cooling characteristics of the liquid oxygen/liquid methane (LOX/LCH4) rocket engine

The thermal protection of rocket engines is a crucial aspect of rocket engine design.In this paper,the gas film/regenerative composite cooling of the liquid oxygen/liquid methane(LOX/LCH4)rocket engine thrust chamber was investigated.A gas film/regenerative composite cooling model was developed based on the Grisson gas film cooling efficiency formula and the one-dimensional regenerative cooling model.The accuracy of the model was validated through experiments conducted on a 6 kg/s level gas film/regenerative composite cooling thrust chamber.Additionally,key parameters related to heat transfer performance were calculated.The results demonstrate that the model is sufficiently accurate to be used as a preliminary design tool.The temperature rise error of the coolant,when compared with the experimental results,was found to be less than 10%.Although the pressure drop error is relatively large,the calculated results still provide valuable guidance for heat transfer analysis.In addition,the performance of composite cooling is observed to be superior to regenerative cooling.Increasing the gas film flow rate results in higher cooling efficiency and a lower gas-side wall temperature.Furthermore,the position at which the gas film is introduced greatly impacts the cooling performance.The optimal introduction position for the gas film is determined when the film is introduced from a single row of holes.This optimal introduction position results in a more uniform wall temperature distribution and reduces the peak temperature.Lastly,it is observed that a double row of holes,when compared to a single row of holes,enhances the cooling effect in the superposition area of the gas film and further lowers the gas-side wall temperature.These results provide a basis for the design of gas film/regenerative composite cooling systems.

Dynamic interaction between clustered liquid propellant rocket engines under their asynchronous start-ups

A nonlinear mathematical model of the low-frequency dynamics of the clustered multi-engine rocket propulsion system has been developed and the computations of the engine transient processes during the start-ups of the four-engine propulsion system with a shared feed system have been made applied.Based on propulsion system start-up modeling the influence of the connectivity of engines in a cluster on the starting characteristics of individual engines is shown.In particular,an advanced nonlinear mathematical model of the pump cavitation phenomena is a distinctive feature of the mathematical model.The computation results showed that the asynchronous engines start-ups during rocket lift-off lead to severely nonlinear engine transients and clustered engine thrust misbalance.The influence of the rocket engines asynchronous start-ups on the clustered feed system transients depends on many factors,mainly on from the clustered feed system low-frequency dynamics,the magnitude of the disturbance and the phase difference between disturbances acting on different branches of the feed system.The deep lingering dips in the flow rate and pressure transients are possible due to the nonlinear dynamic interaction of the engines.In case of great pressure dips at the pump inlet(up to the pressure of saturated vapors during significant periods of start-up time)the cavitation breakdowns of the pumps of one or more engines from the cluster are possible.This can disrupt the operation of the entire propulsion system and leads to the failure of the launch vehicle mission.

Numerical study of operational processes in a GOx-kerosene rocket engine with liquid film cooling

Combustion process inside kerosene-GOx rocket combustor with kerosene Alm cooling is studied,and a modeling approach is proposed.The paper suggests to use the Lagrangian particle tracking technique to model fuel film behavior while the continuous fluid is simulated via the Navier-Stokes system of Favre-averaged equations.The approach is validated over the 12 experimental regimes by the criterions of characteristic velocity and pressure,ence on the adiabatic wall temperatures and relatively low impact on the pressure.In general,phenomena,the calculation of operational processes becomes fast and robust yet precise en-the design process.

Regenerative Cooling for Liquid Rocket Engines

Heat transfer in the thrust chamber is of great importance in the design of liquid propellant rocketengines. Regenerative cooling is an advanced method which can ensure not only the proper runningbut also higher performance of a rocket engine. The theoretical model is complicated, it relates to fluiddynamics, heat transfer, combustion, etc... In this papers a regenerative cooling model is presented.Effects such as radiation, heat transfer to environment, variable thermal properties and coking areincluded in the model. This model can be applied to all kinds of liquid propellant rocket engines aswell as similar constructions. The modularized computer code is completed in the work.

