Intrinsic kinetics of catalytic hydrogenation of 2-nitro-4-acetylamino anisole to 2-amino-4-acetylamino anisole over Raney nickel catalyst

The catalytic hydrogenation of 2-nitro-4-acetylamino anisole(NMA)is a less-polluting and efficient method to produce 2-amino-4-acetamino anisole(AMA).However,the kinetics of catalytic hydrogenation of NMA to AMA remains obscure.In this work,the kinetic models including power-law model and Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson(LHHW)model of NMA hydrogenation to AMA catalyzed by Raney nickel catalyst were investigated.All experiments were carried out under the elimination of mass transfer resistance within the temperature range of 70–100°C and the hydrogen pressure of 0.8–1.5 MPa.The reaction was found to follow 0.52-order kinetics with respect to the NMA concentration and 1.10-order kinetics in terms of hydrogen pressure.Based on the LHHW model,the dual-site dissociation adsorption of hydrogen was analyzed to be the rate determining step.The research of intrinsic kinetics of NMA to AMA provides the guidance for the reactor design and inspires the catalyst modification.

Kinetics insights into size effects of carbon nanotubes'growth and their supported platinum catalysts for 4,6-dinitroresorcinol hydrogenation

Size effects are a well-documented phenomenon in heterogeneous catalysis,typically attributed to alterations in geometric and electronic properties.In this study,we investigate the influence of catalyst size in the preparation of carbon nanotube(CNT)and the hydrogenation of 4,6-dinitroresorcinol(DNR)using Fe_(2)O_(3)and Pt catalysts,respectively.Various Fe_(2)O_(3)/Al_(2)O_(3)catalysts were synthesized for CNT growth through catalytic chemical vapor deposition.Our findings reveal a significant influence of Fe_(2)O_(3)nanoparticle size on the structure and yield of CNT.Specifically,CNT produced with Fe_(2)O_(3)/Al_(2)O_(3)containing 28%(mass)Fe loading exhibits abundant surface defects,an increased area for metal-particle immobilization,and a high carbon yield.This makes it a promising candidate for DNR hydrogenation.Utilizing this catalyst support,we further investigate the size effects of Pt nanoparticles on DNR hydrogenation.Larger Pt catalysts demonstrate a preference for 4,6-diaminoresorcinol generation at(100)sites,whereas smaller Pt catalysts are more susceptible to electronic properties.The kinetics insights obtained from this study have the potential to pave the way for the development of more efficient catalysts for both CNT synthesis and DNR hydrogenation.

RuRh Bimetallic Nanoparticles Stabilized by 15-membered Macrocycles-terminated Poly(propylene imine) Dendrimer:Preparation and Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitrile–Butadiene Rubber

A new fourth-generation poly(propylene imine) dendrimer(G4-M) containing 32 triolefinic 15-membered macrocycles on the surfaces has been synthesized. The bimetallic Ru Rh dendrimer-stabilized nanoparticles(DSNs) were first prepared within G4-M by a co-complexation route. The new G4-M dendrimer has been characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared radiation, and elemental analysis.The dendrimer-stabilized bimetallic ions and reduction courses were analyzed by UV-vis spectroscopy. Highresolution transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometer were used to characterize the bimetallic nanoparticle size, size distribution, and particle morphology. The Ru Rh bimetallic DSNs showed high catalytic activity for the hydrogenation of nitrile-butadiene rubber.

Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitrobenzene to Aniline by Ag/γ-Fe_2O_3

The Ag/γ-Fe_2O_3 nanocomposite was synthesized by solvothermal reduction method via using ferric nitrate and silver nitrate as raw materials, and ethylene glycol as the reducing agent. The composite was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and energy dispersive X-ray. The prepared Ag/γ-Fe_2O_3 was used for the catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to aniline by hydrazine hydrate. The factors such as the silver content in the catalyst, reaction time, reaction temperature and the regeneration of catalyst were investigated. The results showed that the yield of aniline reached 100% by utilizing the 1%wt（nitrobenzene） Ag/γ-Fe_2O_3 for the catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene for 3 h to obtain aniline at 78 ℃, hydrazine hydrate as the hydrogen source, while the silver content in the catalyst was 3%mol.