低温氢气排放管气封方案改进研究

针对氢氧火箭发动机试验过程中低温氢气的安全排放问题,在分析氢排放爆燃机理的基础上,根据现有排放管路进行建模,运用数值仿真方法,研究了氮气、氢气、氦气3种介质在不同吹除流量和吹除位置时的气封效果,通过试验方法进一步得出了不同气封吹除工况下排放管出口的氧气浓度变化曲线。研究结果表明,在相同吹除介质和吹除流量下,只从排放管底部吹除的气封效果最好。通过对比3种气体介质的气封效果,发现在达到相同气封效果时氮气气封可以节省大量成本。

HAN基单组元推进剂热分解过程的分子动力学模拟

为揭示非催化点火方式的硝酸羟胺(HAN)基单组元液体火箭发动机内推进剂的反应机理,采用分子动力学模拟方法,在ReaxFF/lg力场下对HAN基推进剂热分解机理及配方影响作用机制开展研究。计算结果表明:推进剂热分解过程存在两个阶段。第一个阶段为吸热阶段,推进剂内硝酸羟胺和硝酸肼氢键断裂,分解生成羟胺、肼和硝酸,吸热阶段主要受推进剂内氢键个数影响;第二个阶段为推进剂分解反应阶段,由硝酸和羟胺的分解所引发,生成NH_(2)、NO_(2)和OH。OH为主要的氧化性物质,与肼、甲醇反应,生成大量的水。肼在推进剂中的分解主要依靠与OH反应脱氢,生成N_(2)H_(3),并最终分解形成N_(2)和H_(2)。推进剂配方仅对与OH的反应有显著影响。降低甲醇的含量,能够显著提升燃料的反应速率,同时促进肼分子的反应脱氢,提高推进剂初始分解速率;提高硝酸羟胺的含量能够促进甲醇的分解,但受肼分解反应速率较低的影响,推进剂整体分解速率降低。

液氧液氢发动机领域知识图谱构建与应用

液氧液氢发动机作为航天领域的关键分系统,为有效开展其研制过程的智能化转型工作,针对液氧液氢发动机领域构建知识图谱,在储备领域知识的同时,提高科研生产人才的培养能力。针对液氧液氢发动机领域特点,对领域语料标注、领域知识识别、实体关系识别3个方面进行了研究,在此基础上进行了领域知识图谱的构建,并从领域知识搜索、知识推荐、探索式分析3个角度梳理了其业务应用模式。形成了液氧液氢发动机领域知识体系,并提出构建方法和应用模式。研究结果为航天领域智能化转型提供了参考。

考虑整机变形的氢氧发动机管路结构静强度分析

为了在液体火箭发动机管路结构静强度分析时考虑整机变形的影响,采用以实体单元、壳单元和梁单元为主的建模方法,建立了大推力补燃氢氧发动机试验装置的有限元模型,在热载荷、压力载荷和重力载荷的共同作用下,基于整机模型对管路结构进行了静力计算,并将计算结果与试验测量结果进行了对比。在此基础上,计算了不同类型载荷作用下的整机变形,重点分析了温度载荷的影响。对于典型管路,进一步采用子模型方法计算了不同类型载荷作用下的管路应力,对比了是否考虑整机变形对管路应力水平的影响。结果表明:基于整机模型进行的静力仿真基本能够正确反映出发动机热试验状态下各管路结构的受力状态;对氢氧发动机而言,温度载荷对整机变形的影响最大,整机变形对管路结构应力水平的影响较大且不容忽视,故有必要考虑整机变形对管路结构的影响来进行静强度分析。

兼容火箭推进剂的燃料电池混合能源系统

针对使用液氢/液氧的重型火箭发动机上存在氢氧蒸发气体无法有效利用的问题,提出了一种与火箭推进剂兼容的氢氧燃料电池混合能源系统设计方案。混合能源系统以满足负载使用需求为主要目标,综合考虑氢氧燃料电池效率和锂电池使用寿命,制定了混合能源系统的控制策略以及混合能源系统评价函数。基于MATLAB的仿真分析结果表明,在火箭上使用混合能源系统比单一的锂电池减重约940 kg,系统比能量提高约214.5%,且可以与箭上生命保障、环境热控系统相结合,具有广阔的实际应用前景。

Improving the performance of LOX/kerosene upper stage rocket engines

Improved liquid rocket engine cycles were proposed and analyzed via comparison with existing staged combustion and gas-generator cycles.The key features of the proposed cycles are regenerative cooling of thrust chamber by oxygen and subsequent use of this oxygen for driving one or two oxygen pumps.The fuel pump(s)are driven in a conventional manner,for example,using a fuel-rich gas-generator cycle.Comparison with staged combustion cycle based on oxygen-rich pre-burner showed that one of the proposed semi-expander cycles has a specific impulse only on 0.4%lower while providing much lower oxygen temperature,more efficient tank pressurizing system and built-in roll control.This semi-expander cycle can be considered as a more reliable and cost-effective alternative of staged combustion cycle.Another semi-expander cycle can be considered as an improvement of gas-generator cycle.All proposed semi-expander cycles were developed as a derivative of thrust chamber regenerative cooling performed by oxygen.Analysis of existing oxygen/kerosene engines showed that replacing of kerosene regenerative cooling with oxygen allows a significant increase of achievable specific impulse,via optimization of mixture ratio.It is especially the case for upper stage engines.The increasing of propellants average density can be considered as an additional benefit of mixture ratio optimization.It was demonstrated that oxygen regenerative cooling of thrust chamber is a feasible and the most promising option for oxygen/kerosene engines.Combination of oxygen regenerative cooling and semi-expander cycles potentially allows creating the oxygen/kerosene propulsion systems with minimum specific impulse losses.It is important that such propulsion systems can be fully based on inherited and well-proven technical solutions.A hypothetic upper stage engine with thrust 19.6 kN was chosen as a prospective candidate for theoretical analysis of the proposed semi-expander cycles.The newly-developed software RECS was used for the comparative analysis of engine cycles.

气动谐振管点火技术研究

为了发展液体火箭发动机的气动谐振管非电点火新技术 ,提出了一种新颖的组合喷嘴混气谐振加热方案 ,并介绍了所研制的氦气谐振热表面点火器和同轴氢氧谐振火炬点火器 。

喷口长度对离心喷嘴雾化特性的影响

为了研究喷口长度对离心喷嘴雾化特性的影响,对长喷口离心喷嘴内部流动状况进行了理论分析。采用高速动态测量分析系统,以水为模拟介质,对离心喷嘴流量、液膜展开角、喷雾场轴向速度等参数在不同压降工况下,随喷口长度的变化进行了试验研究。结果表明:喷口长度的增加使离心喷嘴流量增大、液膜展开角减小、喷雾场轴向速度降低;推导了长喷口离心喷嘴流量系数和液膜展开角的经验公式,该公式可供实际工程应用参考。

烃类推进剂航天动力技术进展与展望未来

为研究烃类推进剂航天动力技术在中国的后续发展和未来应用方向,对比分析煤油、甲烷和丙烷等典型烃类推进剂的物理化学性质和应用特性,简要介绍烃类推进剂航天动力在一次性运载火箭、可重复使用运载器、高性能上面级推进、无毒空间推进和吸气式推进领域的发展动态及应用状况。当前国内外航天动力系统的发展和应用情况表明,以液氧煤油发动机和液氧甲烷发动机为代表的烃类推进剂航天动力将引领未来高性能低成本航天推进系统的发展趋势,依照中国液氧/烃火箭发动机的研制进展和技术水平,以其为核心的新型动力体系在中国未来的天地往返、载人登月和深空探测等多任务适应性方面具有良好应用前景。