Effect of hydrogen combustion reaction on the dehydrogenation of ethane in a fixed-bed catalytic membrane reactor

A two-dimensional non-isothermal mathematical model has been developed for the ethane dehydrogenation reaction in a fixed-bed catalytic membrane reactor. Since ethane dehydrogenation is an equilibrium reaction,removal of produced hydrogen by the membrane shifts the thermodynamic equilibrium to ethylene production.For further displacement of the dehydrogenation reaction, oxidative dehydrogenation method has been used.Since ethane dehydrogenation is an endothermic reaction, the energy produced by the oxidative dehydrogenation method is consumed by the dehydrogenation reaction. The results show that the oxidative dehydrogenation method generated a substantial improvement in the reactor performance in terms of high conversions and signi ficant energy saving. It was also established that the sweep gas velocity in the shell side of the reactor is one of the most important factors in the effectiveness of the reactor.

Liquid-Phase Catalytic Hydrogenation of Furfural in Variable Solvent Media

Water is the most abundant compound inherently existing in bio-oils. Thus understanding the role of water within bio-oils upgrading process is essential for future engineering scale-up design. In this study, furfural was chosen as bio-oils model compound, and the catalytic hydrogenation of furfural over commercial 5%, Ru/C catalyst was firstly investigated in a series of gradient variable water/ethanol mixture solvents. Water had a significant effect on the distribution of product yields. The dominant reaction pathways varied with the water contents in the water/ethanol mixture solvents. Typically, when ethanol was used as the solvent, the main products were obtained by the hydrogenation of carbonyl group or furan ring. When pure water was used as the solvent, the rearrangement reaction of furfural to cyclopentanone should be selectively promoted theoretically. However, serious polymerization and resinification were observed herein in catalytic hydrogenation system of pure water. The catalyst surface was modified by the water-insoluble polymers, and consequently, a relative low yield of cyclopentanone was obtained. A plausible multiple competitive reaction mechanism between polymerization reaction and the hydrogenation of furfural was suggested in this study. Characterizations(TG,FT-IR,SEM)were employed to analyze and explain our experiments.

Catalytic Hydrogenation of Diacetyl Monoxime to Tetramethylpyrazine with the Soluble Transition Metal Catalysts

Catalytic hydrogenation of diacetyl monoxime to tetramethylpyrazine, by the homogeneous catalysts generated in situ from some transition metal chlorides with triphenylphosphine in ethanol under H-2 pressure of 0.6 similar to 4.6 MPa at 100 similar to 150 degrees C, has been studied. The optimum H-2 partial pressure was observed at about 1.3 MPa. The maximum conversion of diacetyl monoxime and yield of tetramethylpyrazine were 97% and 90%, respectively.

Benzene selective hydrogenation over supported Ni(nano-) particles catalysts: Catalytic and kinetics studies

This report aims to reduce the benzene in a mixture of benzene and toluene as a model reaction using catalytic hydrogenation. In this research, we developed a series of catalysts with different supports such as Ni/HMS, Ni/HZSM-5, Ni/HZSM5-HMS, Ni/Al2O3 and Ni/SiO2. Kinetic of this reaction was investigated under various hydrogen and benzene pressures. For more study, two kinetic models have also been selected and tested to describe the kinetics for this reaction. Both used models, the power law and Langmuir-Hinshelwood, provided a good fit toward the experimental data and allowed to determine the kinetic parameters. Among these catalysts, Ni/Al2O3 showed the maximum benzene conversion （99.19%） at 130℃ for benzene hydrogenation. The lowest toluene conversion was observed for Ni/SiO2. Furthermore, this catalyst presented high selectivity to benzene （75.26%） at 130℃. The catalytic performance （activity, selectivity and stability） and kinetics evaluations were shown that the Ni/SiO2 is an effective catalyst to hydrogenate benzene. It seems that the surface properties particularly pore size are effective parameter compared to other factors such as acidity and metal dispersion in this process.

STUDIES ON THE SYNTHESIS OF BAIMUXINOL BY CATALYTIC HYDROGENATION OF DEHYDROBAIMUXINOL

Baimuxinol, a 4-hydroxymethyl agarofuran isolated from Aquilaria Sinensis, was synthsizd. The stereoselectivity of catalytic hydrogenation of dehydrobaimuxino and its derivatives was studied.