碳氢燃料超燃冲压发动机点火技术试验

在超燃冲压发动机直联式试验中,对液体碳氢燃料超声速燃烧的点火技术进行了研究,比较了多种点火方式包括氢气引导火焰点火、火炬点火器、固体装药点火器以及电火花塞的点火效果,并成功实现了氢气引导火焰与火炬点火方式下煤油的可靠着火和持续稳定燃烧,煤油当量比范围约为0 87～1 72。在氢气引导火焰点火方式中,通过增加支板和改变氢气喷注位置,可将最小氢气当量比由0 34降为0 068。通过氢气引导火焰点火和火炬点火对比试验表明在相同的燃料喷注方式和当量比下,发动机工况基本与点火方式无关。

液体火箭发动机气液同轴式喷嘴声学特性的实验研究

对液体火箭发动机气液同轴式喷嘴声学特性进行了深入的实验研究，确定了不同缩进比的气液同轴式喷嘴工作时发生啸叫的参数范围、啸叫的频率和声压级分布，并考察了啸叫对喷嘴雾化特性的影响。结果表明；气液同轴式喷嘴的啸叫区间与喷嘴的结构尺寸有密切的关系．较大的喷嘴缩进比对啸叫有明显的抑制作用，啸叫的主要成分是高频噪声，这种喷嘴啸叫可能成为诱发发动机高频不稳定燃烧的重要因素。另外，实验还发现，在较低的气体喷注压降下，啸叫对喷嘴雾化有一定的强化作用。

液体火箭发动机燃烧稳定性CFD分析

应用 CFD方法对液体火箭发动机中的高频燃烧不稳定性进行了分析研究 ,建立了液体火箭发动机不稳定燃烧数值模拟的综合模型和控制方程 ,比较了 PISO和 Mac Cormack两种算法 ,得出了两种算法均能成功应用于不稳定燃烧分析的结论。编制了 ACL RECI系列程序。应用该程序对 YF- 86 0液氢液氧发动机和 NAL 液氧 /甲烷发动机的燃烧稳定性进行了数值模拟 ,得出了该发动机的燃烧稳定性极限图。

我国可重复使用液体火箭发动机发展的思考

重复使用是降低航天发射成本的重要途径之一,是液体火箭发动机未来发展的重要方向。本文分析了可重复使用液体发动机的发展趋势,针对可重复使用运载器对发动机功能的需求,探讨了动力系统方案;对比了液氧煤油和液氧甲烷等推进剂组合和不同循环方式,认为几种发动机方案均可满足重复使用运载器的需求;研究了重复使用发动机的关键技术,提出应重点研究可重复使用液体火箭发动机高温组件热结构疲劳寿命评估及延寿技术、运动组件摩擦磨损技术、结构动载荷控制与评估技术、快速检测评估与维修维护技术、健康监控与故障诊断技术、二次或多次起动技术与大范围推力调节技术等。

羽流UV-VIS辐射在液体火箭发动机故障诊断中的应用技术研究

为发展基于羽流 UV - VIS辐射光谱的液体火箭发动机故障诊断技术 ,以光谱采集系统为测量手段 ,对三组元模型发动机排气羽流及用以模拟煤油 -氧发动机燃烧的气氧 -煤油火焰的近紫外与可见光谱辐射进行了实验研究 ,利用辐射传递模型对实验结果进行了理论计算 ,利用演化算法对实验结果进行了反算。

低温推进剂液位监测系统设计

以液体火箭发动机地面试验用低温推进剂为研究对象,建立了以电容式液位传感器和C-V线性电容变送仪为主体的低温推进剂液位测量系统。经某型号氢氧发动机真实试车过程中的搭载试验证明,该系统能准确、快速的跟踪并实时显示低温容器中的液位值,具有精度高、重复性好、操作简单及安全可靠等质量特性,很好的解决了试验过程中低温推进剂液位实时监测显示的技术难题,具备了应用地面试车试验的条件。