Selective hydrogenation of glucose to sorbitol with tannic acid-based porous carbon sphere supported Ni-Ru bimetallic catalysts

Ni-Ru bimetallic porous carbon sphere(Ni-Ru@PCS) catalysts were synthesized via formaldehyde-assisted, metal-coordinated crosslinking sol-gel chemistry, in which biomass-derived tannic acid and F127 surfactant were used as carbon precursor and soft template, respectively, and Ni2+and Ru3+were used as cross-linkers. In the developed method, Ni-Ru particles became uniformly dispersed in the carbon skeleton due to strong coordination bonds between metal ions(Ni2+and Ru^(3+)) and tannic acid molecules and bimetal interactions. The as-synthesized Ni-Ru10:1@PCS catalyst with a loading Ni:Ru mole ratio of 10:1 was applied for the selective hydrogenation of glucose to sorbitol, and provided 99% glucose conversion with a sorbitol selectivity of 100% at 140℃ in 150 min reaction time and exhibited good stability and recyclability in which sorbitol yield remained at 98% after 4 cycles with little or no metal agglomeration. The catalyst was applied to glucose solutions as high as 20 wt% with 97% sorbitol yields being obtained at 140℃ in 20 h. The developed bimetallic porous carbon sphere catalysts take advantage of sustainably-derived materials in their structure and are applicable to related biomass conversion reactions.

Carbon coated LaFe_(0.92)Pd_(0.08)O_(3) composites for catalytic transfer hydrogenation:Balance in the ability of substrates adsorption and conversion

Catalytic transfer hydrogenation(CTH)is a green and efficient pathway for selective hydrogenation of unsaturated aldehydes and ketones.However,managing the abilities of solid catalysts to adsorb substrates and to convert them into desired products is a challenging task.Herein,we report the synthesis of carbon coated LaFe_(0.92)Pd_(0.08)O_(3) composites(LFPO-8@C)for CTH of benzaldehyde(BzH)into benzyl alcohol(BzOH),using isopropanol(IPA)as hydrogen source.The coating with carbon improves the ability to adsorb/transfer reactants from solution to active sites,and the doping of Pd2+at Fe3+site strengthens the ability of LaFeO_(3) to convert BzH into BzOH.A balanced point between them(i.e.,abilities to adsorb BzH and to convert BzH into BzOH)is obtained at LFPO-8@C,which exhibits a BzOH formation rate of 3.88 mmol·gcat^(-1)·h^(-1) at 180℃ for 3 h,which is 1.50 and 2.72 times faster than those of LFPO-8 and LaFeO_(3)@C.A reaction mechanism is proposed,in which the acidic sites(e.g.,Fe^(4+),oxygen vacancy)are used for the activation of C=O bond of BzH and O-H bond of IPA,and the basic sites(e.g.,lattice oxygen)for the activation ofα-H(O-H)bond of IPA.

Synthesis,characterization and catalytic reactivity of pentacoordinate iron dicarbonyl as a model of the [Fe]-hydrogenase active site

Two mono iron complexes Fe（CO）2PR3（NN） （R = Cy （3）, Ph （4）, NN = o-phenylenediamine dianion ligand, N2H2Ph2-） derived from the ligand substitution of Fe（CO）3hPR3 by the NN ligand were isolated and structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. They have a similar first coordination sphere and oxidation state of the iron center as the [Fe]-hydrogenase active site, and can be a model of it IR demonstrated that the effect of the NN ligand on the coordinated CO stretch- ing frequencies was due to its excellent electron donating ability. The reversible protonation/deprotonation of the NN ligand was identified by infrared spectroscopy and density functional theory computation. The NN ligand is an effective proton acceptor as the internal base of the cysteine thiolate ligand in [Fe]-hydrogenase. The electrochemical properties of complexes 3, 4 were investigated by cyclic voltammograms. Complex 3 catalyzed the transfer hydrogenation of benzoquinone to hydroquinone effectively under mild conditions.

The Effect of Titania Structure on Ni/TiO_2 Catalysts for p-Nitrophenol Hydrogenation

The catalytic hydrogenation of p-nitrophenol to p-aminophenol was investigated over Ni/TiO2 catalysts prepared by a liquid-phase chemical reduction method. The catalysts were characterized by inductively coupled plasma (ICP), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR). Results show that the titania structure has favorable influence on physio-chemical and catalytic properties of Ni/TiO2 catalysts. Compared to commercial Raney nickel, the catalytic activity of Ni/TiO2 catalyst is much superior, irrespective of the titania structure. The catalytic activity of anatase titania supported nickel catalyst Ni/TiO2(A) is higher than that of rutile titania supported nickel catalyst Ni/TiO2(R), possibly because the reduction of nickel oxide to metallic nickel for Ni/TiO2(A) is easier than that for Ni/TiO2(R) at similar reaction conditions.

Effect of Alumina Particle Size on Ni/Al2O3 Catalysts for p-Nitrophenol Hydrogenation

The catalytic hydrogenation of p-nitrophenol to p-aminophenol was investigated over Ni/Al2O3 catalyst on alumina support with different particle size. It is found that support particle size has significant influences on physiochemical properties and catalytic activity of the resulting Ni/Al2O3 catalyst, but little influence on the selec-tivity. At a comparable amount of Ni loading, the catalytic activity of Ni/Al2O3 prepared with alumina support of smaller particle size is lower. The reduction behavior of the catalyst is a key factor in determining the catalytic activity of Ni/Al2O3 catalyst. The supported nickel catalyst 10.3Ni/Al2O3-3 improves the life span of the membrane by reducing fouling on the membrane surface compared to nano-sized nickel.

Layer-structure adjustable MoS_(2) catalysts for the slurry-phase hydrogenation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Slurry-phase hydrogenation technology is the frontier topic in the efficient conversion of heavy oils into light fractions around the world.Developing highly active dispersed MoS_(2) catalysts is the major obstacle to realize the industrial application of upgrading heavy oils.In this work,both top-down ball-milling method and bottom-up hydrothermal method were designed to synthesize MoS_(2) catalysts with controllable layer structures.The stacking layers and lateral sizes for micro-scaled MoS_(2) catalysts by ball-milling method can be reduced to their limits and stabilize at 6~8 layers and lateral size of ca.30 nm.The more flexible bottom-up hydrothermal method can construct MoS_(2) catalysts with much smaller lateral sizes and fewer stacking layers,especially,MoS_(2) catalyst fabricated with ammonium tetrathiomolybdate as Mo and S precursor possesses average stacking layers of 2 and lateral size of 5 ~ 10 nm.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons anthracene,phenanthrene and naphthalene were used as model compounds of heavy oils to investigate the catalytic hydrogenation performance of designed MoS_(2) catalysts.The catalytic activities of MoS_(2) catalysts can be well correlated with their stacking layers and lateral size.The edges of top and bottom S-Mo-S atomic layers for MoS_(2) sheets,named rim sites,are positively correlated with the exposure of active sites for catalytic hydrogenation of PAHs.The highest catalytic activity of MoS_(2) catalyst results from its layer structures of 100% rim sites and the smallest lateral size of5 ~ 10 nm,which is beneficial to expose maximum active sites for catalytic hydrogenation reactions.This work can guide us to design the highly active hydrogenation catalysts,and promote the industrial application of upgrading heavy oils.

Synthesis of ternary magnetic nanoparticles for enhanced catalytic conversion of biomass-derived methyl levulinate into γ-valerolactone

Conversion of levulinic acid and its esters into versatile y-valerolactone(GVL)is a pivotal and challenging step in biorefineries,limited by high catalyst cost,the use of hydrogen atmosphere,or tedious catalyst preparation and recycling process.Here we have successfully synthesized a ternary magnetic nanoparticle catalyst(Al_(2)O_(3)-ZrO_(2)/Fe_(3)O_(4)(5)),over which biomass-derived methyl levulinate(ML)can be quantitively converted to GVL with an extremely high selectivity of>99%and yield of-98%in the absence of molecular hydrogen.Al_(2)O_(3)-ZrO_(2)/Fe_(3)O_(4)(5)incorporates simultaneously inexpensive alumina and zirconia onto magnetite support by a facile coprecipitation method,giving rise to a core-shell structure,welldistributed acid-base sites,and strong magnetism,as evidenced by the X-ray diffraction(XRD),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),high-angle annular dark-field scanning-TEM(HAADF-STEM),SEM-energy dispersive Xray spectroscopy(SEM-EDX),temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia(NH3-TPD),temperature-programmed desorption of carbon dioxide(CO_(2)-TPD),pyridine-adsorption infrared spectra(Py-IR),and vibrating sample magnetometry(VSM).Such characteristics enable it to be highly active and easily recycled by a magnet for at least five cycles with a slight loss of its catalytic activity,avoiding a time-consuming and energy-intensive reactivation process.It is found that there was a synergistic effect among the metal oxides,and the high efficiency and selectivity originating from such synergism are evidenced by kinetic studies.Furthermore,a reaction mechanism regarding the hydrogenation of ML to GVL is proposed by these findings,coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)analysis.Accordingly,this readily synthesized and recovered magnetic nanocatalyst for conversion of biomassderived ML into GVL can provide an eco-friendly and safe way for biomass valorization.

Highly Active and Stable Ni_2P/SiO_2 Catalyst for Hydrogenation of C_9 Petroleum Resin

Catalytic hydrogenation is an appropriate method for the improvement of C9 petroleum resin（C9PR） quality. In this study, the Ni2P/SiO2（containing 10% of Ni） catalyst prepared by the temperature-programmed reduction（TPR） method was used for hydrogenation of C9 petroleum resins. The effect of reaction conditions on catalytic performance was studied, and the results showed that the optimum reaction temperature, pressure and liquid hourly space velocity（LHSV） was 250 ℃, 6.0 MPa, and 1.0 h-1, respectively. The bromine numbers of hydrogenated products were maintained at low values（250 mg Br/100g） within 300h, showing the high activity and stability of Ni2P/SiO2 catalyst. The fresh and spent catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction（XRD）, BET surface area（BET） analysis, scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, transmission electron microscopy（TEM）, Fourier transform infrared（FTIR） pyridine adsorption, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）. Compared with the traditional sulfurated-Ni W catalysts, Ni2P possessed globe-like structure instead of layered structure like the active phase of Ni WS, thereof exposing more active sites, which were responsible for the high activity of Ni2P/SiO2 catalyst. The stability of Ni2P/SiO2 catalyst was probably attributed to its high sulfur tolerance, antisintering, anti-coking and carbon-resistance ability. These properties might be further ascribed to the special Ni-P-S surface phase, high thermal stability of Ni2P nanoparticles and weak surface acidity for the Ni2P/SiO2 catalyst.

An efficient Approach to Modify the Catalyst Activity for the Hydrogenation of Nitrobenzene

The addition of a suitable amount of PPh3 to PdCl2 or PdCl2(PhCN)(2) in situ can considerably increase the catalytic activity in the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene, while the catalytic activities of PdCl2 (reduced)+PPh3, PdCl2(PPh3)(2) and Pd(PPh3)(4) are very poor. The poisoning of catalyst by mercury indicates that the catalytically active species are composed of Pd(0) colloidal particles. Transmission electron micrographs show that the size of nanometric Pd(0) particles of PdCl2 with PPh3 added in situ is smaller than that of PhCl2(PPh3) or PdCl2 (reduced)+PPh3. A synergic effect of bimetallic catalysts such as PdCl2+nPPh(3)+NiCl2 (n= 0.5, 1) and PdCl2(PhCN)(2)+PPh3+FeCl3 gives rise to a further increase in the catalytic activity.

Reductive Desulfurization of Thioamides to Amines by Catalytic Hydrogen Transfer Reaction

Introduction Reductive desulfurization of thioamides to amines is one of the methods to prepare amines and is generally achieved by a) Zn in acid, b) sodium or aluminum amal- gams, c) lithium alumminium hydride, d) Raney Ni and e) electrolytic reduction. These methods are not very convenient to be operated and some need more complex instrument. Here is reported the reductive desulfurization of thioamides to amines by catalytic hydrogen transfer reaction(CHT).

Synthesis of New Ligand 1,2-Bis{di[(R,R)-1,3,2-oxzaphosphlidine]phosphino}ethane with C_2-symmetric Axis and Application in Rh-catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation

New ligand 1,2-bis{di[（R,R）-1,3,2-oxzaphosphlidine]phosphino}ethane [（R,R）-BDOPPEs 1,2,3 and 4] with C2-symmetric axis and bearing nitrogen and oxygen were synthesized from readily available optically active amino alcohols.Rh complexes with these ligands were highly enantioselective catalysts for asymmetric hydrogenation of N-benzoyldehydroamino acid derivatives and α-functionalized ketones in 99%e.e.and 98%e.e.,respectively.This new class of（R,R）-BDOPPEs 1,2,3 and 4 gave much more effectivity and enantionselectivity than their corresponding non-C2-asymmetric aminophosphine phosphinite.